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Mi hi N ti Pl t t P id Mi hi N ti Pl t t P id Michigan Native Plants to Provide Michigan Native Plants to Provide Resources for Beneficial InsectsResources for Beneficial Insects
Anna Fiedler, Doug LandisAnna Fiedler, Doug LandisJulianna Tuell, Rufus IsaacsJulianna Tuell, Rufus Isaacs
Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityDept. of Entomology, Michigan State University
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Historical Michigan Landscapes
Provide- Biodiversity
- Pest suppression
- Pollination
P i i O kPrairie Oak savanna
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Michigan Agricultural Landscapes
Provide- Biodiversity
- Pest suppressionpp
- Pollination
A l O h dAnnual crops Orchards
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Project Goals
Use native plants toUse native plants to provide beneficial insects with nectar and pollen.
Decrease pesticide use and increase pollination.
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What is a Beneficial Insect?What is a beneficial insect?
Natural enemiesPredators: both young and adults feed directly on other insects.Parasitoids: develop on or in one host insect, emerge as adult eventually killing hostadult, eventually killing host.
Bees other insects: pollinatePollinatorsBees, other insects: pollinate flowers while collecting nectar and pollen; increase crop yieldsyields.
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Beneficial Insect Requirements
Alternate host/prey
ShelterModerated microclimates In-season refugesOverwintering sitesNesting sitesg
FoodNectarNectarPollen
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Exotic Plants
Benefits–Reliable seed or plant sourcesReliable seed or plant sources–Large agronomic database–Prolific/sustained floral display p y–Previous success in other locales
DisadvantagesDisadvantages–Do not enhance native biodiversity–Potentially invasive–Potentially invasive
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Native Plants
Benefits–Enhance native biodiversityEnhance native biodiversity–Re-creation of imperiled habitats–Less likely to be invasivey–Adapted to local climate–Habitat permanency
Disadvantages–Greater initial cost–Longer establishment time
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Bloom Timing of Native Plants Attractive to Beneficial Insects
Native plantwild strawberry
golden Alexanders
C d
Natural enemies AugMay Jun Jul Sep Oct
Bloom PeriodBees
Canada anemone
penstemon
angelica
cow parsnip
sand coreopsis
shrubby cinquefoil shrubby cinquefoilIndian hemp
late figwort
swamp milkweed
Culver's root
yellow coneflower
nodding wild onion
meadowsweet
yellow giant hyssop
horsemint
Missouri ironweed
cup plant
KEY
good
bettercup plant
pale Indian plantain
boneset
blue lobelia
pale-leaved sunflower
Riddell's goldenrod
best
New England aster
smooth aster
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Wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana)
• Natural enemies: chalcid wasps
• Bees: sweat bees and small carpentersweat bees and small carpenter bees
• Bloom: mid-late May y
SunlightSunlightRange
Rangedry
sun
Moisturewet
shadeRange
Rangedry
sun
Moisturewet
shade
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Golden alexanders (Zizia aurea)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
chalcid wasps, dance flies
yellow-faced bees, digger bees, sweat bees, and cuckoo bees
• Bloom: late May - mid June
SunlightSunlight
y
Range
Rangedry
sun
Moisturewet
shadeRange
Rangedry
sun
Moisturewet
shade
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Canada anemone (Anemone canadensis)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
minute pirate bug, dance flies, chalcid wasps
sweat bees
• Bloom: throughout Juneg
Sunlight
RangedryMoisture
wet
Rangesun shade
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Penstemon (Penstemon hirsutus)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
chalcid wasps and minute pirate bug
large carpenter bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: late May - mid Juney
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
chalcid wasps, dance flies, minute pirate bug
sweat bees
• Bloom: early Juney
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Common cowparsnip (Heracleum maximum)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
chalcid wasps and minute pirate bug
yellow-faced bees and sweat bees
• Bloom: mid June
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wetg
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Sand coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata)
• Natural enemies: minute pirate bug and predatory
• Bees:
minute pirate bug and predatory thrips
sweat bees
• Bloom: June - Augustg
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa)
• Natural enemies: minute pirate bug chalcid wasps
• Bees:
minute pirate bug, chalcid wasps, spiders, dance flies
yellow-faced bees and sweat bees
• Bloom: July - Septembery p
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wetg
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Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
dance flies, chalcid wasps, crab spiders, lady beetles
yellow-faced bees and sweat bees
• Bloom: late June - Julyy
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Late figwort (Scrophularia marilandica)
N t l i
• Bees:
• Natural enemies: dance flies
yellow-faced bees, sweat bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: late July – early y yAugust
Sunlight
RangedryMoisture
wet
Rangesun shade
gy wet
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Swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
• Natural enemies:Natural enemies: chalcid wasps, dance flies
• Bees: yellow-faced bees sweat bees and largeyellow faced bees, sweat bees, and large carpenter bees; also highly attractive to honey bees
• Bloom: mid July – mid yAugust
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wetgy wet
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Culver’s-Root (Veronicastrum virginicum)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees: sweat bees small carpenter bees and
Natural enemies: minute pirate bug
sweat bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees; also highly attractive to honey bees
• Bloom: late July – early y yAugust
Sunlight
RangedryMoisture
wet
Rangesun shade
gy wet
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Yellow coneflower (Ratibida pinnata)
• Natural enemies: chalcid wasps minute pirate
• Bees: sweat bees digger bees cuckoo bees
chalcid wasps, minute pirate bug, spiders
sweat bees, digger bees, cuckoo bees, small and large carpenter bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: late July - midBloom: late July mid August
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Nodding wild onion (Allium cernuum)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, crab spiders
sweat bees and bumble bees; also highly attractive to honey bees
• Bloom: throughout AugustBloom: throughout August
Sunlight
RangedryMoisture
wet
Rangesun shade
gy wet
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Meadowsweet (Spiraea alba)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
minute pirate bug and chalcid wasps
yellow-faced bees, digger bees, sweat bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: throughout Augustg g
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Yellow giant hyssop (Agastache nepetoides)
• Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, predatory plant
• Bees:
p g, p y pbug, spiders, dance flies, chalcid wasps
yellow-faced bees, sweat bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: throughout Augustg g
SunlightRange
Rangedry
sun
Moisturewet
shade
g
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Horsemint (Monarda punctata)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
soldier beetle, predatory plant bug
large carpenter bees, digger bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: throughout Augustg g
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Ironweed (Vernonia missurica)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
Natural enemies: chalcid wasps
sweat bees, leafcutter bees, cuckoo bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: throughout August
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum)
• Natural enemies: chalcid wasps minute pirate bug
• Bees:
chalcid wasps, minute pirate bug, soldier beetle, predatory plant bug
sweat bees, leafcutter bees, small carpenter bees, digger bees, and bumble bees
Bl th h t A t• Bloom: throughout August
Sunlight
RangedryMoisture
wet
Rangesun shade
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Pale Indian plantain (Cacalia atriplicifolia)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
minute pirate bug, chalcid wasps, soldier beetle
sweat bees, digger bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: throughout August• Bloom: throughout August
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wetgy
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Common boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
• Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, predatory plant
• Bees:
p g, p y pbug, chalcid wasps, soldier beetle, spiders
sweat bees, small carpenter bees, digger bees, and bumble bees
Bloom: August early• Bloom: August – early September
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wetg
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Blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica)
• Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, chalcid wasps,
• Bees:
soldier beetle, lady beetles, predatory plant bug
yellow-faced bees, sweat bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees
Bloom: August early• Bloom: August – early September
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Pale-leaved sunflower(Helianthus strumosus)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
chalcid wasps, soldier beetle, minute pirate bug, crab spiders
sweat bees, digger bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: August – early g ySeptember
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Riddell’s goldenrod (Solidago riddellii)
• Natural enemies: minute pirate bug, chalcid wasps,
• Bees: yellow-faced bees, Andrenid bees, sweat
p g, p ,paper wasps, lady beetles
ybees, small and large carpenter bees, digger bees, and bumble bees; also highly attractive to honey bees
• Bloom: throughout September
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wetNOTE: Showy goldenrod (S. speciosa) was also tested, and had a similar number of bees g a so tested, a d ad a s a u be o beesand fewer natural enemies.
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New England aster (Aster novae-angliae)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees: digger bees sweat bees small carpenter
chalcid wasps and dance flies
digger bees, sweat bees, small carpenter bees, and bumble bees
• Bloom: throughout Septemberg p
Sunlight
RangedryMoisture
wet
Rangesun shade
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Smooth aster (Aster laevis)
• Natural enemies:
• Bees:
minute pirate bug, spiders, chalcid wasps
sweat bees and bumble bees
• Bloom: mid September –pearly October
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Native grasses
• Grow in native prairie habitat, where they
1. Provide structural support for wildflowers
2. Fill in gaps that wildflowers can’t early in g p yestablishment, decreasing weed pressure
3. Have root systems of different depths that complement wildflowerscomplement wildflowers
Heidi Natura, Conservation Research Institute
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Canada wild rye (Elymus canadensis)
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius)
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Switch grass (Panicum virgatum)
SunlightRangesun shade
RangedryMoisture
wet
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Acknowledgements
Bill Schneider and WILDTYPE Design, Native Plants & Seed Ltd: native plants and expertise
For more information: http://ipm.msu.edu/plants/home.htm
native plants and expertise
Funding:
For photos of native plants: contact Anna Fiedler