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  • 8/20/2019 MGP Taglu DPA Section 2 Part C

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    Section 2.2

    GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS ANDPETROPHYSICS

    GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

     August 2004 Imperial Oil Resources Limited  2-15TDPA-P1

    • Checkshot-corrected shale volume (Vsh) has excellent quadrature character tie to amplitude data• Synthetic well ties were used for forward modelling and calibration• Vsh well ties were used for general correlation and seismic stratigraphic geometry• GR = gamma-ray

    R = 72%

    C10

    A40

    B00

    C30

    A00

    P-03 Vsh Well Tie (checkshot corrected)

    A00

    C10

    A40

    C30

    B00

    Velocity Density Impedance Vsh

      Synthetic Seismic(m/s) (g/cm3)

        T    i   m   e    (   s    )

        H    D    /    K    B

    2.4

    2.3

    2.2

    2.1

    2.0

    1.9

       T   i  m  e   (  s   )

       T   i  m  e   (  s   )

    2.250

    2.000

    1.887

    Trace Number 

    20 30 40 50

    P-03 Synthetic Well Tie

    Vsh

    GR

    Figure 2-10: Seismic Well Ties for Correlation and Modelling

    For Taglu, five seismic horizons that correlated to key stratigraphic surfaces(A00, A40, B00, C10 and C30) within the reservoir interval were identified.They extend throughout most of the 3-D survey. All horizons were successfully

    correlated throughout the field fault block area. For the down thrown block northof the field, only the A00, A40 and B00 were correlated. Table 2-2 lists the

    horizon depths, seismic time and available velocity control data for each well.

    Table 2-2: Taglu Mapped Seismic Horizons

    Seismic Horizon

    A00 A40 B00 C10 C30Available

    Velocity Data

    WellName

    TWT(msec)

    Depth(TVD mSS)

    TWT(msec)

    Depth(TVD mSS)

    TWT(msec)

    Depth(TVD mSS)

    TWT(msec)

    Depth(TVD mSS)

    TWT(msec)

    Depth(TVD mSS) Sonic Checkshot

     C-42 2,171 2,849 2,211 2,920 2,265 3,027 2,374 3,207 2,422 3,329 Yes Yes

     D-43 1,974 2,522 2,019 2,601 2,088 2,724 2,215 2,948 2,273 3,072 Yes Yes

     D-55 2,336 3,155 2,399 3,299 2,464 3,049 N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes

    G-33 1,920 2,422 1,968 2,538 2,032 2,645 2,146 2,853 2,206 N/A Yes Yes

     H-06 2,430 3,188 2,488 3,296 2,563 3,396 N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes Yes

     H-54 1,940 2,446 1,986 2,531 N/A N/A 2,077 2,685 N/A N/A Yes Yes

     P-03 1,995 2,577 2,053 2,661 2,115 2,773 2,248 3,013 2,309 3,139 Yes Yes

    NOTE:

    1. TWT = two-way time

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    Section 2.2

    GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS ANDPETROPHYSICS

    GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

    2-16 Imperial Oil Resources Limited   August 2004TDPA-P1

    2.2.3 SEISMIC MAPPING (cont’d)

    Seismic time horizon maps were then constructed by tracking the reflectionevents between and away from the calibrated points at the well locations.Figure 2-11 shows an A Zone Taglu time structure map.

    G-33

    P-03

    D-43

    C-42

    H-54

    A40 Amplitude Anomaly Outline

    Figure 2-11: Time Structure Map for the A40 Horizon

    2.2.4 TIME TO DEPTH CONVERSION

    2.2.4.1 Background

    One of the major challenges of time-to-depth conversion at Taglu is the presenceof a thick, variable permafrost layer down to a depth of about 500 m. The

     permafrost layer is generally a high-velocity zone, but significant melting hasoccurred near major waterbodies since the end of the last glacial period. The

     partial melting, or thermal degradation, of the permafrost has created pockets of 

    near-surface low acoustic velocities, which can radically distort the shape of theseismic time surface relative to depth.

    2.2.4.2 Amplitude Anomalies

    At Taglu, additional information is available in the form of bright spots or amplitude anomalies (see Figure 2-12) that correlate to tested A pool gas. Thegas–water contact of these reservoirs is tightly depth constrained by the C-42

    well.

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    Section 2.2

    GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS ANDPETROPHYSICS

    GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

     August 2004 Imperial Oil Resources Limited  2-17TDPA-P1

    G-33

    C-42

    D-43

    P-03

    Erosion

    Edge

    A40 Amplitude

    Anomaly Edge

    G-33

    Figure 2-12: Horizon Amplitude Slice Showing A40 Amplitude Anomaly

    2.2.4.3 Depth Conversion Method

    A top-down, layer-cake, vertical scaling method was used to depth convert theTaglu reservoir time surfaces. This method involved creating a multilayer velocity model in which velocities vary spatially and as a function of seismictravel time.

    The basic depth conversion model was built in three stages:

     1.  Surface to base of permafrost – seismic velocity functions calibrated to wellcontrol.

     2.  Base of permafrost to top of reservoir – linear increase of velocity withdepth (V0k method).

     3.  Within the reservoir – interval velocity method.

    Following basic depth conversion and well calibration, final depth mapadjustments were made to match the mapped outline of the amplitude anomaly

    (see Figure 2-13).

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    Section 2.2

    GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS ANDPETROPHYSICS

    GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

    2-18 Imperial Oil Resources Limited   August 2004TDPA-P1

    G-33

    P-03

    D-43

    C-42

    H-54

    A40 Amplitude Anomaly Outline

    Figure 2-13: A40 Depth Map – Flexed to Amplitude Anomaly Outlines

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     August 2004 Imperial Oil Resources Limited  2-19TDPA-P1

    Section 2.3GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS AND PETROPHYSICS

    APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OFTHE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FORTAGLU FIELDPROJECT DESCRIPTION

    PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

    2.3.1 SCOPE

    Subsurface rock properties and other reservoir parameters are used in:

    •  hydrocarbon volume-in-place calculations

    •  the geological model

    •  the reservoir simulation model

    These parameters include:

    •  net sand thickness – the net effective reservoir that contains hydrocarbons

    •   porosity (phi or ɸ ) – the percentage or fraction of free space, within the totalvolume of rock, that is available to contain fluids

    •  fluid type and saturation – fluid type, such as gas, oil or water, proportionswithin porosity and their distribution

    •   permeability (k) – the degree of interconnection between pore spaces thatallows fluids to move through rock. Permeability is usually measured in

    millidarcies (mD).

    This section describes the data acquired and the analytical procedures used todetermine these properties.

    2.3.2 LOG DATA AND ANALYSIS

    The rock properties listed previously cannot be determined directly in wellbores.Instead, they must be derived or interpreted from other physical measurementsthat can be made within wellbores. Within the petroleum industry, the most

    commonly used physical measurements include:

    •  electrical resistivity and potential

    •  acoustic interval transit time

    •  density

    •  natural radioactivity

    •  hydrogen content

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    PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

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    2.3.2 LOG DATA AND ANALYSIS (cont’d)

    These measurements are collected by lowering various combinations of sensor equipment, i.e., logging tools, on cables to the bottom of a wellbore. Physical

     property measurements are made continuously as the logging tool is pulled back 

    up the well at a controlled rate. Typically, these recorded measurements aredisplayed as a curve, called a log, which changes with depth. Interpreting these physical measurements to determine rock properties is called log or petrophysicalanalysis.

    To derive the required rock properties, such as porosity or fluid saturation, from

    the measurable physical properties, log analysts use relationships established between the desired rock properties and measured physical properties. These property relationships have been obtained from extensive laboratory

    measurements and studies of many different rock and fluid combinations. If noother information is available, these rock property relationships can be applied by

    making general comparisons to these standard relationships for different rock 

    types, such as sandstone, limestone and others. However, more accurate resultscan be obtained if the measured log curves can be directly calibrated to actual

     property measurements of the rock being evaluated.

    2.3.3 CORE DATA AND ANALYSIS

    To obtain rock samples for measuring and calibrating, petroleum companies

     periodically retrieve lengths of core while drilling through reservoirs. Recoveredcores are typically several metres long, and samples from them can be analyzedin laboratories to directly measure properties, such as porosity and permeability.

    However, because coring is more difficult, time consuming and considerablymore expensive than drilling and logging, cores are not gathered continuously

    through a reservoir, or even in all wells. Instead, representative core samples areobtained across a field to calibrate log responses to measured core properties.These calibrations are then used to extrapolate rock properties over the entirereservoir, using log information.

    There are two types of core analysis:

    •  routine core analysis

    •  special core analysis (SCAL)

    Routine core analysis consists of measuring porosity and permeability with air atstandard conditions. Special core analysis includes measuring electrical

     properties, capillary pressure and relative permeability, usually at net overburdenconditions. Electrical property measurements were used at Taglu to correlateelectric log data with measured porosity. Capillary pressure measurements wereused to determine water saturation.

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    GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS ANDPETROPHYSICS

    PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

     August 2004 Imperial Oil Resources Limited  2-21TDPA-P1

    2.3.4 TAGLU DATASET SUMMARY

    Complete petrophysical evaluations have been conducted on all the wells atTaglu. Table 2-3 summarizes the available log data types for each well.

    Table 2-3: Taglu Well Log DataWell Number 

    Data Type G-33 C-42 P-03 D-43 H-54

    Year drilled 1971 1972 1972 1973 1976

    Dual induction Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Borehole compensated sonic Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Bulk density Yes No Yes Yes Yes

    Compensated neutron No No No No Yes

    Sidewall neutron porosity Yes Yes Yes No No

    Gamma-ray Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

    Service company Schlumberger Baker-Atlas Schlumberger Schlumberger Schlumberger  

    Petrophysical analysis at Taglu involved integrating all available log and core

    data, to:

    •  calculate rock properties, including shale and clay volume, porosity andwater saturation

    •  identify relationships between porosity, permeability and water saturation

    •  determine appropriate overburden corrections to adjust porosity and permeability to reservoir conditions

    Core samples collected at Taglu were analyzed using conventional and SCALtechniques. Table 2-4 summarizes the available core data and the analyses

     performed. To supplement the Taglu field core data, one well, D-55, from outsidethe pool was used.

    Table 2-4: Taglu Core Data

    Well Number 

    Core Data and Analysis G-33 C-42 P-03 D-43 H-54 D-55

    Length (m) 27 144 9 0 0 26.5

    Number of plugs cut for SCAL 18 26 0 0 0 15

    Capillary pressure measurements 1 Yes Yes No No No No

    Electrical property measurements 2

    Yes Yes No No No Yes

    Note:1. Air–brine capillary pressure tests.2. Formation factor and resistivity index.

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    PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

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    2.3.5 NET SAND DETERMINATION

    Taglu reservoir intervals comprise interbedded successions of sandstone,siltstone and shale. These rock types contain variable amounts of siliclastic

    grains, which are composed of minerals or rock fragments, and clay. Insandstone, the grain component dominates, and clay content is minor. In shale,the grain component is small and the clay component dominates. However,

     between sandstone and shale, a compositional spectrum, which includes siltstone,exists. The transition between these rock types is gradational, particularly

     between fine-grained sandstone and siltstone. This distinction is important, assiltstone is an ineffective reservoir rock that does not contribute to production

     because of low permeability, even though it contains some gas in pore spaces.

    Consequently, siltstone pore volumes need to be excluded from volumeestimates.

    The method used to distinguish siltstone from fine-grained sandstone was basedon the amount of clay or shale contained within the rock. The shale volume (Vsh)

    cutoff was determined using the gamma-ray logs calibrated to core measurements

    and well test results. Porosity values were not determined for rocks above the V shcutoff.

    2.3.6 POROSITY

    After using the Vsh method to exclude nonreservoir intervals, total porosity in the

    Taglu wells was determined using density and sonic log data calibrated toambient core porosity measurements (see Figure 2-14). These analyses show thatcalibrated log porosity values in the Taglu sandstones range between 5 and 25%.

    2.3.6.1 Porosity Overburden Correction

    Most Taglu core porosity measurements were taken at ambient surface

    conditions. However, porous rocks shrink slightly when buried, because of thecompression from the weight of the overlying rocks, i.e., the overburden

     pressure. Therefore, porosity values in the Taglu reservoir need to be corrected

    for overburden conditions. The correction factor is obtained by taking samplesfrom the core and measuring porosity at both the ambient and the overburden

     pressure conditions in the reservoir. The ratio of these measurements is theamount of reduction in porosity required to match reservoir conditions. At Taglu,linear regression analysis resulted in a correction multiplier of 0.957 (see

    Figure 2-15), which was used to reduce the calibrated porosity values. After corrections, the average porosity of the field on a hydrocarbon pore volumeweighted basis is 15.6%.

    2.3.7 PERMEABILITY

    Permeability models for the Taglu reservoirs were developed from porosity and

     permeability measurements taken from core samples. The core data points were

    sorted based on the interpreted environment of deposition, or facies, as outlinedin Section 2.1, Geological Description. Statistical analysis of the data revealedfour logical groups, based on the original interpretation of the environment of deposition (see Table 2-5).

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    PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS

     August 2004 Imperial Oil Resources Limited  2-23TDPA-P1

    00

    0

       O

      c  c  u  r  r  e  n  c  e  s

       O  c  c  u  r  r  e  n  c  e  s

    Bulk Density

    Core Porosity

    Bulk Density

    510

    255

    0

    2 2.5 3

    540

    270

    0.25 0.5

    0.25

       C  o  r  e   P  o  r  o  s   i   t  y

    0.5

    0 2.5 2

    Point Plot

    C-42 Core (2000.00, 3700.00)

    G-33 Core (2000.00, 3700.00)P-03 Core (2000.00, 3700.00)

    Regression Equivalents

    RHO (ρ) matrix = 2.72 gm/cm3

    RHO (ρ) fluid = 0.816 gm/cm3

    Figure 2-14: Calibration of Bulk Density to Core Porosity

    0.3

    0.25

    0.2

    0.15

    0.1

    0.05

    0.30.250.20.150.10.05

    0

    0

       O  v  e  r   b  u  r   d  e  n   P  o  r  o  s   i   t  y

    Ambient Porosity

    C-42 obD-55 ob Linear (D-55 ob) Linear (C-42 ob) 1:1 Reference line

    y = 0.9582x

    R2 = 0.9882

    y = 0.957x

    R2 = 0.991

    Figure 2-15: Taglu Overburden Porosity versus Ambient Porosity

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    2.3.7 PERMEABILITY (cont’d)

    Using regression analysis, porosity to permeability transforms were developedfor each data group (see Figure 2-16 for an example of one of the groups).

    Table 2-5: Facies Type CombinationsGroup Facies Types

    1 Fluvial and nonmarine to tidal

    2 Distributary channel, inner stream mouth bar 

    3 Outer stream mouth bar, proximal delta front

    4 Prodelta, all distributary bay, overbank

    Overburden-Corrected Core Porosity

    10,000

    1,000

    100

    10

    1

    0.1

    0.01

    0.001

    0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

    Exponential (kmax)Outer Stream Mouth Bar 

       A  m   b   i  e  n   t   C  o  r  e   k  m  a  x

       (  m   D

       )

    Facies Group 3: Outer Stream Mouth Bar and Proximal Delta Front

    Proximal Delta Front

    Figure 2-16: Log Permeability versus Overburden-Corrected Porosity for Facies Group 3

    Where there was no direct core information, these transforms were applied to the previously discussed log-calculated porosity values, based on the interpretedenvironment of deposition model developed for each well. This allowed

    corresponding permeability values to be generated.

    2.3.7.1 Permeability Overburden Correction

    As with porosity measurements, most permeability measurements from core weretaken at ambient surface conditions and corrected for overburden pressure. Thecorrection factor was obtained by taking samples from the core and measuring

     permeability at both the ambient and the overburden pressure conditions in thereservoir. Correcting permeability was more complex than correcting porosity,

     because it required two relationships, one linear and one nonlinear, depending onthe initial ambient permeability value. These relationships are outlined asfollows:

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    If permeability is ≥ 2 mD:

    k ob = k amb • 0.66 

    If permeability is < 2 mD:

    k ob = k amb • (k amb • 0.173 + 0.328)

    where:

    k ob = overburden permeability at 34 MPa (5,000 psi)

    k amb = ambient permeability

    At Taglu, these relationships were used to reduce the calibrated permeabilityvalues to reservoir conditions (see Figure 2-17).

    1,000

    100

    10

    1

    0.1

    0.010.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000

       O  v  e  r   b  u  r   d  e  n   P  e  r  m  e  a   b   i   l   i   t  y

    Ambient Permeability

    kob = kamb • (kamb • 0.173 + 0.328)

    kob = 0.66 • kamb

    Figure 2-17: Taglu Overburden Permeability versus Ambient Permeability

    2.3.8 FLUID SATURATION ANALYSIS

    2.3.8.1 SCAL Capillary Pressures

    An important type of SCAL data obtained at Taglu was capillary pressure data.Capillary pressure is the pressure difference across an interface betweenimmiscible fluids, such as water and gas. It is a function of interfacial fluid

    tension, pore surface wettability and effective pore geometry.

    The pore space of reservoir rocks within a petroleum reservoir commonly

    contains two fluid types:

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    2.3.8.1 SCAL Capillary Pressures (cont’d)

    •  water, which is always present

    •  trapped hydrocarbons

    The equilibrium relationship between capillary pressure and buoyancy controlsthe relative proportions, or saturation, of the water and hydrocarbon within therock pore space. With increasing height above the free water level, the

    hydrocarbon saturation generally increases and the water saturation decreasesuntil a minimum level of background water saturation (Sw(irr)) is reached.Different rock types, with different pore geometry, will have different capillary

     pressure curves and thus, different saturation levels at the same elevation.

    SCAL measurements of capillary pressure from core samples allow these

    different saturation versus height functions to be defined for the various rock types within a reservoir. This information, combined with other reservoir 

     parameters, can be used to calculate the total hydrocarbon resource contained

    within a reservoir.

    2.3.8.2 Taglu Fluid Saturation Determination

    Fluid type and saturation values at Taglu were determined using induction logsand capillary pressure measurements that were calibrated to recovered reservoir 

    fluids from tests. Water saturation (Sw) was determined using the resistivity data(dual water method) and capillary pressure data.

    At Taglu, many individual gas reservoir sands range from 1 to 3 m thick. This presents a problem for induction log data, as it underestimates resistivities from beds less than several metres thick. This problem leads to overprediction of water saturation values in these sands.

    Taglu has many high-quality capillary pressure measurements obtained from core

    samples across the full range of reservoir permeability values. Analyses of thesemeasurements allowed the development of a single relationship to determine Swas a function of porosity, permeability and the height above the reservoir freewater level. Figure 2-18 shows the relationship for various permeability values.

    Comparisons of the relationship with water saturation values calculated from

    induction log analyses from reliable bed thickness measurements indicated goodagreement. Consequently, a capillary-pressure-based water saturation model was

    adopted for Taglu.

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    0

    100

    200

    300

    400

    500

    600

    700

    0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

    Water Saturation

       H  e   i  g   h   t   A   b  o  v  e   F  r  e  e   W  a   t  e  r

       (  m   )

    k10k100k1,000k10,000 k1 k0.1 k0.01

    Figure 2-18: Taglu Height above Free Water versus Water Saturation

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    TDPA-P1

    Section 2.4

    GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS AND PETROPHYSICS

    APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF

    THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR

    TAGLU FIELD

    PROJECT DESCRIPTION

    RESERVOIR PARAMETERS AND VOLUMETRICS

    2.4.1 INTEGRATED GEOLOGICAL MODEL

    Structural and petrophysical interpretations of the Taglu field were integratedinto a geological model built using PETREL modelling software. The model is asynthesis of all the interpreted field information.

    The area of the model is 97 km2, encompassing the main fault block between the

    north and south-bounding faults, as mapped on the Taglu 3-D survey. As thefield closure area is about 30 km2, this model extends well into the reservoir aquifer regions. The model consists of 6 million active or populated cells. Eachcell is about 100 by 100 m in area by 1 m thick.

    The gross rock volume framework of the model was constructed using depthconverted maps of the key seismic horizons discussed in Section 2.2,Geophysical Analysis. Within this gross rock volume framework, model cellswere populated with an appropriate geological facies type based on the

    stratigraphic interpretations outlined in Section 2.1, Geological Description.Reservoir parameters were assigned to each cell based on the facies keyedrelationships outlined in Section 2.3, Petrophysical Analysis. Using the

    saturation-height method outlined in Section 2.3, a unique water saturation valuewas calculated for each cell based on its porosity, permeability and height above

    the most likely free-water level.

    2.4.2 AVERAGE RESERVOIR PARAMETERS

    Table 2-6 summarizes the average in-situ field parameters extracted from thegeological model by reservoir system. The somewhat coarser grained and

    shallower A sands have average porosities of about 17% and permeabilities of about 150 mD. The finer grained and deeper B and C sands have average

     porosities of about 14 % and permeabilities of about 25 mD.

    2.4.3 RESERVOIR VOLUMETRICS

    The most likely original raw gas-in-place volumes for the Taglu field have beenextracted from the completed geological model and are summarized by reservoir system in Table 2-7. Because the average reservoir property values shown in

    Table 2-6 were rounded, calculated hydrocarbon pore volume or original gas-in-

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    2.4.3 RESERVOIR VOLUMETRICS (cont’d)

     place (OGIP) using these parameters will have about a 3% variation compared tothe values reported in Table 2-7.

    Table 2-6: Taglu Reservoir Properties by SystemReservoir Interval

    Reservoir Parameters A B2 UC LC LC2

    Gross pay1 avg. (m) 79.4 14.4 61.5 52.5 8.3

    NTG (fraction)2

    0.78 0.85 0.86 0.81 0.82

    Porosity3 avg. (fraction) 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.17

    Permeability3 avg. (mD) 153 8 24 21 93

    Sg3 (fraction) 0.68 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.67

    Note:1. Represents all rock > 0.01 mD.2. Net cutoff varied to match hydrocarbon pore volume from model (about 0.1 to 0.05 mD).

    3. Average of reservoir > 0.25 mD.

    Table 2-7: Taglu Most Likely Raw Gas-In-Place Volumes

    Reservoir Interval

    Volumetric Parameters A B2 UC LC LC2 Total

    Free water level (mSS) 2,888 2,937 3,092 3,134 2,985

     Area (km2) 33.7 18.5 25.3 16.3 4.4

    Gross rock volume (Mm3) 2,672.3 267.0 1,556.3 857.8 36.5

    Hydrocarbon pore volume1 (Mm

    3) 234.3 19.2 113.7 59.3 3.3

    Gas expansion factor from in situto surface conditions (scm/rcm) 253.8 255.1 257.5 258.9 267.9

    Original gas-in-place (Mm3) 59,458.2 4,905.2 29,279.2 15,346.9 893.3 109,882.7

    Original gas-in-place (Bcf) 2,099.7 173.2 1,034.0 542 31.5 3,880.4

    Note:1. From geological model. Shale volume less than 70% cut-off.