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Aflatoxins

Ochratoxin A Penicillic Acid Citrinin Zearalenone

Trichothecenes

Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Citrinin Sterigmatocystin

Zearalenone Trichothecenes Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A

Citrinin Sterigmatocystin Zearalenone Trichothecenes Aflatoxins

Citrinin Sterigmatocystin

Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Citrinin Trichothecenes Aflatoxins

Zearalenone Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Citrinin Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

Ochratoxin A Citrinin

USA Costa Rica Dominica Brazil Colombia India

Thailand Philippines Kenya Swaziland Uganda Senegal

Mozambique Ghana France Yugoslavia Australia USA France Yugoslavia England USA Thailand Burma Japan USA Canada Mexco South Africa Swaziland Zambia Lesotho France Italy England Yugoslavia Hungary USA Canada India South Africa Zambia France Germany Yugoslavia Austria USA Pakistan Yugoslavia Greece France Ethiopia USA Canada Yugoslavia Canada Canada USA Hungary Canada Japan Greece France Japan USA Canada Denmark Sweden Canada Denmark England England Scotland

Canada Japan USA Colombia Thailand India Philippines Taiwan Viet Nam Mozambique Senegal Brazil

Japan Japan USA Greece France Eire Canada Sweden Denmark

Canada Finland Germany USA India Uganda Colombia Ethiopia France

Australia USA Swaziland France Germany

Canada Canada France Germany Thailand Uganda USA Brazil Argentina Paraguay Venezuela Japan China India Thailand Taiwan Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Viet Nam South Africa Sudan Nigeria Senegal Uganda Mozambique Swaziland Zimbabue Australia Mexico India

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Zearalenone Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

Ochratoxin A Penicillic Acid

Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Sterigmatocystin

Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins Aflatoxins Aflatoxins Aflatoxins Aflatoxin Bl Patulin Patulin Patulin

Aflatoxins Aflatoxin M I Aflatoxin M 1

Sterigmatocystin Aflatoxins

USA Guatemala Nicaragua El Salvador Iran Greece Brazil Colombia Syria Turkey USSR

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Iran USA China Korea India Thailand Indonesia Singapore Sri Lanka Sudan Pakistan Spain

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Trichothecenes

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Zearalenone Trichothecenes Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A

Citrinin Sterigmatocystin Zearalenone Trichothecenes Aflatoxins

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Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Citrinin Trichothecenes Aflatoxins

Zearalenone Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Citrinin Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

Ochratoxin A Citrinin

USA Costa Rica Dominica Brazil Colombia India

Thailand Philippines Kenya Swaziland Uganda Senegal

Mozambique Ghana France Yugoslavia Australia USA France Yugoslavia England USA Thailand Burma Japan USA Canada Mexco South Africa Swaziland Zambia Lesotho France Italy England Yugoslavia Hungary USA Canada India South Africa Zambia France Germany Yugoslavia Austria USA Pakistan Yugoslavia Greece France Ethiopia USA Canada Yugoslavia Canada Canada USA Hungary Canada Japan Greece France Japan USA Canada Denmark Sweden Canada Denmark England England Scotland

Canada Japan USA Colombia Thailand India Philippines Taiwan Viet Nam Mozambique Senegal Brazil

Japan Japan USA Greece France Eire Canada Sweden Denmark

Canada Finland Germany USA India Uganda Colombia Ethiopia France

Australia USA Swaziland France Germany

Canada Canada France Germany Thailand Uganda USA Brazil Argentina Paraguay Venezuela Japan China India Thailand Taiwan Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Viet Nam South Africa Sudan Nigeria Senegal Uganda Mozambique Swaziland Zimbabue Australia Mexico India

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Brazil Nut Cashew Nut

Filbert Pulses (Beans

amp Peas)

Green Coffee Bean

Coconut Chilli

Nutmeg

Buckwheat Jobs Tears Fig Apple

Pear Apple Juice Wine Milk Cheese

Fish

Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins

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Zearalenone Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

Ochratoxin A Penicillic Acid

Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Sterigmatocystin

Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins Aflatoxins Aflatoxins Aflatoxins Aflatoxin Bl Patulin Patulin Patulin

Aflatoxins Aflatoxin M I Aflatoxin M 1

Sterigmatocystin Aflatoxins

USA Guatemala Nicaragua El Salvador Iran Greece Brazil Colombia Syria Turkey USSR

Hungary Germany Italy Argentina

USA Philippines Ghana India Indonesia Philippines Mozambique Uganda Ghana Taiwan Philippines India Taiwan Indonesia Nigeria Philippines India Greece USA Iran Turkey Pakistan USA Canada USA Canada China Yugoslavia USA USA USA Brazil Peru India

Turkey Colombia India Thailand Philippines Iran Uganda

Mozambique

USA Canada England USA Brazil

USA Namibia

Iran USA China Korea India Thailand Indonesia Singapore Sri Lanka Sudan Pakistan Spain

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USA Canada Sweden Finland England Germany USA South Africa Iran Germany USA Brazil Australia France Netherlands Denmark England Germany Swizerland Netherlands Philippines Thailand Indonesia

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Pear Apple Juice Wine Milk Cheese

Fish

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Zearalenone Aflatoxins Aflatoxins

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USA Guatemala Nicaragua El Salvador Iran Greece Brazil Colombia Syria Turkey USSR

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t ~~ I L -c 11 ~~O)~ii ~ i o of 0)1amp

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131 -H -c b ~Jjffi ~ (L 1gt I I tot -o ts t tt

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SA Italy Columbia Spain j) t~A ~ ret tot j) (J) 107 Ti ~ -Co ~ t I yena15 ~ tt -c~ 1gt 3)

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12

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t ~~ I L -c 11 ~~O)~ii ~ i o of 0)1amp

n t O)1f~~IIJit~ L-c ~tot~ 30 Gb~lli ~ (L 1gt j)~~J~Jj L -c lii~aJ~1tIl

131 -H -c b ~Jjffi ~ (L 1gt I I tot -o ts t tt

bl 1953~4 )1j)t 1954~3)1 pound-CI~A

~ttkisJofU57i~0)~A0)5t~

Iii j)~~ lli ~ (L t 11 Thailand Burma Inshy

donesia Peru Ecuador China Turkey U

SA Italy Columbia Spain j) t~A ~ ret tot j) (J) 107 Ti ~ -Co ~ t I yena15 ~ tt -c~ 1gt 3)

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12

t btPJI ~ bgt ~ tt I 1948 if lir 7deg lshy

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J L I3JI ~ bgt ~ ttl 1951 if I li5l-1 bgt

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I bull bull ~1tj i 1J i 1gt~ f 0)Wrt Ii iit3ishy

5UrHtL Bo)~yen ftyen tyenO)~-wrt

lfmb 1gt 9G~ t 0)~1if I ~ffIampJ

) ~ ~1 1gt -(I h I $ ltO)1iJf~nXO)Jtflbt ~ -gt

I t ~ J~ L L Ii tt ~ tt~ 1m~1 ~

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~~m1 1gt o)-(Iitt lt ~1if0)t~

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~JJ1tj t liMlffia~-(~ 1gt

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S1 t tt I ~ 1971 if 3 )1 16 B rh 1 (7

_ 77 ~~~y) ~~ff11gtjt~O)lDttamp~ImiddotmiddotH

L J (mjt~ 128 ) 5) bt5-~ ~ h Imif 4 )1 fJ

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7YV~J[f~-7YV~~~0)777~~~

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t f O)famp 1981 if 9 )112 B 1gttmjt~ 204 6) J L ffttrA 7 Y V~ -J ~L b 7 7 7 ~

~ ~ Y B1 O)t]tbtmjt~ 128 $lfJE L ~

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(~jt~128$) 1~1L7771-~~YBl

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13

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~ ttL ~ 1gt t 1j b ~jt~ 128 $-(tili

L L Ii tt Gtt ~ t l5E L L ~ 1gt 7 7 7 ~ ~ s- y

B1 0)f5~ V~IV ~i 1m$0) -yenJI~ I L I 1Jt i It 100 ppb fJ-t Ifsect~t 1gt bull

7 7 7 l-~ ~ Y Ii Aspergillus flauus ~ A

parasiticus bt~Mf1 1gt bt It Jjji ~h 11 ~ L

i1J~~~-(PiiyenL~ ~~ it~ 1j JA ~ 1m 0) ~J1

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btf lH5 ~ h L ~ 1gt A I M L L b poundtyena~~]tbgt

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1 L 1~lIn4 J lJ 10 ~Jj)I53O)-tmL~O)~r~bt

m~ ra~ ~7E L I bull 0) -tIID~ X m1tj I tsectJru n gtA

famp L Liit3i-O)~t-(~O)l7E1Jt1IDt L

I bull O)JjjiIZSlI L L 0 -~7 Y ~ rit 7 7

7 l- ~ s- Y li1iJf~bti tJ fJE -o L jt~f1tj1J

0) rpf I Je~ L Itij(a~mf~( ~JJ1sect-O) ~t ~

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~~~0)9eurot1jk~1E1i~tJ~~~

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7 7 ~ ~ ~ Yf1J~ft~ ~i~J1JIlI l J L b 7

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1gt I btm 1gt I

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~ 0) ~1E10)lJ e1 J 1gt 13 ~f5 ~fJtHi A

777 I- r ~ Bd9Ufj~i4

poundgErI] C

Iii A-yenk

1O0ppb ])1

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100ppb

iittJ

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777l-r~

ll~t1~4

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tJlE lEI711j

USA

China

Australia

Ezypt

1I~Utl f~ uJl

1 (01

o (0

o (0

o (0

o (0

) 6 (04 )

3 (03 )

o (0 )

o (0 )

3 (75 )

1362 ( 995 )

956 ( 997 )

237 (100

7 (l00 )

37 ( 925 )

1369

959

237

7

40

t-amp-r 1 (004) 12 (046) 2599 ( 9950) 2612

uq)-yenx5j1j

1972 o (0 ) 1 (27 ) 36 ( 973 ) 37

1973 1 (04 ) 3 (11 ) 261 ( 985 ) 265

1974

1975

o (0

o (0

o (0

o (0

264 (100

227 (100

264

227

1976 o (0 o (0 294 (l00 294

1977

1978

o (0

o (0

o (0 )

2 (08 )

390 (100

261 ( 992 )

390

263

1979

1980

1981

o (0

o (0

o (0

o (0

o (0 )

6 us )

227 (100

309 (l00

330 ( 982

)

)

)

227

309

336

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~ t Spanish-Runner type 0) Jj[fj l JJIJ ~

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Q m-rIj~1E~0)7 7 7 r ~ V ffj~ 7

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mBJ) O)~~L AFflJtt~t~Bo)

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7 l- ~ V B1 j)tfitill ~ h fiiamp~~j)tJfj(Cy h

14

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7 J I) iJ jthi

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2 Argentina 5 ( 14 ) 4 ( 11) 353 ( 975) 362

3 Brazil 42 ( 135 ) 59 ( 195) 205 ( 670) 306

4 Paraguay 14 ( 68) 14 ( 68) 179 ( 865) 207

5 Colombia o ( 0 ) o ( 0 ) 2 (100 ) 2

) 0)6 Venezuela 1 (100 o ( 0 ) o ( 0

+JI- 79 ( 1 9) 98 ( 24) 3934 ( 957) 4111

77 I) iJjtM

South Africa o ( a ) 4 ( 03) 1560 ( 997) 1564

2 Sudan 21 ( 21) 139 ( 137) 855 ( 842) 1015

3 Mozambique 1 ( 03) 1 ( 03) 323 ( 994) 325

4 Zimbabwe 2 ( 49) 1 ( 24) 38 ( 927) 41 ~

5 Ethiopia a ( 0 ) o ( 0 ) 8 (l00 8 ~ ~ 6 Namibia o ( 0 o ( a ) 3 (ioo 3 iVol

7 Nigeria o ( 0 o ( 0 ) 3 (100 3 2 f I

8 Cameroons 1 (l00 o ( 0 ) o ( 0 1 II No

9 Mauritius o ( 0 o ( 0 ) (100

bull3 10 Senegal o ( a ) o ( 0 ) uoo I

r

11 Tanzania a ( 0 ) o ( 0 ) (l00 t~ ~

IjJt 25 ( 08) 145 ( 49) 2793 ( 943) 2963

7 7jthi

1 Indonesia 31 ( 43) 30 ( 42) 661 ( 915 ) 722

2 China 2 ( 03) 7 ( 10) 695 ( 987) 704

3 India 11( 25) 18 ( 41) 411 ( 934) 440

4 Taiwan 1 ( 09) o ( 0 ) 116 ( 991) 117

5 Thailand 6 ( 98) 8 ( 131) 47 ( 771) 61

6 Philippines 2 ( 143) 3 ( 214) 9 ( 643) 14

7 Hong Kong 2 ( 154) o ( a ) 11 ( 846) 13

8 Viet Nam 1 ( 143) o ( 0 ) 6 ( 857) 7

9 Malaysia 2 ( 500) o ( 0 ) 2 ( 500) 4

+~t 58 ( 28) 66 ( 32) 1958 ( 940) 2082

f(7)ftt

Australia o ( 0 ) o ( 0 ) 53 (100 ) 53

2 1~jtrafJ 2 ( 08) 5 ( 21) 234 ( 971) 241

+~t 2 ( 07) 5 ( 17) 287 ( 976) 294

15-n 164 ( 17) 314 ( 33) 8972 ( 950) 9450

15

~4 INiillt ~ ~~ii1t~0)~1tmI28$~tJ 9 ~A~~jJj7 7 7 ~ 4- y -~ii~~

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1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

2 (11)

11(11)

15 (24)

15 (20)

8 (07)

10 (09)

34 (38)

21 (17)

19 (14)

29 (23)

2 (11)

20 (21)

16 (26)

24 (32)

11 (10)

9 (08)

59 (65)

63 (52)

18 (14)

92 (71)

172 (977)

949 (968)

595 (950)

713 (948)

1103 (983)

1060 (982)

812 (897)

1128 (931)

1278 (972)

1162 (906)

176

980

626

752

1122

1079

905

1212

1315

1283

)1

g ~t 164 (17) 314 (33) 8972 (950) 9450

t P r O)tljit~iP-1~ pound t AF f1j~v~

lId ti1E1iL50 g oj) L ~ ill ~ t1t 7 77 l- ~

~ B1 0)1(ng) ~~~L -ftc ppb-C~~

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V trO) 777 r ~ ~$ij~

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t~~-CtO ~ 777 r ~ s- f1j~tJ~~pound~ G

shtjMa~t1)~Vi~IJ~ ~ ~H ~fOOJyen t rpOO

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ili$lj~ilt~ 128~ 1~--1 lt~it~jp G~lwr

1 ~ ~R lJ OO~-CJj[flO) 123 rp OOgg-C 14 t~tL~ poundtAFf1jttJv~JJO)it

fiRltOO~-C 1100 ng (223 ppb) rpOOgg-C 65

ng 03 ppb) -Cto 0 tz

VI JugO) 777 r ~ ~$ij~

1972 ~ 9 Ji tJ L 10 if rdl I bull A ~ tLt Jjj[fI

0)1JyenOO~777r~~ffl~~~~filt

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JM A ]

1981 1972~1981

pound m 111 USA] Japan 2 Japan2

China 85 985 987

India 8 -3 934

Sudan 6 373 842

Argentina 60 967 975

South Africa 59 993 997

Malawi 40

Australia 90 lOQ

Brazil 0 21 9 670

Egypt 86

Taiwan 73 100 991

I Goldblat LA and Stoloff L Proc lnt Symp Mycotoxin pp33-46 (1983)

bull 2 HljItt bull3 ~iHtitI- t- L

L 1 ~ 4 ~j ~ o)~A~(xZtl~-r tJ ~ ilamp 10

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16

0

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Arge- Para- South Moza- Indoshy

WJJif USA ntina guay Brazil Africa Sudan mbique China nesia India

1972 0 0 0 200 0 97 0

1973 0 52 05 45 0 0 81

1974 05 250 0 539 0 26 52 38

1975 05 107 06 88 29 0 73 148

1976 10 41 0 28 11 0 36 34

1977 16 0 0 133 0 22 0 29 19 0

1978 12 0 0 738 0 170 0 31 83

1979 16 0 250 0 252 0 0 368 273

1980 10 31 154 344 0 15 0 34

1981 19 33 131 781 07 627 0 15 379

bull - ~JEtJfld L

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if 15 fO 13 E3 J3[ fj- ~ 7 ~ lt ~w 1f~

J][ sect (SS) (N) (SSN) (F) (P)

6IiJif 3234505 9 359389 2252 005-001

1t~OO 7749094 9 861010 5396 0001 gt ~ ~

~ ~ 10371 920 65 159568 ~

Vol A ~t 21355519 83 2

ftbullbull (Gm~~) ~~~ bullbull~~(~

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1 Schroder HW and Boller RA

Applied Microbiology 25 885-889 (1973)

2 Goldblatt LA and Stoloff L

Proc Int Symp Mycotoxin pp 33-46 (1983)

3 Angshubhakorn S et al Proc Int

Symp Toxic Microorganisms pp239-247(1982)

17

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1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

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regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

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~ t Spanish-Runner type 0) Jj[fj l JJIJ ~

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1gt O)-rlj 11 lt tt L h$~O)ffj~j[O) 9= l raquo

ffj~1j)tilUpound L -r l Q 0) j)t-mltpFj-rilj Q L jraquo

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imtE~Ij~~ttBlgt~(k 0 Y r 4JjlJ~ -o -r l

Q m-rIj~1E~0)7 7 7 r ~ V ffj~ 7

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V flJI1~ (AF flJI1~) ~ J f 777 r ~ V

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mBJ) O)~~L AFflJtt~t~Bo)

jl1 r 71 c- lIffi~ L -c 100 ppb jJJO) 7 7

7 l- ~ V B1 j)tfitill ~ h fiiamp~~j)tJfj(Cy h

14

~3 tli)Hii~tmiddot ~~~)i1E~on~1AJf~128~~~HJ g~illE~Jj7 7 7 ~ 4y ~~iiampii~

777 ~ t- ~ gt Bd~ttlJID$j

100ppb 100ppb 777rt-~

ttl JJOC ~Ij JLL iitLl r~ttID$j

1 iff lEI ~J$j~ () ~ifmiddotHamp () ID$j~ () ~]tID$j~

7 J I) iJ jthi

USA 17 ( 05) 21 ( 07) 3195 ( 988) 3233

2 Argentina 5 ( 14 ) 4 ( 11) 353 ( 975) 362

3 Brazil 42 ( 135 ) 59 ( 195) 205 ( 670) 306

4 Paraguay 14 ( 68) 14 ( 68) 179 ( 865) 207

5 Colombia o ( 0 ) o ( 0 ) 2 (100 ) 2

) 0)6 Venezuela 1 (100 o ( 0 ) o ( 0

+JI- 79 ( 1 9) 98 ( 24) 3934 ( 957) 4111

77 I) iJjtM

South Africa o ( a ) 4 ( 03) 1560 ( 997) 1564

2 Sudan 21 ( 21) 139 ( 137) 855 ( 842) 1015

3 Mozambique 1 ( 03) 1 ( 03) 323 ( 994) 325

4 Zimbabwe 2 ( 49) 1 ( 24) 38 ( 927) 41 ~

5 Ethiopia a ( 0 ) o ( 0 ) 8 (l00 8 ~ ~ 6 Namibia o ( 0 o ( a ) 3 (ioo 3 iVol

7 Nigeria o ( 0 o ( 0 ) 3 (100 3 2 f I

8 Cameroons 1 (l00 o ( 0 ) o ( 0 1 II No

9 Mauritius o ( 0 o ( 0 ) (100

bull3 10 Senegal o ( a ) o ( 0 ) uoo I

r

11 Tanzania a ( 0 ) o ( 0 ) (l00 t~ ~

IjJt 25 ( 08) 145 ( 49) 2793 ( 943) 2963

7 7jthi

1 Indonesia 31 ( 43) 30 ( 42) 661 ( 915 ) 722

2 China 2 ( 03) 7 ( 10) 695 ( 987) 704

3 India 11( 25) 18 ( 41) 411 ( 934) 440

4 Taiwan 1 ( 09) o ( 0 ) 116 ( 991) 117

5 Thailand 6 ( 98) 8 ( 131) 47 ( 771) 61

6 Philippines 2 ( 143) 3 ( 214) 9 ( 643) 14

7 Hong Kong 2 ( 154) o ( a ) 11 ( 846) 13

8 Viet Nam 1 ( 143) o ( 0 ) 6 ( 857) 7

9 Malaysia 2 ( 500) o ( 0 ) 2 ( 500) 4

+~t 58 ( 28) 66 ( 32) 1958 ( 940) 2082

f(7)ftt

Australia o ( 0 ) o ( 0 ) 53 (100 ) 53

2 1~jtrafJ 2 ( 08) 5 ( 21) 234 ( 971) 241

+~t 2 ( 07) 5 ( 17) 287 ( 976) 294

15-n 164 ( 17) 314 ( 33) 8972 ( 950) 9450

15

~4 INiillt ~ ~~ii1t~0)~1tmI28$~tJ 9 ~A~~jJj7 7 7 ~ 4- y -~ii~~

117~~~Bl~IplusmnJ~

100ppb

))J

100ppb

ifiij 117~~~

pt~iM

~JifX ~AHamp () ~~ () ~~ () ~~ampit~

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

2 (11)

11(11)

15 (24)

15 (20)

8 (07)

10 (09)

34 (38)

21 (17)

19 (14)

29 (23)

2 (11)

20 (21)

16 (26)

24 (32)

11 (10)

9 (08)

59 (65)

63 (52)

18 (14)

92 (71)

172 (977)

949 (968)

595 (950)

713 (948)

1103 (983)

1060 (982)

812 (897)

1128 (931)

1278 (972)

1162 (906)

176

980

626

752

1122

1079

905

1212

1315

1283

)1

g ~t 164 (17) 314 (33) 8972 (950) 9450

t P r O)tljit~iP-1~ pound t AF f1j~v~

lId ti1E1iL50 g oj) L ~ ill ~ t1t 7 77 l- ~

~ B1 0)1(ng) ~~~L -ftc ppb-C~~

~ sh~

V trO) 777 r ~ ~$ij~

~ 2 ~t 1972 if 9 Ji oj) G 10 ifrll~ IA ~ ret MflO)filt~ 128 $1 J 7l 777 r ~ s- cshy

t~~-CtO ~ 777 r ~ s- f1j~tJ~~pound~ G

shtjMa~t1)~Vi~IJ~ ~ ~H ~fOOJyen t rpOO

JIiI-C - A r7 y -yggtJgt L l~ili ~tL -rw G 1 ~10) 05 Iilamp ~ Jj v- j[fl0 AF ~

ili$lj~ilt~ 128~ 1~--1 lt~it~jp G~lwr

1 ~ ~R lJ OO~-CJj[flO) 123 rp OOgg-C 14 t~tL~ poundtAFf1jttJv~JJO)it

fiRltOO~-C 1100 ng (223 ppb) rpOOgg-C 65

ng 03 ppb) -Cto 0 tz

VI JugO) 777 r ~ ~$ij~

1972 ~ 9 Ji tJ L 10 if rdl I bull A ~ tLt Jjj[fI

0)1JyenOO~777r~~ffl~~~~filt

128iI~--1 lt~II~tJgt G pound t ~ft 3 t~

~5 ~AOO~ii1t~0)777~4-y-~att~

JM A ]

1981 1972~1981

pound m 111 USA] Japan 2 Japan2

China 85 985 987

India 8 -3 934

Sudan 6 373 842

Argentina 60 967 975

South Africa 59 993 997

Malawi 40

Australia 90 lOQ

Brazil 0 21 9 670

Egypt 86

Taiwan 73 100 991

I Goldblat LA and Stoloff L Proc lnt Symp Mycotoxin pp33-46 (1983)

bull 2 HljItt bull3 ~iHtitI- t- L

L 1 ~ 4 ~j ~ o)~A~(xZtl~-r tJ ~ ilamp 10

if1lr~ I jgt tJ lt t ~ 200 t1 ~ jJtO)~A~~

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16

0

~6 3~itillEjJIJ~JlLflt ~ ~it)irtito)~~~128~$liI J Q7 77 ~f~ -~Iplusmnl~~~jJIJm~

Arge- Para- South Moza- Indoshy

WJJif USA ntina guay Brazil Africa Sudan mbique China nesia India

1972 0 0 0 200 0 97 0

1973 0 52 05 45 0 0 81

1974 05 250 0 539 0 26 52 38

1975 05 107 06 88 29 0 73 148

1976 10 41 0 28 11 0 36 34

1977 16 0 0 133 0 22 0 29 19 0

1978 12 0 0 738 0 170 0 31 83

1979 16 0 250 0 252 0 0 368 273

1980 10 31 154 344 0 15 0 34

1981 19 33 131 781 07 627 0 15 379

bull - ~JEtJfld L

~7 ~IHlL~t ~ ~it)irtitO)m~~128~iliIJ Q777 ~ f~ -~Iplusmnl~O)itillEjJIJ~~~jJIJ~~~JT

if 15 fO 13 E3 J3[ fj- ~ 7 ~ lt ~w 1f~

J][ sect (SS) (N) (SSN) (F) (P)

6IiJif 3234505 9 359389 2252 005-001

1t~OO 7749094 9 861010 5396 0001 gt ~ ~

~ ~ 10371 920 65 159568 ~

Vol A ~t 21355519 83 2

ftbullbull (Gm~~) ~~~ bullbull~~(~

1030)tiftftMJj[~1iJltIl~-C~~~ 1IfHHI~

~ bull 1 -CPJ) t 11 tc J 5 I 7 7 7 l- ~ V ~ I

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(L L ) 9 4- (L t 0) ~~1E1gt t tDtrA ~ (L ~

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If O)~IHI ~~ i L G+20-=2860)~1m

I Igt ~ Sudan lt ffl~ 0) ~ ~ 1~ IE ~ g i ~

~ t 1 AF~HP~1IfG+2crJ 9 rh~ Brazil

lt 1972 ~1I t 10 ~rdJO)~~t~f-l--C ~ ~R 9

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~ 0) ftft rtHt~ 5 I ~ L to J 5 1 IE 1If

1981~ I iit~O)1litlE1I ~ tDtrA L to~~O)

777 ~ ~ V ~ffl~ ~ tt$5( L L c O)mJj[I~

1t1gt~1Iqlll-yenJc~~ ~ 17113 Lto~ tot 16 Sudan pound 0) Jtrfllt Brazil lit I X ~ -Co 7

77 ~~V~ffl~1Ifrh1l--gttOIb1l1Ib ~-r

AF ~ill I ~ ~ ~ AF ~j1tJyenj77 Y jJ

No ~8 itilIE~S~Q777~f~-~~~0)~~~m~

bull37 7 7 r r ~ pQt1$ () ~ ~ if Texas I USA2 Thailand 3

1969 84

1970 77

1971

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

6

58

70

69

79 58

77 45

65 50

82 56

54

1 Schroder HW and Boller RA

Applied Microbiology 25 885-889 (1973)

2 Goldblatt LA and Stoloff L

Proc Int Symp Mycotoxin pp 33-46 (1983)

3 Angshubhakorn S et al Proc Int

Symp Toxic Microorganisms pp239-247(1982)

17

~ 9 foliAHiltt ~ ~~5t1t~i)I~ili tt tL9 7Jv-7JJlj 77~~~~~ili0~~~~~

iilili(5j1j

jofff[li] ji~ ()1 jil4~ () 2

7 I) i] iiiJlt

1 USA 25 ( 66) 13 ( 34 ) 38 ( 1 2)

2 Argentina 3 ( 33) 6 ( 67 ) 9 ( 25)

3 Brazil 89 ( 88) 12 ( 12 J 101 ( 330)

4 Paraguay 28 (l00) o ( 0) 28 ( 135)

5 Venezuela 1 (100) o ( 0) 1 (l00 )

146 ( 82) 31 ( 18 ) 177 ( 43)

71i]iiM~

1 South Africa 4 (100) o ( 0) 4 ( 03)

2 Sudan 158 ( 99) 2 ( 1) 160 ( 158)

3 Mozambique 1 ( 50) 1 ( 50 ) 2 ( 06)

4 Zimbabue 1 ( 33) 2 ( 67 ) 3 ( 73)

5 Cameroons 1 (l00) o ( 0) 1 (l00 )

165 ( 97) 5 ( 3) 170 ( 57)

7JiliiJlt

1 Indonesia 61 (100) o ( 0) 61 ( 84)

2 China 8 ( 89) 1 ( 11 ) 9 ( 13)

3 India 29 (100) o ( 0) 29 ( 66)

4 Taiwan 1 (l00) o ( 0) 1 ( 09)

5 Thailand 13 ( 93) 1 ( 7) 14 ( 229)

6 Philippines 5 (l00) o ( 0) 5 ( 357)

7 Hong Kong 2 (100) o ( 0) 2 ( 154)

8 Viet Nam 1 (100) o ( 0) 1 ( 143)

9 Malaysia 2 (l00) o ( 0) 2 ( 500)

122 ( 98) 2 ( 2) 124 ( 60)

7 uoo a ( 0) 7 ( 29)

440 ( 92) 38 ( 8) 478 ( 50)

1 771-~ f9ttlljil4tt1-tJs5tlt 2~K~~t1-tJ771-~tIl~~s~ft

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18

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~J ng 50 gr it ft1 t ppb

~-fj- Bl B2 GI G2 Total Bl B2 GI G2

Am-14 54900 7050 26800 2550 91300 1100 141 535 510

-18 25300 4740 ND1 ND 30040 506 949 ND ND -34 19500 2450 26500 5150 53600 390 490 530 103

-07 12600 993 560 +2 252 199 1l2 + -03 9650 1220 ND ND 10870 193 245 ND ND -19 6300 536 3830 230 10896 126 107 765 46

-08 5350 1040 ND ND 6390 107 207 ND ND -20 4120 597 ND ND 4717 824 1l9 ND ND -27 3940 235 1150 561 53811 788 47 230 11

-15 3420 594 ND ND 4014 684 11 9 ND NO

t -09

28

1990

1880

823

149

308

277

+ 180 2324

397

376

17

30

62

55

+ 04

-10 1510 108 174 + 302 22 35 + -11 1450 197 339 459 20319 290 39 68 09

-()4 628 842 1020 230 19622 126 17 204 46

-21 601 6~ rI) ND ND 6685 120 14 ND ND -35 575 495 ND ND 6245 11 5 10 ND ND -05

-29

479

263

195

766

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ND ND

674

3396

96

53

39

15

ND ND

ND ND

-mf( ~

-()2

-22

23

260

232

199

+ 638

153

727

ND NO

433

ND ND

2958

2143

52

46

40

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03

145

ND ND

09

ND ND

~ Vol

2

-30 181 791 102 204 3825 36 16 20 04 No -24

-25

-36

173

130

105

312

179

145

NO +

ND

ND +

ND

2042

1195

35

26

21

06

04

03

ND +

ND

ND +

ND

3bullyenf ~

-37 969 242 ND ND 1211 19 05 ND ND -31 893 153 ND ND 1046 18 03 ND ND -32 729 ND ND ND 729 15 ND ND ND -33 715 ND ND ND 715 14 NO ND ND

t -16

-17

459

459

ND NO

NO ND

ND ND

459

459

09

09

ND ND

ND ND

ND NO

-12 450 NO ND NO 450 09 ND ND NO -38 434 NO ND ND 434 09 ND ND ND -13 300 ND ND NO 300 06 ND ND ND -26 230 NO NO NO 230 05 NO NO NO -01 125 ND ND ND 125 03 ND ND ND -06 125 ND ND ND 125 03 ND ND ND

1 7 7 7 ~ ~ -- tlHtf 2 ipoundtpound(7)1 (1972-1981)

iX 1 ~Aif-ix~~0)77 7 ~ ~ sshy ~ ~~ Ii ampi-(Gplusmn0=09-71O)fBlIIiAllo 0 tttL AF ~iliampi 40 ~~~fi (G) t t otl~ifiiit Ii lJZif-fi~JI1Ii -r G+20=102O)fBlIIlJ (0) 310)trtJ~Jt~5t(fHil~-(~~ tL o I 0 0 1981 if-Ij ~~O) ~ -Jgt -o t if- t ~ i o fJE - -r lJZif-0) 777 l- ~ s- ~~~-Jt AF ~ili ~ C 1 AF ~iliampi-Jt G+20 J I) ~ L 1978ifshy

19

777~t 951~Hngrm1E~

B1 v~v(7)

tJi ~7dj[ 777 777 777~t Af i5W4(-)lt 1 l(

tillr1lt~Jj ~t ~t i5~tL(7) J-tlilMct ~ -+t

1J1tOO ~ ng50g1 (ppb) ~tJj$()2 Fgt~t1$( ) 3 ilMj$ () 7 v-+t -1 7~ ( g)

7 I) 7Jjill~ 4111 226000 (4520) 0-112 0shy 54 002937 - 003952 1000 shy 1400

USA 3233 54900 (l 100) 0shy 23 0shy 12 000643 - 001238 3200 shy 6200

Argentina 362 4540 ( 91) 0shy 47 0shy 25 000690 - 003288 1200 shy 5800

Brazil 306 226000 (4520) 0-818 0- 372 021262 - 031548 130 shy 190

Paraguay 207 20100 ( 402) 0-234 0- 170 006815 - 014827 270 shy 590

77 I) 7Jjill~ 2963 194000 (3870) 0- 139 0- 20 003903 - 005277 760 - 1000

South Africa 1564 199 ( 4) 0- 08 0 000009 - 000401 10000 - 460000

Sudan 1015 194000 (3870) 0-655 0- 50 010659 - 014563 270 - 380

Mozambique 325 740 ( 15) 0- 25 0- 09 lt 001174 3400lt

77plusmnill~ 2135 403000 (8070) 01-123 03 - 59 o03829 - 005464 730 - 1000

Indonesia 722 403000 (8070) 0- 389 0- 188 o05064 - 008454 470 - 790

China 704 31400 ( 629) 0- 38 0- 20 000355 - 001690 2400 - 11 000

India 440 46500 ( 931) 0- 255 0- 54 003354 - 007191 560 - 1200

1E 1 9450 403000 (8070) 0-110 0- 55 o03685 - O04408 910 - 1100

1 50 g i=jJ (7)HJLftL ~ ~~iHE~JL~125 2 777 ~ tB1 Ov l ppb LlL 3 77 7 ~ t Bl l OOppb Il

~3t5RftjI~--1 ltfJamp~JampJ~1J~O)ifllamp~ rifrG

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~~jjljm3 pm l-C~ ~ ti 1 11poundpound ~ tl ~

~ 6 Ii WJlJi1JIX I) 1 ~r t 10 Jr 00 ~ M3tI m ~~~~~poundh~77~~~~~ JirflO) 7 77 l-~ s- Yf1jW ~~A~j(gIJ 1_

~~10m ~ AF~ffi~~~l~bO)~~~ ~poundoooo

) J (f~A~xrJj I ~~~ L tl ~ AF ~ffi~O)amp ~AtJ ~ ~~rifrG~-raquo L~ tl~ 777 ~

1H-CtfampttJT~1T1t~~71~lt~ ~pound ~ s- - ~iJf Ii plusmnI Blo B2 Glo G2 0) 4 fI 00 J ~A~Xo)tfampli ~-r tl h ~~0)tfampJ n1~ ~ 2 tl Ii B 1 1 B2 0) 2 fin (B X -1

I) h ~ lt M Jlisect 1 ~ ~t~ Ii WJ ~ c ) ~ -C 7deg) ~ t Ii Blo B2 Glo G2 0) 4 fin (Bmiddot G

OOOlJJr 1~~I)~-C005-0011 ~-rtl X -1 7deg) -)t f tllt tl1 ifJi 1 tt -o -C rifrG~ir if I hff~7dfiil~~ft~ fJE--C Nirfl0)777 lshy frl-C~~ l-raquol ~~CtJTlLh-~

~ s- -f1jWli~poundOOC J -o -C b ~middott~~Adpx 1 if I Ii B1 o)h- ~ t Ii B1 1 G1 o)h--)t~

I J - -C b ff~O)amp-)t~ ~ 2 1 liP B1~~ ffi ~ tl-C B2 ~ t Ii G2 -)t~ ffi ~ tl tt ~ 2 1

2 0)ftJ[rtJ] lift 8 I ~c L tlaquo -1 OO~OO I) ~t ~ -)t ~ s 2 tl Ii l -C B1 7d ~ l Ii G1 13

w~HUti t h ~1 ~ 2 O)~~ lilrttB5Rftj~ fO)f1j~ii-)tj) 7d lt fJE -o -C -~t1~ tt pound~lii

20

~12

Jr g lJ~

tillS till s ~~() ~~()

ii ~t

~~()

jj~pif(7)

MiJJmre ~~t

~t~()

1971 ~1t~ 50 30 80

I

1972

Af~tl~ AfJlpoundt1~

~1t~

O( 0 O( 0

19

8(267)

49

8(100) ~O( 0 )

68 211

Af~ili~ O( 0 7(143) 7(103) 3( 14) Af JlpoundH~jq O( 0 5(102) 5( 74) O( 0 )

1973 ~1t~jq 1233

I Af ~ili~jq

Af JlpoundI1~jq

23( 19) O( 0 )

1974 ~1t~jq 14 82 66 162 875

bull 1975

Af~ili~jq

Af JlpoundI1 ~jq

~1t~jq

Af~ili~JISImiddot Af Jlpound11~jq

O( 0 O( 0

36 5(139) 4(111)

1( 12) l( 12)

11(167) 7(106)

105 6( 57) 6( 57)

12( 74) 8( 49)

141 n 78) 1O( 71)

16( 18) O( 0 )

964 24( 25)

O( 0 )

1976 ~1t~jq 247 69 316 1408 Af~ili~jq 18( 73) 2( 29) 20( 63) 11( 08)

Af JlpoundI1~ 8( 32) 2( 29) 10( 32) O( 0 )

1977 ~1t~jq 23 473 14 510 1459 Af~ili~jq 5(217) 5( 11) O( 0 ) 10( 20) 9( 06)

1978 Af Jlpoundt1~jq

~1t~

1( 44)

45

O( 0

20

) ~1(

65

02) O( 0

1134

) Wi

1979

Af~ili~ Af JlpoundtUt ~1t~jq

Af~tl~

6(133) O( 0 )

l( 50) l( 50)

8 O( 0

34 O( 0

7(108) 1( 15)

42 O( 0

6l( 54) O( 0 )

1418 63( 44)

~ ~

Vol 2

AfJlpound11~ O( 0 O( 0 O( 0 O( 0 )

1980

1981

~1t~

Af~ili~ Af JlpoundI1~

~1t~

6 O( 0 O( 0

63

40 O( 0 O( 0

72

46 O( 0 O( 0

135

1605 18( ir

O( 0 ) 1589

No 3bull1~

Af~tl~jq 14(222) 5( 69) 19(141) 99( 62) ~ Af Jlpound11~ 12(190) 3( 42) 15(111) O( 0 )

1982 ~1t~ 57 105 162 1094 Af ~ili~jq 3( 53) 4( 38) 7( 43) 11( 10)

bull1

1983

1984

Af Jlpoundtl~jq

~1t~t

Af~tl~ Af ~CjI1~jq

~1t~jq

Af~ili~jq

O( 0 ) 37

O( 0 ) O( 0 )

39 1( 26)

3( 29)

82 l( 12) O( 0 )

3( 1 8)

119 l( 08) O( 0 )

39 1( 26)

O( 0 ) 1485

10( 07) O( 0 )

1535 9( 06)

Af JlpoundI1~ O( 0 ) O( 0 ) O( 0 )

~1t~jq 68 119 832 533 333 1885 15810 Af ~ ili tIjq Af JlpoundI1t1

11(162) l( 15)

5( 4(

42) 34)

32( 38) ~9( 11)

45( 84) 33( 62)

lOr 30) 6( 18)

l03( 55) ~53( 28)

357( 22) o( 0 )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

- 0E1M9if~~ L ~ aJj

Jt iIJk

1 ) jf-liE ft j-ampj-plusmniiHj~1iJfJEPJTR II 53-57 (1977) 2) jf-liE ft j-ampj-plusmn~1tJ~1iJfJEPJTR 12 119-122 (1978) 3) ii1Ii~iF1l3 ft T~1tJji1fifR 23 54-57 (1974) 4) ilFJ-lZ7- ft T~lT1iJfifR 2450-53 (1975) 5) tJJk ft -iT1iJfifR 22 87-93 (1971) 6) ~Jtffft -iT1iJfifR 26 179-182 (1975) 7) ~Jtff ft ttp-iT~Jt~IHt 20 54-58 (1979) 8) LlrIjsJlJ~ ft ilJ~rt11T~1iJfJEpJTR 19 127-132 (1972) 9) LlrIjsJlJ~ ft ~31[H]ilJ~iT01K-iT~1iJfJE~~~~iiil 101-103 (1985)

10) 839=lft8U] ft 1$pm~ttf~IH(f1iJfJEPJTR 15 23-26 (1985)

21

Q) t1~ L -C B1 10 J [f G1 t Jt L -C ~it1I Q)

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1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

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regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23

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I Goldblat LA and Stoloff L Proc lnt Symp Mycotoxin pp33-46 (1983)

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1 Schroder HW and Boller RA

Applied Microbiology 25 885-889 (1973)

2 Goldblatt LA and Stoloff L

Proc Int Symp Mycotoxin pp 33-46 (1983)

3 Angshubhakorn S et al Proc Int

Symp Toxic Microorganisms pp239-247(1982)

17

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8(267)

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68 211

Af~ili~ O( 0 7(143) 7(103) 3( 14) Af JlpoundH~jq O( 0 5(102) 5( 74) O( 0 )

1973 ~1t~jq 1233

I Af ~ili~jq

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23( 19) O( 0 )

1974 ~1t~jq 14 82 66 162 875

bull 1975

Af~ili~jq

Af JlpoundI1 ~jq

~1t~jq

Af~ili~JISImiddot Af Jlpound11~jq

O( 0 O( 0

36 5(139) 4(111)

1( 12) l( 12)

11(167) 7(106)

105 6( 57) 6( 57)

12( 74) 8( 49)

141 n 78) 1O( 71)

16( 18) O( 0 )

964 24( 25)

O( 0 )

1976 ~1t~jq 247 69 316 1408 Af~ili~jq 18( 73) 2( 29) 20( 63) 11( 08)

Af JlpoundI1~ 8( 32) 2( 29) 10( 32) O( 0 )

1977 ~1t~jq 23 473 14 510 1459 Af~ili~jq 5(217) 5( 11) O( 0 ) 10( 20) 9( 06)

1978 Af Jlpoundt1~jq

~1t~

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45

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) ~1(

65

02) O( 0

1134

) Wi

1979

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~ ~

Vol 2

AfJlpound11~ O( 0 O( 0 O( 0 O( 0 )

1980

1981

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63

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46 O( 0 O( 0

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1983

1984

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119 l( 08) O( 0 )

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1535 9( 06)

Af JlpoundI1~ O( 0 ) O( 0 ) O( 0 )

~1t~jq 68 119 832 533 333 1885 15810 Af ~ ili tIjq Af JlpoundI1t1

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42) 34)

32( 38) ~9( 11)

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22

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1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

45 (1983) bull I 3) ifiill rnt fftiMIHa 11l1E$gtf ~Aj$j1~1tJ7t ~

m it~j$j1~~ 4 45 (1954) I 4) JIIfi=i~ tIO)twrftJlt]~~ ~~ 5 1097

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regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23

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1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

2 (11)

11(11)

15 (24)

15 (20)

8 (07)

10 (09)

34 (38)

21 (17)

19 (14)

29 (23)

2 (11)

20 (21)

16 (26)

24 (32)

11 (10)

9 (08)

59 (65)

63 (52)

18 (14)

92 (71)

172 (977)

949 (968)

595 (950)

713 (948)

1103 (983)

1060 (982)

812 (897)

1128 (931)

1278 (972)

1162 (906)

176

980

626

752

1122

1079

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1981 1972~1981

pound m 111 USA] Japan 2 Japan2

China 85 985 987

India 8 -3 934

Sudan 6 373 842

Argentina 60 967 975

South Africa 59 993 997

Malawi 40

Australia 90 lOQ

Brazil 0 21 9 670

Egypt 86

Taiwan 73 100 991

I Goldblat LA and Stoloff L Proc lnt Symp Mycotoxin pp33-46 (1983)

bull 2 HljItt bull3 ~iHtitI- t- L

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1972 0 0 0 200 0 97 0

1973 0 52 05 45 0 0 81

1974 05 250 0 539 0 26 52 38

1975 05 107 06 88 29 0 73 148

1976 10 41 0 28 11 0 36 34

1977 16 0 0 133 0 22 0 29 19 0

1978 12 0 0 738 0 170 0 31 83

1979 16 0 250 0 252 0 0 368 273

1980 10 31 154 344 0 15 0 34

1981 19 33 131 781 07 627 0 15 379

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1969 84

1970 77

1971

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

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70

69

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77 45

65 50

82 56

54

1 Schroder HW and Boller RA

Applied Microbiology 25 885-889 (1973)

2 Goldblatt LA and Stoloff L

Proc Int Symp Mycotoxin pp 33-46 (1983)

3 Angshubhakorn S et al Proc Int

Symp Toxic Microorganisms pp239-247(1982)

17

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2 Argentina 3 ( 33) 6 ( 67 ) 9 ( 25)

3 Brazil 89 ( 88) 12 ( 12 J 101 ( 330)

4 Paraguay 28 (l00) o ( 0) 28 ( 135)

5 Venezuela 1 (100) o ( 0) 1 (l00 )

146 ( 82) 31 ( 18 ) 177 ( 43)

71i]iiM~

1 South Africa 4 (100) o ( 0) 4 ( 03)

2 Sudan 158 ( 99) 2 ( 1) 160 ( 158)

3 Mozambique 1 ( 50) 1 ( 50 ) 2 ( 06)

4 Zimbabue 1 ( 33) 2 ( 67 ) 3 ( 73)

5 Cameroons 1 (l00) o ( 0) 1 (l00 )

165 ( 97) 5 ( 3) 170 ( 57)

7JiliiJlt

1 Indonesia 61 (100) o ( 0) 61 ( 84)

2 China 8 ( 89) 1 ( 11 ) 9 ( 13)

3 India 29 (100) o ( 0) 29 ( 66)

4 Taiwan 1 (l00) o ( 0) 1 ( 09)

5 Thailand 13 ( 93) 1 ( 7) 14 ( 229)

6 Philippines 5 (l00) o ( 0) 5 ( 357)

7 Hong Kong 2 (100) o ( 0) 2 ( 154)

8 Viet Nam 1 (100) o ( 0) 1 ( 143)

9 Malaysia 2 (l00) o ( 0) 2 ( 500)

122 ( 98) 2 ( 2) 124 ( 60)

7 uoo a ( 0) 7 ( 29)

440 ( 92) 38 ( 8) 478 ( 50)

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-15 3420 594 ND ND 4014 684 11 9 ND NO

t -09

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1990

1880

823

149

308

277

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397

376

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USA 3233 54900 (l 100) 0shy 23 0shy 12 000643 - 001238 3200 shy 6200

Argentina 362 4540 ( 91) 0shy 47 0shy 25 000690 - 003288 1200 shy 5800

Brazil 306 226000 (4520) 0-818 0- 372 021262 - 031548 130 shy 190

Paraguay 207 20100 ( 402) 0-234 0- 170 006815 - 014827 270 shy 590

77 I) 7Jjill~ 2963 194000 (3870) 0- 139 0- 20 003903 - 005277 760 - 1000

South Africa 1564 199 ( 4) 0- 08 0 000009 - 000401 10000 - 460000

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Mozambique 325 740 ( 15) 0- 25 0- 09 lt 001174 3400lt

77plusmnill~ 2135 403000 (8070) 01-123 03 - 59 o03829 - 005464 730 - 1000

Indonesia 722 403000 (8070) 0- 389 0- 188 o05064 - 008454 470 - 790

China 704 31400 ( 629) 0- 38 0- 20 000355 - 001690 2400 - 11 000

India 440 46500 ( 931) 0- 255 0- 54 003354 - 007191 560 - 1200

1E 1 9450 403000 (8070) 0-110 0- 55 o03685 - O04408 910 - 1100

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bull 1975

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105 6( 57) 6( 57)

12( 74) 8( 49)

141 n 78) 1O( 71)

16( 18) O( 0 )

964 24( 25)

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1976 ~1t~jq 247 69 316 1408 Af~ili~jq 18( 73) 2( 29) 20( 63) 11( 08)

Af JlpoundI1~ 8( 32) 2( 29) 10( 32) O( 0 )

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~ ~

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AfJlpound11~ O( 0 O( 0 O( 0 O( 0 )

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32( 38) ~9( 11)

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1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

45 (1983) bull I 3) ifiill rnt fftiMIHa 11l1E$gtf ~Aj$j1~1tJ7t ~

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regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23

0

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1972 0 0 0 200 0 97 0

1973 0 52 05 45 0 0 81

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1975 05 107 06 88 29 0 73 148

1976 10 41 0 28 11 0 36 34

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1980 10 31 154 344 0 15 0 34

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1970 77

1971

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

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70

69

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77 45

65 50

82 56

54

1 Schroder HW and Boller RA

Applied Microbiology 25 885-889 (1973)

2 Goldblatt LA and Stoloff L

Proc Int Symp Mycotoxin pp 33-46 (1983)

3 Angshubhakorn S et al Proc Int

Symp Toxic Microorganisms pp239-247(1982)

17

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3 Brazil 89 ( 88) 12 ( 12 J 101 ( 330)

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5 Venezuela 1 (100) o ( 0) 1 (l00 )

146 ( 82) 31 ( 18 ) 177 ( 43)

71i]iiM~

1 South Africa 4 (100) o ( 0) 4 ( 03)

2 Sudan 158 ( 99) 2 ( 1) 160 ( 158)

3 Mozambique 1 ( 50) 1 ( 50 ) 2 ( 06)

4 Zimbabue 1 ( 33) 2 ( 67 ) 3 ( 73)

5 Cameroons 1 (l00) o ( 0) 1 (l00 )

165 ( 97) 5 ( 3) 170 ( 57)

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2 China 8 ( 89) 1 ( 11 ) 9 ( 13)

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4 Taiwan 1 (l00) o ( 0) 1 ( 09)

5 Thailand 13 ( 93) 1 ( 7) 14 ( 229)

6 Philippines 5 (l00) o ( 0) 5 ( 357)

7 Hong Kong 2 (100) o ( 0) 2 ( 154)

8 Viet Nam 1 (100) o ( 0) 1 ( 143)

9 Malaysia 2 (l00) o ( 0) 2 ( 500)

122 ( 98) 2 ( 2) 124 ( 60)

7 uoo a ( 0) 7 ( 29)

440 ( 92) 38 ( 8) 478 ( 50)

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-15 3420 594 ND ND 4014 684 11 9 ND NO

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USA 3233 54900 (l 100) 0shy 23 0shy 12 000643 - 001238 3200 shy 6200

Argentina 362 4540 ( 91) 0shy 47 0shy 25 000690 - 003288 1200 shy 5800

Brazil 306 226000 (4520) 0-818 0- 372 021262 - 031548 130 shy 190

Paraguay 207 20100 ( 402) 0-234 0- 170 006815 - 014827 270 shy 590

77 I) 7Jjill~ 2963 194000 (3870) 0- 139 0- 20 003903 - 005277 760 - 1000

South Africa 1564 199 ( 4) 0- 08 0 000009 - 000401 10000 - 460000

Sudan 1015 194000 (3870) 0-655 0- 50 010659 - 014563 270 - 380

Mozambique 325 740 ( 15) 0- 25 0- 09 lt 001174 3400lt

77plusmnill~ 2135 403000 (8070) 01-123 03 - 59 o03829 - 005464 730 - 1000

Indonesia 722 403000 (8070) 0- 389 0- 188 o05064 - 008454 470 - 790

China 704 31400 ( 629) 0- 38 0- 20 000355 - 001690 2400 - 11 000

India 440 46500 ( 931) 0- 255 0- 54 003354 - 007191 560 - 1200

1E 1 9450 403000 (8070) 0-110 0- 55 o03685 - O04408 910 - 1100

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1973 ~1t~jq 1233

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bull 1975

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105 6( 57) 6( 57)

12( 74) 8( 49)

141 n 78) 1O( 71)

16( 18) O( 0 )

964 24( 25)

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1976 ~1t~jq 247 69 316 1408 Af~ili~jq 18( 73) 2( 29) 20( 63) 11( 08)

Af JlpoundI1~ 8( 32) 2( 29) 10( 32) O( 0 )

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AfJlpound11~ O( 0 O( 0 O( 0 O( 0 )

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21

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22

l 1b 0 $ lt0) rlt1m Ii fW Ill ~ (L -C tc L ip 11) CarlborgFW Cancer mathematical models and aflatoxin Fd Cosmet Toxico 17 159 (1979)

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1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

45 (1983) bull I 3) ifiill rnt fftiMIHa 11l1E$gtf ~Aj$j1~1tJ7t ~

m it~j$j1~~ 4 45 (1954) I 4) JIIfi=i~ tIO)twrftJlt]~~ ~~ 5 1097

(1891) f 5) fik~ 128 it~1fj1~~ 21 564 (l97l) r 6) fiit~ 204 it~j$j1~~ 31 915 (1981) 7) Schuller P L and Van Egmond H P Limits and

regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23

~ 9 foliAHiltt ~ ~~5t1t~i)I~ili tt tL9 7Jv-7JJlj 77~~~~~ili0~~~~~

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2 Argentina 3 ( 33) 6 ( 67 ) 9 ( 25)

3 Brazil 89 ( 88) 12 ( 12 J 101 ( 330)

4 Paraguay 28 (l00) o ( 0) 28 ( 135)

5 Venezuela 1 (100) o ( 0) 1 (l00 )

146 ( 82) 31 ( 18 ) 177 ( 43)

71i]iiM~

1 South Africa 4 (100) o ( 0) 4 ( 03)

2 Sudan 158 ( 99) 2 ( 1) 160 ( 158)

3 Mozambique 1 ( 50) 1 ( 50 ) 2 ( 06)

4 Zimbabue 1 ( 33) 2 ( 67 ) 3 ( 73)

5 Cameroons 1 (l00) o ( 0) 1 (l00 )

165 ( 97) 5 ( 3) 170 ( 57)

7JiliiJlt

1 Indonesia 61 (100) o ( 0) 61 ( 84)

2 China 8 ( 89) 1 ( 11 ) 9 ( 13)

3 India 29 (100) o ( 0) 29 ( 66)

4 Taiwan 1 (l00) o ( 0) 1 ( 09)

5 Thailand 13 ( 93) 1 ( 7) 14 ( 229)

6 Philippines 5 (l00) o ( 0) 5 ( 357)

7 Hong Kong 2 (100) o ( 0) 2 ( 154)

8 Viet Nam 1 (100) o ( 0) 1 ( 143)

9 Malaysia 2 (l00) o ( 0) 2 ( 500)

122 ( 98) 2 ( 2) 124 ( 60)

7 uoo a ( 0) 7 ( 29)

440 ( 92) 38 ( 8) 478 ( 50)

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-15 3420 594 ND ND 4014 684 11 9 ND NO

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1990

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823

149

308

277

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397

376

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Argentina 362 4540 ( 91) 0shy 47 0shy 25 000690 - 003288 1200 shy 5800

Brazil 306 226000 (4520) 0-818 0- 372 021262 - 031548 130 shy 190

Paraguay 207 20100 ( 402) 0-234 0- 170 006815 - 014827 270 shy 590

77 I) 7Jjill~ 2963 194000 (3870) 0- 139 0- 20 003903 - 005277 760 - 1000

South Africa 1564 199 ( 4) 0- 08 0 000009 - 000401 10000 - 460000

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Mozambique 325 740 ( 15) 0- 25 0- 09 lt 001174 3400lt

77plusmnill~ 2135 403000 (8070) 01-123 03 - 59 o03829 - 005464 730 - 1000

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China 704 31400 ( 629) 0- 38 0- 20 000355 - 001690 2400 - 11 000

India 440 46500 ( 931) 0- 255 0- 54 003354 - 007191 560 - 1200

1E 1 9450 403000 (8070) 0-110 0- 55 o03685 - O04408 910 - 1100

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1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

45 (1983) bull I 3) ifiill rnt fftiMIHa 11l1E$gtf ~Aj$j1~1tJ7t ~

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regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23

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1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

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45 (1983) bull I 3) ifiill rnt fftiMIHa 11l1E$gtf ~Aj$j1~1tJ7t ~

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regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23

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If~ I ~

1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

45 (1983) bull I 3) ifiill rnt fftiMIHa 11l1E$gtf ~Aj$j1~1tJ7t ~

m it~j$j1~~ 4 45 (1954) I 4) JIIfi=i~ tIO)twrftJlt]~~ ~~ 5 1097

(1891) f 5) fik~ 128 it~1fj1~~ 21 564 (l97l) r 6) fiit~ 204 it~j$j1~~ 31 915 (1981) 7) Schuller P L and Van Egmond H P Limits and

regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23

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1979

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Vol 2

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1980

1981

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1983

1984

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1535 9( 06)

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8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

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1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

45 (1983) bull I 3) ifiill rnt fftiMIHa 11l1E$gtf ~Aj$j1~1tJ7t ~

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regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23

l 1b 0 $ lt0) rlt1m Ii fW Ill ~ (L -C tc L ip 11) CarlborgFW Cancer mathematical models and aflatoxin Fd Cosmet Toxico 17 159 (1979)

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If~ I ~

1) CuculluAF LeeLS MayneRY and Goldbshy I~ latt LA Determination of aflatoxins in individshy Vol ual peanuts and peanut section JAmer Oil 2

Chern Soc 43 89 (1966)

2) JiiIHlZ1- ~AmtE1 (Raw shelled peanuts) 0) 7 No-I377 ~~y~1t-HL -gt1z ~~Y 17

45 (1983) bull I 3) ifiill rnt fftiMIHa 11l1E$gtf ~Aj$j1~1tJ7t ~

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(1891) f 5) fik~ 128 it~1fj1~~ 21 564 (l97l) r 6) fiit~ 204 it~j$j1~~ 31 915 (1981) 7) Schuller P L and Van Egmond H P Limits and

regulations on mycotoxins Prot Int Symp Mycotoxins 111 The General Organization for Govt Printing Offices (1983)

8) SubrahmanyamP and RaoAS Occurrence of aflatoxins and citrinin in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) at harvest in relation to pod condition and kernel moisture content CurrSci 43 707 (1974)

9) ScottPM WalbeekW Kennedy B and Anyeti D Mycotoxins (ochratoxin A citrinin and sterigshymatocystin) and toxigenic fungi in grains and other agricultural products J Agr Food Chem 20 1103 (1972)

10) Stoloff L Aflatoxins-An overview Mycotoxins in human and animal health7 Pathotox Publishers INC (1979)

23