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rved
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ithou
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ress
aut
horiz
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ted.
Offe
nder
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ill b
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able
for t
he p
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. All
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s re
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rant
of a
pat
ent,
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ty m
odel
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sign
.
Surface Geology for Mineral Exploration
Airbus Defence and Space – IntelligenceOil, Gas and Mining
Michael HallSenior Geologist [email protected]
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umen
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ents
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ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
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s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Overview
• Introduction - Application of EO data for geological interpretation and mineral exploration
• Methodology and workflow
• Project case studies
2
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ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.Th
is d
ocum
ent a
nd it
s co
nten
t is
the
prop
erty
of A
striu
m [S
AS
/Gm
bH],
and
is s
trict
ly c
onfid
entia
l. It
shal
l not
be
com
mun
icat
ed to
any
third
par
ty w
ithou
t the
writ
ten
cons
ent o
f Ast
rium
[SA
S/G
mbH
].
Introduction
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and
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zatio
n of
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umen
t as
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e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Mining Project Lifecycle and EO ContributionProject Phase
Prod
ucts
\Ser
vice
s
ExplorationExploration
Geological interpretation/ mineralmapping
Topographic mapping and terrain evaluation
Environmental baseline studies
DevelopmentDevelopment
Planning and engineering applications
ProductionProduction
Millimetric Surface Movement Monitoring
Volume Calculation
DecomissioningDecomissioning
Environmental monitoring
24/7 Emergency & Crisis Response
Monitoring and Change Detection
Data Management and Delivery
4
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this
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t as
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l as th
e co
mm
unic
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n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
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s re
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the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
• Assessment and revision of existing geological mapping
• Identification of minerals/alteration zones relating to mineralisation
• Rapid appraisal and geological interpretation of large geographic areas with difficult field access
• Site specific field based observations can be viewed in their wider context
• Fieldwork/mineral sampling/geophysical data acquisition can be targeted to identified areas of interest
Benefits of using EO Data for Mineral Exploration
5
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doc
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e co
mm
unic
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n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
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horiz
atio
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pro
hibi
ted.
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nder
s w
ill b
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ld li
able
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ent o
f dam
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. All
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s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
• Surface conditions - Dense vegetation, subtle topographic relief or no exposure
• EO data availability - Lack of suitable archive data
• Supporting datasets - Existing datasets not available or suitable
• Technical limitations - Apparent mineral signatures / anomalies may not represent mineralisation
Limitations of EO Data for Mineral Exploration
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repr
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and
utili
zatio
n of
this
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.Th
is d
ocum
ent a
nd it
s co
nten
t is
the
prop
erty
of A
striu
m [S
AS
/Gm
bH],
and
is s
trict
ly c
onfid
entia
l. It
shal
l not
be
com
mun
icat
ed to
any
third
par
ty w
ithou
t the
writ
ten
cons
ent o
f Ast
rium
[SA
S/G
mbH
].
Methodology and Workflow
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n of
this
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
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. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Geological Interpretation - General Methodology
GIS integration, analysisand interpretation
Geomorphology/ drainage patterns Spectral response Texture and Detail
Earth Observation D
ata
Field data/ Geophysical data Existing Mapping
Supporting Information
DEM Multispectral Imagery VHR Imagery
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n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
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horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Workflow
InputsInterpretation/
Analysis
Image
Enhancem
entP
roducts
EO Dataset•Optical Imagery•Radar Imagery
•DEM
Published Data•Geological Mapping
•Papers
Client Supplied Data•Field Observations•Geo Physical Data
Optical•Decorrelation Stretching•Principal Components
•Band Ratios
DEM•Shaded relief•Slope/Aspect
•Contours
Mineral Analysis
Interpretation•Structural Interpretation
•Stratigraphic Interpretation•Fracture analysis
ReportsGeological Maps•Digital
•Hardcopy
Rose Diagrams Cross sections
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unic
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n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
FAULTS
Unclassified - major
Certain Inferred
Unclassified - minor
Certain Inferred
Thrust – steep dipping
Certain Inferred
Thrust – shallow dipping
Certain Inferred
Extensional – steep dipping
Certain Inferred
Extensional – shallow dipping
Certain Inferred
Strike-slip (showing relative off-set)
Certain Inferred
Shear zone (showing relative off-set)
Certain Inferred
Sub-surface fault structure
Certain Inferred
FOLDS
Unclassified
Certain Inferred
Anticline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Syncline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Overturned anticline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Overturned syncline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Direction of fold plunge
Outline of fold closure at surface
Surface trace of bedding
Surface trace of foliation
BEDDING
Horizontal
Shallow
Moderate
Steep
Vertical
Overturned
STRATIGRAPHIC BOUNDARY
Certain Inferred
DRAINAGE
River with direction of flow
Wadi Channel
Drainage divide
Drainage basin
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Break-in-slope
(teeth face low side)
FAULTS
Unclassified - major
Certain Inferred
Unclassified - minor
Certain Inferred
Thrust – steep dipping
Certain Inferred
Thrust – shallow dipping
Certain Inferred
Extensional – steep dipping
Certain Inferred
Extensional – shallow dipping
Certain Inferred
Strike-slip (showing relative off-set)
Certain Inferred
Shear zone (showing relative off-set)
Certain Inferred
Sub-surface fault structure
Certain Inferred
FAULTS
Unclassified - major
Certain Inferred
Unclassified - minor
Certain Inferred
Thrust – steep dipping
Certain Inferred
Thrust – shallow dipping
Certain Inferred
Extensional – steep dipping
Certain Inferred
Extensional – shallow dipping
Certain Inferred
Strike-slip (showing relative off-set)
Certain Inferred
Shear zone (showing relative off-set)
Certain Inferred
Sub-surface fault structure
Certain Inferred
FOLDS
Unclassified
Certain Inferred
Anticline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Syncline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Overturned anticline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Overturned syncline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Direction of fold plunge
Outline of fold closure at surface
Surface trace of bedding
Surface trace of foliation
FOLDS
Unclassified
Certain Inferred
Anticline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Syncline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Overturned anticline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Overturned syncline axial surface trace
Certain Inferred
Direction of fold plunge
Outline of fold closure at surface
Surface trace of bedding
Surface trace of foliation
BEDDING
Horizontal
Shallow
Moderate
Steep
Vertical
Overturned
STRATIGRAPHIC BOUNDARY
Certain Inferred
DRAINAGE
River with direction of flow
Wadi Channel
Drainage divide
Drainage basin
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Break-in-slope
(teeth face low side)
BEDDING
Horizontal
Shallow
Moderate
Steep
Vertical
Overturned
STRATIGRAPHIC BOUNDARY
Certain Inferred
DRAINAGE
River with direction of flow
Wadi Channel
Drainage divide
Drainage basin
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Break-in-slope
(teeth face low side)
Structural Features
• Typically Identifiable on satellite imagery/DEM
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ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
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ress
aut
horiz
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pro
hibi
ted.
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nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
High Resolution Imagery
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umen
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ents
to o
ther
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ithou
t exp
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pro
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s w
ill b
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aym
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f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Existing Geological Mapping
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t as
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n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
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ithou
t exp
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pro
hibi
ted.
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nder
s w
ill b
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ld li
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aym
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. All
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s re
serv
ed in
the
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t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
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or de
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.
Remote Sensing Derived Elevation Data
13
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its
cont
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to o
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t exp
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pro
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the
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he g
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of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Refined Geological Mapping from Remote Sensing
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its
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to o
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. All
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t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Slide graphics content by Mike Abrams of JPL – 2005 / NASA-GLCF
• Lithological/Mineral identification capabilities are linked to available spectral information; e.g., capabilities increases from Landsat/Sentinel-2 to ASTER to hyperspectral imagery
Stratigraphic Mapping – Spectral Analysis
15
Landsat 8
Landsat 7
ASTER (on Terra)G-R-NIR + 6 SWIR channels5 TIR channels
LANDSAT 7 ETM+PAN-R-G-B-NIR + SWIR I&II1 TIR channel
Sentinel-2
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of a
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.
Landsat channels 321 (R-G-B) in RGB composition Landsat channels 742 (SWIR2-NIR-G) in RGB composition
Habshiya Formation Consisting of limestones with alternating shales and marls
Evaporites (Anhydrite and gypsum) within Rus Formation with distinctive light blue
Lithological Mapping – Landsat Spectral Analysis
Landsat channels 742 (SWIR2-NIR-G) in RGB composition enhanced with decorrelation stretching
Minerals Clay / Ferrous Iron / Ferric Iron contents from Landsat in RGB composition:Clay 5/7 (in R)Ferrous iron 3/5 (in G)Ferric iron 3/1 (in B)16
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its
cont
ents
to o
ther
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ithou
t exp
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he g
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of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Band Ratios
5 7
• Aim of band ratios is to enhance the characteristic features in the spectral profile corresponding to arocks component minerals
• For example Landsat 7 Bands 5/7 – Generalised clay minerals
17
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its
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ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
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ed in
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he g
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of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
ASTER Mineral Mapping
• ASTER is well suited to detecting alternation minerals associated with a potential target deposits.
• USGS mineral profiles showing main spectral features used as a basis for ASTER Mineral Mapping
B3
B8
B6
B5
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ce a
nd S
pace
–A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
. The
repr
oduc
tion,
dis
tribu
tion
and
utili
zatio
n of
this
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Tropical Environment - Landsat
Confidential
© 2
014
Airb
us D
efen
ce a
nd S
pace
–A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
. The
repr
oduc
tion,
dis
tribu
tion
and
utili
zatio
n of
this
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
TSX DSM
Confidential
© 2
014
Airb
us D
efen
ce a
nd S
pace
–A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
. The
repr
oduc
tion,
dis
tribu
tion
and
utili
zatio
n of
this
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
TSX DSM
Confidential
© 2
014
Airb
us D
efen
ce a
nd S
pace
–A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
. The
repr
oduc
tion,
dis
tribu
tion
and
utili
zatio
n of
this
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
TSX DSM with Geological Interpretation
Confidential
© 2
014
Airb
us D
efen
ce a
nd S
pace
–A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
. The
repr
oduc
tion,
dis
tribu
tion
and
utili
zatio
n of
this
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.Th
is d
ocum
ent a
nd it
s co
nten
t is
the
prop
erty
of A
striu
m [S
AS
/Gm
bH],
and
is s
trict
ly c
onfid
entia
l. It
shal
l not
be
com
mun
icat
ed to
any
third
par
ty w
ithou
t the
writ
ten
cons
ent o
f Ast
rium
[SA
S/G
mbH
].
Example Studies – Case Studies 1/2 (Removed)
Airbus DS - Intelligence Projects
Confidential
© 2
014
Airb
us D
efen
ce a
nd S
pace
–A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
. The
repr
oduc
tion,
dis
tribu
tion
and
utili
zatio
n of
this
doc
umen
t as
wel
l as th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
its
cont
ents
to o
ther
s w
ithou
t exp
ress
aut
horiz
atio
n is
pro
hibi
ted.
Offe
nder
s w
ill b
e he
ld li
able
for t
he p
aym
ent o
f dam
ages
. All
right
s re
serv
ed in
the
even
t of t
he g
rant
of a
pat
ent,
utili
ty m
odel
or de
sign
.
Thank you