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Research Methodology

Lecture No : 3

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Recap lecture 2

• Broad problem: the entire situation where

one sees a need for problem solving and

research.

• Literature Review: To understand the

problem more detail information is needed

• Different sources of information is gatheredfrom boos! reports! published research

papers etc.

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Recap lecture 2

• More aspects of research are e"posed.

• More variables which play an important role

are uncovered.

• This allows us to develop a more robusttheory.

• #e start documenting a comprehensive

review

• To conclude we are able to identify the gaps

and develop our precise problems statements.

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Lecture $b%ective

• Revisit at literature review

 – #hy literature review is important

 – Methods of writing a review

 – &ontents of a review

• Developing a theoretical framewor

 – 'dentify the relationships and the theory

supporting the relationship

• Describing (ariables

 – Describing what are variables and the

different types

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)urpose of Literature Review

• Every research study requires the researcher to

review pertinent literature on the topic.

• 1. To avoid unnecessary duplication of research.

• 2. To identify variales that !ay influence theprole!

• 3. To identify pro!isin" procedures and

instru!ents• #. To li!it the prole!.

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Two steps in conduction literature review

• $urvey of literature %search&

• 'ocu!entin" of the literature %write&

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*urvey of literature

• $urvey different sources

 – (oo)s

 – *esearch +rticles

 – Theses

 – ,onference precedin"

• -ou can otain the! fro!

 – Liraries – nternet

 – /nline dataases %0ull tet astract&

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Documenting the literature

•  Three activities are involved whiledocumenting the literature which youhave surveyed

 – Method of documenting the list of reviewedarticles. (Modes)

 – Referencing and quoting the studies (Cite)

 –  Organizing and documenting the contentsof the reviewed articles (writing the review)

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Method of documenting the list of

reviewed articles.

• *eferences (ilio"raphy is a list of wor) that is

relevant to the !ain topic arran"ed in an

alphaetical order.

• The difference etween reference list andilio"raphy is that reference list is a suset of

the list of articles which have een referenced in

the research.

• (ilio"raphy is a list which includes all the

referenced and non referenced articles in your

research ut are relevant to your research

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+"amples of Modes of Reference listing

There are different !odes of referencin" in usiness

research. 0or ea!ple the +4+ %4ulication of 5anual

of the +!erican 4sycholo"ical +ssociation& ,hica"o

5anual $tyle 6arvard style Turaian $tyle.

Each !anual specifies with ea!ples how oo)snewspaper research 7ournal are to e referenced in

your research. 0ollowin" are the ea!ple in +4+ style

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Referencing and ,uoting the studies

• ,ite the references in the ody of the paper usin"

author8year !ethod of citation9 i.e. surna!e of

author%s& and the year of pulications

• E.". alee!%2;;#& has showner" 2;;=& it has <

• n 1??= yle co!pared the different !odels of

!otivation..

•  +s pointed out y %Tuc)er @ $nell 1?A?&

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Referencing and ,uoting the studies

-cont /

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$rgani0ing and documenting the

contents of the reviewed articles

• #hile writing the review the te"t needs to arranged

in the following manner 

• 1. 'ntroduction 8 – !portance of the su7ect

 – states the purpose or scope of the review

• 2. Define the ey concepts – Bhat are the different definitions found in the

literature. Bhich definition is etter or !uch closer

your research o7ective.

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Organization of aLiterature Review:

• . &ritical review 8

 – 'escrie the relationships etween the different

variales identified in the previous studies

 –  'o not list one study after another ut rather classifyco!pare @ contrast as they relate to your prole!

state!ent.

 – /r"ani>e the review around different the!es.

• 3. *ummari0e – states the status of what eists on the topic and

identifies the "aps which provide the rationale for your

study.

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+"ample of a short Review

• Pg

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+"ample of a short review

• ntroduction to /r"ani>ation effectiveness

• dentified the prole! and the purpose

 – No consensus on the how to conceptuali>e and

!easure /E• $u!!ari>e the previous wor) and identify the "aps

in the literature

 – Cariales fro! different strea!s related to the

/E uncovered

 – Leadin" to the for!in" of the research questions

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• Duestions

 – Bhat could e the di!ensions used for

!easurin" /E

 – Bhat factors effect the /E

• /nce the research questions have een stated

then one is ready to develop a theoretical fra!e

wor) of their research

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• Bhile developin" your theoretical fra!e wor)

you asically

• Theori>e on the ases of your elief that how are

certain pheno!enaFs are related.• $o theoretical fra!ewor) is a representation of

your eliefs on how certain pheno!ena % or

variales or concepts & are related to each

other%!odel& and an eplanation of why you

elieve that these are associated with each other

%theory&

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Theoretical 4ramewor

• $o there are two co!ponents to theoretical

fra!e wor)

 – dentification of variales and their

relationship – 'escriin" the relationship with ar"u!ents

• Bhile identifyin" the different variales we need

to differentiate etween the different )inds ofvariales

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(ariables

•  +ny thin" that can ta)e on different or varyin"

values is a variale

• Calues can e different at various ti!es for the

sa!e o7ect or person or at the sa!e ti!e fordifferent o7ects or persons E.". – 4roduction units %E!ployee 1 %1; units on 5onday& 4roduction

units %E!ployee 1 %11 units on Tuesday&

 – 4roduction units %E!ployee 2 %12 units on 5onday& – 4roduction units %E!ployee 2 %1; units on Tuesday&

 –  +ttendance at depart!ent on 5onday%1;& Tuesday%2&

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Types of (ariables

• ndependent

• 'ependent

• 5oderatin"

• 5ediatin"

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Types of (ariables

• 'ependent

 – %,riterion Cariale&

 – pri!ary interest

 – 'escrie or eplain the variaility or predict it.

 – Be study what variales influence dependent

variale

 – $o y studyin" these we !i"ht ale to find asolution of the prole!

 – E.". $ales are low e!ployee loyalty is droppin"

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• ndependent

 – %4redictor variale&

 – Bhich influences the dependent variale

 – The influence !i"ht e positive or ne"ative – Bhen independent variale is present the

dependent variale is also present.

 – Bith each unit of increase in independentvariale there is an increase or decrease in

the dependent variale

 – E.". +dvertisin" on sales reco"nition on

loyalty

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• 5oderatin" %surfaces in etween the

independent and dependent at a "iven ti!e&

• 5ediatin" %Effects the relationship etween

independent and dependent&

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+"ercise : List the independent variable

•  + !ana"er elieves that "ood supervision and

trainin" would increase the production level of

the wor)ers.

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Recap

• Literature *eview involves searchin" and

docu!entin"

• There are different for!ats of 'ocu!entin" %+4+&

• There is a structure of review %i!portanceo7ectives definitions relationships identified

"aps&

• Theoretical fra!ewor) is representation of your

elief on how variales related and why

• Cariales are of # different )inds