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  • Slide 1
  • Micklethwaite et al., in press, Geofluids Moir et al., 2013, Tectonophys Micklethwaite et al., 2010, J.Struct.Geol. Micklethwaite, 2010, Great Basin Metallogeny Symposium Sheldon & Micklethwaite, 2007, Geology Micklethwaite & Cox, 2006, EPSL Micklethwaite & Cox, 2004, Geology
  • Slide 2
  • SELF-ORGANISATION Open systems, Continuous addition of M or E, Evolution to critical state, Transient, pulsed escape events of M or E, Spontaneous order across range of scales (fractal). Micklethwaite, Hronsky and others, Ec.Geol. Introduction Orogenic ore deposit formation strongly linked to permeability (k) enhancement during earthquake generation processes (mid to shallow crust): 1.Clustered, mineralisation on 2 nd 3 rd order structures adjacent to master structures. 2.Multiple overprinting vein and breccia textures. 3.Extension fracture geometries relative to shear zones. 4.FLINCS, immiscible fluids from single low salinity fluid. Implies association with mod long duration self- organising process (seismogenesis), involving fluids Here, explore these dynamics and profound implications for duration of deposit formation
  • Slide 3
  • Characteristics: Orogenic Deposits Mutual overprinting relationships. Multiple increments. Transient pulses of overpressured fluid. Argo, St Ives Tenthorey et al., 2003, (EPSL) Micklethwaite 2008 (G3)
  • Slide 4
  • Further evidence for self- organising properties: Clustering (endowment & deposits) with periodic spacing Power-law size frequency distributions in along-strike ore deposit distribution MINEDEX Historical and active shafts & pits (oreshoot equivalent) Boulder-Lefroy Fault; 5 km buffer Deposit location and endowment; 2T cut-off D = 0.943 R 2 = 0.999 Box number Box dimension (km)
  • Slide 5
  • 2 is the overlap/underlap distance 2s is the separation distance Unlike previous step-over scaling studies, becomes negative when overlapping - Provides a distinction between overlap or underlap Geometry & Scaling Properties
  • Slide 6
  • Note: deposit data from orogenic, carlin & porphyry deposits Consistent step-over dimension (~3) for both underlapping & overlapping step-overs. Self-similar to a first-order (self-organisation ?) Overlap dominates global data ~10:1. Just 9% of measured step-overs with an underlap geometry BUT Underlap dominates mineralised step-overs Geometry & Scaling Properties
  • Slide 7
  • Stein 2003, Nature What is Stress Transfer Modelling? Calculation of static stress changes (change in Coulomb failure stress) proxy for failure of damage zone faults/fractures Landers sequence (1992-1999), M7.2 Earthquake Proxy for near-field aftershocks (>M5) Aftershock damage triggered >5 km away from master fault Numerical Analysis: Stepovers & Damage
  • Slide 8
  • Result (linear tapered models): Larger surface area of damage associated with underlap configurations.
  • Slide 9
  • 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake sequence analogue. Mainshocks rupture overpressured CO2 reservoir at depth. High pressure fluids escape up main fault and adjacent surfaces, triggering a wave of aftershocks with time. k is not static. Background k ~10 -18 m 2. Co-seismic values transiently 10 -13 to 10 -8 m 2 (Noir et al., 1997; Waldhauser et al., 2012; Miller 2013, Adv.Geophys.) Miller et al. 2002, Nature Fluid Flux & Formation Duration
  • Slide 10
  • Micucki 1998, Ore Geol. Rev. Simmons & Brown 2007, Geol. Micklethwaite et al. 2014, Geofluids Giger et al. 2007, J.Geophys.Res.
  • Slide 11
  • Fluid Flux & Formation Duration Coseismic permeability enhancement permits very large fluid flux over short time periods. Even with slower healing periods, 90% of flux achieved in
  • Extension vein orientations relative to shear-extension veins, shear zones & faults Inferred stress field ( 1 > 2 > 3 ) and unusually large fault reactivation angle (~60+) Elevated fluid pressure (supra- lithostatic; Pf = 3 + T) Extension fracture evolves to shear and seal rupture: Cyclical, linked to earthquake rupturing Sibson et al, 1988, Geology Parry, 1998, Tectonophys Appendix
  • Slide 19
  • Aydin & Schultz, 1989, J.Geophys.Res. Active Seismogenic Systems: Existing databases of step-over geometries across multiple scales Wesnousky, 2008, Bull.Seism.Soc.Am Appendix
  • Slide 20
  • Active System Data: Overlap dominates ~10:1 Consistent with expected fault propagation and interaction from fracture mechanics theory Burgmann & Pollard, 1994, J.Struct.Geol. Appendix
  • Slide 21
  • Tapered Slip: Slip distributions on the fault segments (1)Uniform 0.4 m (2)Linear tapered, assymetric due to tip restriction, (mean 0.4 m, max slip 0.73 m at 20-30% fault length) Manighetti et al., 2001, 2005, J.Geophys.Res
  • Slide 22
  • Result (linear tapered models): Underlap promotes increase in surface area for damage triggering and dynamic permeability enhancement, relative to overlap. Average surface area for transient damage ~10,000,000 m 2 (tallies with gold camp dimensions) Appendix
  • Slide 23
  • k is not static. Changes with temperature/depth Background k at midcrustal conditions is low (~10 -18 m 2 ) Co-seismic values transiently 10 -13 to 10 -8 m 2 (Noir et al., 1997; Waldhauser et al., 2012; Miller 2013, Adv.Geophys.) Ingebritsen & Manning, 2010 (Geofluids) Metamorphic data, geothermal measurements, seismic hypocentre migration, thermal modelling Appendix

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