michael yeomans alison wood brooks · 2019. 2. 27. · both studies - 15 min open-ended...
TRANSCRIPT
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Michael Yeomans &
Alison Wood Brooks
Managing Topics of Conversation
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Managing Topics of Conversation
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Conversation is... a rich skillset often enjoyable
(Zajonc, 1960; Grice, 1975; Frank & Goodman, 2012; Pickering & Garrod, 2004a; 2004b; Misyak et al., 2014)
Managing Topics of Conversation
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Conversation is... a rich skillset full of hard choices often enjoyable
(Crawford & Sobel, 1982; Lerner & Tetlock, 1999; Berger, 2014)
Managing Topics of Conversation
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Follow-Up Question-Asking It doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2017)It still doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2019)
(w/ Karen Huang, Alison Wood Brooks, Julia Minson & Francesca Gino)
Topic Selection in ConversationIt still doesn't hurt to ask... (working paper)
(w/ Alison Wood Brooks)
Managing Topics of Conversation
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Follow-Up Question-Asking It doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2017)It still doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2019)
(w/ Karen Huang, Alison Wood Brooks, Julia Minson & Francesca Gino)
Topic Selection in ConversationIt still doesn't hurt to ask... (working paper)
(w/ Alison Wood Brooks)
Managing Topics of Conversation
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Follow-Up Question-Asking It doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2017)It still doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2019)
(w/ Karen Huang, Alison Wood Brooks, Julia Minson & Francesca Gino)
Topic Selection in ConversationIt still doesn't hurt to ask... (working paper)
(w/ Alison Wood Brooks)
Managing Topics of Conversation
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Follow-Up Question-Asking It doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2017)It still doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2019)
(w/ Karen Huang, Alison Wood Brooks, Julia Minson & Francesca Gino)
Topic Selection in ConversationIt still doesn't hurt to ask... (working paper)
(w/ Alison Wood Brooks)
Managing Topics of Conversation
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Follow-Up Question-Asking
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Both Studies- 15 min open-ended conversations- Strangers paired in dyads over ChatPlat- Intervention: question-asking instructions
Follow-Up Question-Asking
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Both Studies- 15 min open-ended conversations- Strangers paired in dyads over ChatPlat- Intervention: question-asking instructions
Study 1 - 398 Behavioral Lab Participants (199 dyads) - One partner is told to ask many/few questions - Other partner given no instructions
Follow-Up Question-Asking
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Both Studies- 15 min open-ended conversations- Strangers paired in dyads over ChatPlat- Intervention: question-asking instructions
Study 1 - 398 Behavioral Lab Participants (199 dyads) - One partner is told to ask many/few questions - Other partner given no instructions
Study 2 - 338 mTurk Participants (169 dyads) - Both participants told to ask many/few questions (2x2)
Follow-Up Question-Asking
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Main Effect of Question-AskingStudy 1
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Main Effect of Question-AskingStudy 1
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Study 1 Study 2
Main Effect of Question-Asking
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Study 1 Study 2
Main Effect of Question-Asking
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Study 1 Study 2
Main Effect of Question-Asking
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Question Example from Study 1 𝜶 𝜶 Q%
Follow-Up Person 1: I’m planning a trip to Canada. Person 2: Oh, cool. Have you been there before? .87 40.5%
Full Switch Person 1: I am working at a dry cleaners. Person 2: What do you like doing for fun? .86 27.6%
Partial Switch
Person 1: Not super outdoorsy, but not opposed to a hike or something once in awhile. Person 2: Have you been to the beach in Boston?
.47 5.5%
Mirror Person 1: What did you have for breakfast? Person 2: I had eggs and fruit. How about you? .94 19.0%
Introductory Person 1: hello! Person 2: Hey, how's it going? .93 5.8%
RhetoricalPerson 1: What's the craziest event you've been to? Person 2: Yesterday I followed a marching band around. Where were they going? It's a mystery.
.74 1.9%
Typology of Question-Asking
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Question Example from Study 1 𝜶 𝜶 Q%
Follow-Up Person 1: I’m planning a trip to Canada. Person 2: Oh, cool. Have you been there before? .87 40.5%
Full Switch Person 1: I am working at a dry cleaners. Person 2: What do you like doing for fun? .86 27.6%
Partial Switch
Person 1: Not super outdoorsy, but not opposed to a hike or something once in awhile. Person 2: Have you been to the beach in Boston?
.47 5.5%
Mirror Person 1: What did you have for breakfast? Person 2: I had eggs and fruit. How about you? .94 19.0%
Introductory Person 1: hello! Person 2: Hey, how's it going? .93 5.8%
RhetoricalPerson 1: What's the craziest event you've been to? Person 2: Yesterday I followed a marching band around. Where were they going? It's a mystery.
.74 1.9%
Typology of Question-Asking
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Time Course of Question-Asking
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Time Course of Question-Asking
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Time Course of Question-Asking
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Time Course of Question-Asking
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Time Course of Question-Asking
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Contextual Feature Follow-Up Switch Intro Mirror
Word Count of turn
Time into Conversation
Question in askee’s last turn
Question in asker’s last turn
Multiple questions in the turn
Pre-question statement in turn
Distinctive Question Features
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Contextual Feature Follow-Up Switch Intro Mirror
Word Count of turn .20 — — —
Time into Conversation .25 — -1.34 —
Question in askee’s last turn — — -.43 .61
Question in asker’s last turn .30 .12 -.33 -.12
Multiple questions in the turn .08 -.04 — —
Pre-question statement in turn -.10 — — .37
Distinctive Question Features
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Follow-up Switch Introductory Mirror
which how old how are you how aboutwhy do you like hello what about
what kind travel your name yourself ?cool fun how are andnice do you live hi how i amwow interests today? and youis it hobbies? what is what about you
how do you a student go? andwhere do weather name? no, iwant to you from? are you? yes, i
Distinctive Question Features
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Human Label of Question
Follow-up Switch Introductory Mirror
MachineLabel of Question
Follow-up 1377 358 7 99
Switch 373 806 30 139
Introductory 2 17 202 18
Mirror 89 71 12 609
Question Type Detector Accuracy
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Human Label of Question
Follow-up Switch Introductory Mirror
MachineLabel of Question
Follow-up 1377 358 7 99
Switch 373 806 30 139
Introductory 2 17 202 18
Mirror 89 71 12 609
Accuracy = 87.0% 95%CI: [86.0,88.0]
Question Type Detector Accuracy
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How does Question-Asking Increase Liking?
Follow-Up Questions
Question-Asking Instructions
Interpersonal Liking
Bootstrapped indirect effect (both studies)Standardized 𝜷 = .412, 95% CI = [.071,1.11]
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Follow-Up Questions in the Field
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Follow-Up Questions in the Field
Speed Dating (Ranganath et al., 2009)
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Follow-Up Questions in the Field
Speed Dating (Ranganath et al., 2009)
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Follow-Up Questions in the Field
Speed Dating (Ranganath et al., 2009)
Social ChatBots (Dinan et al., 2019)
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Follow-Up Questions in the Field
Speed Dating (Ranganath et al., 2009)
Social ChatBots (Dinan et al., 2019)
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Follow-Up Future Directions
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Content-aware detection
Follow-Up Future Directions
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Content-aware detection
Machine follow-up generation
Follow-Up Future Directions
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Content-aware detection
Machine follow-up generation
Human follow-up generation (w/ Molly Moore & Julia Minson)
Follow-Up Future Directions
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Follow-Up Question-Asking It doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2017)It still doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2019)
(w/ Karen Huang, Alison Wood Brooks, Julia Minson & Francesca Gino)
Topic Selection in ConversationIt still doesn't hurt to ask... (working paper)
(w/ Alison Wood Brooks)
Managing Topics of Conversation
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Follow-Up Question-Asking It doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2017)It still doesn't hurt to ask... (JPSP, 2019)
(w/ Karen Huang, Alison Wood Brooks, Julia Minson & Francesca Gino)
Topic Selection in ConversationIt still doesn't hurt to ask... (working paper)
(w/ Alison Wood Brooks)
Managing Topics of Conversation
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The Topic of Conversation
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(Blei, Ng & Jordan, 2003; Blei & Lafferty, 2007)
Topic Detection
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(Sacks, Schegloff & Jackson, 1979; Hardin & Higgins, 1996; Hearst, 1997; Passonneau & Litman, 1997; Drew & Holt, 1998; Galley et al., 2003; Schegloff, 2007; Nguyen et al., 2014)
Topic Detection
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Topic Selection: Theory
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Topic Selection: Theory
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Topic Selection: Theory
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Topic Selection: Theory
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?
Topic Selection: Theory
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?
Topic Selection: Theory
Stay on topic?
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?
Topic Selection: Theory
Stay on topic? …or switch?
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Topic Selection: Theory
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Topic Selection: Theory
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Topic Selection: Theory
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Topic Selection: Theory
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Topic Selection: Applications
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Topic Selection: Applications
(Sounding Board; Fang et al., 2018)
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(Sounding Board; Fang et al., 2018)
Topic Selection: Applications
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Research Questions
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Do we learn other people's topic preferences from what they say?
Not well - we can be egocentric, overconfident, and oblivious
Research Questions
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Do we learn other people's topic preferences from what they say?
Not well - we can be egocentric, overconfident, and oblivious
Research Questions
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Do we learn other people's topic preferences from what they say?
Not well - we can be egocentric, overconfident, and oblivious
Does the flow of new topics affect our enjoyment of conversations?
Research Questions
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Do we learn other people's topic preferences from what they say?
Not well - we can be egocentric, overconfident, and oblivious
Does the flow of new topics affect our enjoyment of conversations?
Conversation can be more enjoyable with frequent topic switching together
Research Questions
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Study 1 Writers (n=392 mTurk)
Write response to all 12 topics and report preference Readers (n=654 mTurk)
Read responses and predict writer’s preference
Study 2 (n=172 in-lab, as pairs) Close others - friends, spouses, work colleagues Each person was a writer, then a reader for their partner
Study 3 (n=192 in-lab, individuals) Chatted with for 10 min about the 12 topics After, reported own preference and predicted partner's
What is a Topic Preference?
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Imagine you're meeting someone for the first time and having a friendly conversation, and s/he asks you the following question:
What is the strangest thing about the place you grew up?
What would you say in response? Please write your answer in the box below.
What is a Topic Preference?
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Imagine you're meeting someone for the first time and having a friendly conversation, and s/he asks you the following question:
Are you a religious person? Why?
What would you say in response? Please write your answer in the box below.
What is a Topic Preference?
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Imagine you're meeting someone for the first time and having a friendly conversation, and s/he asks you the following question:
Do you have any fruit trees, plants, or a garden?
What would you say in response? Please write your answer in the box below.
What is a Topic Preference?
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At this point in the conversation, would you want to talk more about this topic? Or would you want to switch to a new topic?
Please tell us your preference using the slider below, which ranges from -10 (strong preference to switch topics) to +10 (strong preference to stay on topic).
Stay on TopicSwitch Topics
What is a Topic Preference?
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Preference Detection Game
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No, I don't. My dad loves gardening though. Every summer he plants seeds and grows a vegetable garden. He has a PhD in agriculture, so he has a bunch of knowledge about growing vegetables. He loves gardening!
Oh, I'm a terrible singer! I do still sing along to songs in private though. Just yesterday I was singing along to a Taylor Swift song. I never sing in front of people! I'm too embarrassed!
Preference Detection GameDo you have any fruit trees, plants or a garden?
When was the last time you sang to yourself? To someone else?
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No, I don't. My dad loves gardening though. Every summer he plants seeds and grows a vegetable garden. He has a PhD in agriculture, so he has a bunch of knowledge about growing vegetables. He loves gardening!
Stay on TopicSwitch Topics
Oh, I'm a terrible singer! I do still sing along to songs in private though. Just yesterday I was singing along to a Taylor Swift song. I never sing in front of people! I'm too embarrassed!
Preference Detection GameDo you have any fruit trees, plants or a garden?
When was the last time you sang to yourself? To someone else?
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No, I don't. My dad loves gardening though. Every summer he plants seeds and grows a vegetable garden. He has a PhD in agriculture, so he has a bunch of knowledge about growing vegetables. He loves gardening!
Stay on TopicSwitch Topics
Oh, I'm a terrible singer! I do still sing along to songs in private though. Just yesterday I was singing along to a Taylor Swift song. I never sing in front of people! I'm too embarrassed! -2 6
Preference Detection GameDo you have any fruit trees, plants or a garden?
When was the last time you sang to yourself? To someone else?
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I'm an administrative assistant at a large university. I basically support several higher-up administrators. I don't really like my job. The only thing I do like is my coworkers. Most of them, anyway.
I value honesty in a friendship. I don't want to feel like someone is being fake with me or that I need to be fake with them. Open communication is key for me. I also value loyalty.
Preference Detection Game
Stay on TopicSwitch Topics
What do you do for work?What do you like about it?
What do you value most in a friendship?
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I'm an administrative assistant at a large university. I basically support several higher-up administrators. I don't really like my job. The only thing I do like is my coworkers. Most of them, anyway.
I value honesty in a friendship. I don't want to feel like someone is being fake with me or that I need to be fake with them. Open communication is key for me. I also value loyalty.
6.4-9
Preference Detection Game
Stay on TopicSwitch Topics
What do you do for work?What do you like about it?
What do you value most in a friendship?
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Topic Preference Distribution
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6
8
3
9
1
Non-parametric, within-person
Preference Detection Accuracy
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4
-2
0
5
9
Non-parametric, within-person
Preference Detection Accuracy
6
8
3
9
1
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Pilot Study with 50 Topics
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What do you do for work? What do you like about it?Why do you do these kinds of studies?Are you a religious person? Why?Do you have any fruit trees, plants, or a garden?What's the strangest thing about where you grew up?What is the cutest thing you've seen a baby or child do?Would you like to be famous? In what way?When did you last sing to yourself? To someone else?If you were able to live to the age of 90 and retain either the mind or body of a 30-year-old for the last 60 years of your life, which would you want?If you could change anything about the way you were raised, what would it be?What do you value most in a friendship?Your house, containing everything you own, catches fire. After saving your loved ones and pets, you have time to safely make a final dash to save any one item. What would it be? Why?
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Topic Preference Detection
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Study 1 (n=392, 654; mTurk)
Writers & Readers recruited separately
Study 2 (n=172; in-lab)
Close others recruited as pairs
Study 3 (n=192 in-lab)
Chatted freely with partner for 10 min
Topic Preference Detection
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Study 1 (n=392, 654; mTurk)
Writers & Readers recruited separately
Study 2 (n=172; in-lab)
Close others recruited as pairs
Study 3 (n=192 in-lab)
Chatted freely with partner for 10 min
Topic Preference Detection
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Study 1 (n=392, 654; mTurk)
Writers & Readers recruited separately
Study 2 (n=172; in-lab)
Close others recruited as pairs
Study 3 (n=192 in-lab)
Discussed topics with partner for 10 min
Topic Preference Detection
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Study 1 - Accuracy
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Study 1 - Accuracy*** ***
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Study 1 - Accuracy****** ***
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Reader Heuristics: Egocentrism
Own Preference for TopicGue
ss o
f Par
tner
's Pr
efer
ence
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Reader Heuristics: EgocentrismG
uess
of P
artn
er's
Pref
eren
ce
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
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Politeness Cues (R package)
Count per Person per Topic
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Politeness Cues (R package)
not, never
I, me
in fact, really
we, us
great, sweet
you, yourself
Count per Person per Topic
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Word Count Signal
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Study 1 - Accuracyns*********
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Study 1 - Accuracy*** ********* ***
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Preference Detection Performance
*
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Preference Detection Performance
**
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Study 2 Accuracy (close others)ns ***
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Study 2 Accuracy (close others)ns*** ***
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Study 2 Accuracy (close others)** ****** ***
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Partner Knowledge
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Partner Knowledge
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Partner Knowledge
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Study 2 Accuracy (close others)
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Study 2 Accuracy (close others)
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Study 3: Live Chat
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Study 3: Live Chat
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Study 3 Accuracy (live chat)
* ns
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Dialogue Acts(Passonneau & Litman, 1997; Jurafsky & Martin, 2017)
- backchannels - pauses - interruptions - laughter
Topic Preference Indicators
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Dialogue Acts(Passonneau & Litman, 1997; Jurafsky & Martin, 2017)
- backchannels - pauses - interruptions - laughter
Question Types(Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson & Gino, 2017; ibid, 2019)
- mirror "how about you?" - follow-up "cool, when was that?" -switch "did you hear the news?"
Topic Preference Indicators
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Signaling Topic Preferences
Count per Person per Topic
***
***
^
***
***
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Study 3 Accuracy (live chat)
****** ***
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Study 3 Accuracy (live chat)
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Do we learn other people's topic preferences from what they say?
Not well - we can be egocentric, overconfident, and oblivious
Does the flow of new topics affect our enjoyment of conversations?
Conversation can be more enjoyable with frequent topic switching together
Research Questions
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Do we learn other people's topic preferences from what they say?
Not well - we can be egocentric, overconfident, and oblivious
Does the flow of new topics affect our enjoyment of conversations?
Conversation can be more enjoyable with frequent topic switching together
Research Questions
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?
Inertia of the Current Topic
Stay on topic? …or switch?
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Topic Switch Empowerment
Treatment: Topic-Switching Instructions frequent switching vs. natural switching
Primary Outcome: Enjoyment (1-7 likert, α=.89)I enjoyed this conversation.I thought this conversation was engaging.I had an interesting conversation with this person.I felt happy during this conversation.I was watching the clock, wishing time would pass more quickly.
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Topic Switch Empowerment
Treatment: Topic-Switching Instructions frequent switching vs. natural switching
Primary Outcome: Enjoyment (1-7 likert, α=.89)I enjoyed this conversation.I thought this conversation was engaging.I had an interesting conversation with this person.I felt happy during this conversation.I was watching the clock, wishing time would pass more quickly.
Study 3 Study 4face-to-face (n=196) online chat room
(n=678, pre-registered)given 12-topic list no topic list
Two dyad-level conditions Third condition: mixed dyads
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Topic Switch Empowerment
Treatment: Topic-Switching Instructions frequent switching vs. natural switching
Primary Outcome: Enjoyment (1-7 likert, α=.89)I enjoyed this conversation.I thought this conversation was engaging.I had an interesting conversation with this person.I felt happy during this conversation.I was watching the clock, wishing time would pass more quickly.
Study 3 Study 4face-to-face (n=196) online chat room
(n=678, pre-registered)given 12-topic list no topic list
Two dyad-level conditions Third condition: mixed dyads
![Page 118: Michael Yeomans Alison Wood Brooks · 2019. 2. 27. · Both Studies - 15 min open-ended conversations - Strangers paired in dyads over ChatPlat - Intervention: question-asking instructions](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071412/6109565813998018e11fca3f/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Topic Switch Empowerment
Treatment: Topic-Switching Instructions frequent switching vs. natural switching
Primary Outcome: Enjoyment (1-7 likert, α=.89)I enjoyed this conversation.I thought this conversation was engaging.I had an interesting conversation with this person.I felt happy during this conversation.I was watching the clock, wishing time would pass more quickly.
Study 3 Study 4face-to-face (n=196) online chat room
(n=678, pre-registered)given 12-topic list no topic list
Two dyad-level conditions Third condition: mixed dyads
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Study 3 Outcomes
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Study 3 Outcomes
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Inter-Turn Silences
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Inter-Turn Silences
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Inter-Turn Silences
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Inter-Turn Silences
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Inter-Turn Silences
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Pre-registered Replication
- 678 mTurkers in dyads - 10min online chat - No topic list
Study 4 Design
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Both Frequent
FrequentFrequent
Both Natural
NaturalNatural
Pre-registered Replication
- 678 mTurkers in dyads - 10min online chat - No topic list
Study 4 Design
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Both Frequent
FrequentFrequent
Mixed Dyads
NaturalFrequent
Both Natural
NaturalNatural
Pre-registered Replication
- 678 mTurkers in dyads - 10min online chat - No topic list
Study 4 Design
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Study 4 Enjoyment
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Study 4 Enjoyment
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Topic Switches
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Topic Encouragement
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Perspective-Taking Tasks
Perceptual Personal
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Perspective-Taking Tasks
Perceptual Personal
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Perspective-Taking Tasks
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6
8
3
9
1
Perspective-Taking Tasks
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-3
0
4
-2
10
Perspective-Taking Tasks
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Topic Preference Explicitness
Future Directions
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Topic Preference Explicitness
Switch Empowerment
Future Directions
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Topic Preference Explicitness
Switch Empowerment
Topic Plan-Making
Future Directions
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Topic Preference Explicitness
Switch Empowerment
Topic Plan-Making
Leaving: the ultimate topic switch
Future Directions
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