UNIT I. APPEARANCE AND CHARACTER

GRAMMAR: COMPLEX OBJECT. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME

Pre-reading questions:1. What questions do we usually ask if we want to know the appearance

of someone we have never seen?2. What do ballet dancers (boxers, models, etc) look like?3. Describe your friend’s appearance.

TEXT: “THE GIRLS IN THEIR SUMMER DRESSES”

Skim the text (when you skim the text you just look through the text quickly. You should try to understand important ideas, general meaning).

Work in pairs:

Find out:

1. how the writer introduces the pattern of Michael’s attitude towards women? Is it humorous at first, almost a joke?

2. how serious Michael seems when he talks about marriage?3. if Frances seems to be deeply in love with Michael.4. how Frances reacts to Michael’s confession about his true feelings?

Fifth avenue was shining in the sun when they left the Brevoort. The sun was warm, even though it was February, and everything looked like Sunday morning – the buses and the well-dressed people walking slowly in couples and the quiet buildings with the windows closed.

Michael held Frances’s arm tightly as they walked toward Washington Square in the sunlight. Michael unbuttoned his coat and let it flap around him in the mild wind.

“Look out,” Frances said as they crossed Eighth Street. “You’ll break your neck». Michael laughed and Frances laughed with him.

“She’s not so pretty,” Frances said. “Anyway, not pretty enough to take a chance of breaking your neck.”

Michael laughed again. “How did you know I was looking at her?”Frances patted his arm lightly and pulled him along a little faster toward

Washington Square. “Let’s not see anybody all day,” she said. “Let’s just hang around with each other. You and me. I want to go out with my husband all day long. I want him to talk only to me and listen only to me.”

“What can stop us?” Michael asked.“The Stevensons. They expect us to drop by around one o’clock and

they’ll drive us to the country.”“The cunning Stevensons,” Mike said. ‘To be quite honest about it, I hate

to go somewhere with them. They can go driving in the country by themselves.”

“Let me arrange a program» Frances said. A planned Sunday in New York for a young couple with money to throw away.” “I am not against it at all.”

“First let’s go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,” Frances suggested, because Michael had said during the week he wanted to go. Then we can take the bus down to Radio City and watch them skate. And later we’ll go down to Cavanagh’s and get a steak as big as a blacksmith’s apron, with a picture at the Filmarte that everybody says – say, are you listening to me?”

“Sure,” he said. He took his eyes off the hatless girl with the dark hair, cut dancer-style like a helmet, who was walking past him.

“You always look at other women,” Frances said. “Everywhere. Every place we go.”

“No, darling,” Michael said, “I look at everything. God gave me eyes and I look at women and men in subway excalations and morning pictures and the little flowers of the field. I casually inspect the universe.”

“I’m a happily married man.” Michael pressed her elbow tenderly. “Example for the whole twentieth century – Mr. and Mrs. Mike Loomis. Hey, let’s have a drink”, he said, stopping.

“We just had breakfast.”“Now listen, darling,” Mike said, choosing his words with care, «it’s a

nice day and we both felt good and there’s no reason why we have to break it up. Let’s have a nice Sunday.”

“All right. I don’t know why I started this. Let’s drop it. Let’s have a good time. Let’s enjoy ourselves!”

They joined the people walking between the crowded benches, under the scrubby citypark trees.

“I try not to notice it,” Frances said, “but I see that look in your eye and that’s the way you looked at me the first time. It makes me feel terrible. I think I would like to have a drink now,” Frances said.

They walked over to a bar on Eighth Street, without saying anything. He sighed and closed his eyes and rubbed them gently with his fingertips. “I like the way women look. One of the things I like best about New York is the battalions of women. When I think of New York City I think of all the girls on parade in the city. I don’t know whether it’s something special with me or whether every man in the city walks around with the same feeling inside him, but I feel as though I am at a picnic in the city. I like to sit near the women in

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the theatres, the famous beauties who’ve taken six hours to get ready and look it. And the young girls at the football games, with the red cheeks, and when the warm weather comes, the girls in their summer dresses”. He finished his drink. “That’s the story.”

She began to cry silently into her handkerchief, bent over just enough so that nobody else in the bar would notice. “Someday,” she said, crying, “you are going to make a move. You don’t even know that I need you badly.” Michael didn’t say anything. He watched the bartender slowly peel a lemon. Frances stopped crying then. Two or three snuffles into the handkerchief and she put it away and her face didn’t tell anything to anybody. Frances regarded Michael coolly across the table. “Do you want me to call the Stevensons?” she asked. “It’ll be nice in the country.” “Sure,” Michael said. “Call them. I promise you’ll be pleased to meet them.” She got up from the table and walked across the room toward the telephone. Michael watched her walk, thinking what a pretty girl, what nice legs.

(after Irwin Shaw)

NOTE: Irwin Shaw (1913-1984) was born Irwin Gilbert Shamforoff in Bronx in New York to Jewish immigrants from Russia. His parents changed their family name to Shaw and moved to Brooklyn, where the young Irwin spent most of his childhood. At the age of 21 Shaw started his career as a writer. During World War II Shaw served in the US Army. Shaw’s war experiences in Europe gave basis for his novel “The Young Lions” (1948) which became a huge success. In 1951 he left the United States living 25 years in Europe. There he continued to write several bestsellers including “Two Weeks in Another Town” (1960), “Rich Man, Poor Man” (1970) and “Evening in Byzantium” (1973), “Nightwork” (1975).

VOCABULARY

even adv даже. He didn’t even help me carry my heavy bag, he was that angry with me.

look vi 1.выглядеть, казаться. How did she look when you saw her? She looked pleased (happy, sad, ill, well, older, worn out, tired, etc). Phr What does she look like? Как она выглядит? (Какая у нее внешность?) She is tall, very good-looking. 2. look like (= be like) sb. походить, быть похожим на кого-л. He looks like his father. He looks like a scientist. 3. look for sb/sth искать кого-л/что-л) 4. look after sb/sth присматривать за кем-л/чем-л.

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pull vt тащить, тянуть. The woman was pulling the child by the hand. Don’t pull the door, push it. Phr pull oneself together – взять себя в руки, встряхнуться.

expect vt 1.oжидать, ждать expect a visitor (a letter, question, rain, etc). I expected you yesterday. 2. расчитывать, надеяться. I expect to be back on Sunday. We expect you to help us; expectation n ожидание, in expectation of sth в ожидании /в предвкушении/ чего-л, according to expectations как и следовало ожидать; against expectations – вопреки ожиданиям, beyond expectations – сверх ожидания.

honest adj честный. An honest man (face, look, smile, decision). Phr to be honest with sb – быть откровенным, честным с кем-н; dishonest adj –нечестный, бесчестный; (dis) honesty n (не) честность, (не) порядочность, бессoвестность. She was dismissed for dishonesty. Она была уволена за воровство.

arrange vt 1. устраивать, организовывать, договариваться. Arrange a party (meeting, trip, etc). We’ve arranged to meet on Saturday. I’ve arranged for a meeting next week. 2. приводить в порядок, расставлять (книги, мебель…) to arrange books in a bookcase (furniture, etc), to arrange one’s business (plans, etc); arrangement n 1. cоглашение, договоренность There is an arrangement between them about the price (payment, etc). Phr to have (make) an arrangement (with sb) – уславливаться, договариваться c (кем-н) 2. pl приготовления, мероприятия, планы Phr make arrangements (for sth) делать приготовления (к чему-н).

feel vt (felt) 1. чувствовать, ощущать, испытывать I felt somebody push me in the crowd. What did you feel when you first climbed a dangerous rock? 2. полагать, считать. He felt it necessary to say something. 3. чувствовать себя. How do you feel? I feel well (bad, better, worse, all right, ill etc); feeling n чувство, ощущение. I had a feeling that somebody was watching me. She spoke with feeling.

enjoy vt 1. наслаждаться (чем-л.), веселиться, хорошо проводить время Did you enjoy your holiday? Вы хорошо провели время? Phr enjoy oneself приятно проводить время, развлекаться. Не еnjoyed himself in the Crimea. Он весело провел время в Крыму; еnjoyment n наслаждение, удовольствие to take great enjoyment in sth наслаждаться чем-то, находить удовольствие в чем-то. 2. любить что-либо, получать удовольствие (от чего-либо) to enjoy music (a film, poetry, concert, trip, etc) He enjoys life = он жизнелюб. I enjoy talking to her.

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join vt 1. присоединяться (к) May I join you? Могу я к вам присоединиться? join sb in some activity He joined us in the game (in the conversation (but on the trip; for an excursion) 2. вступать (в); стать членом (клуба, общества и т.д.) join a sports club (society, etc.); join the army

way n 1.путь, дорога. A long (short, hard, etc) way. You have taken the right (wrong) way. Phr on the (one’s) way home (to some place) – по дороге домой; on the (one’s) way back – на обратном пути; Phr by the way – кстати, между прочим 2. средство, способ, метод, манера, образ действия. I don’t like the way you look at other people. She doesn’t like my way of laughing. What is the quickest way of learning to drive a car? In (such a, this, friendly etc.) way – таким образом If you treat them in such a way they will be hurt. Where there’s a will there’s a way. Было бы желание!

make vt (made) заставлять, побуждать make sb do sth, make sb work (read, speak, laugh, cry, think, etc), make sb angry – рассердить кого-н, make sb (un) happy – сделать кого-то счастливым, несчастным make a move – двинуться куда-н.

without prep. 1. без (кого-н, чего-н; означает отсутствие). It’s difficult to plant a tree without help. Phr to do without (sb/sth) – обходиться без (кого-н/чего-н). She can’t do without music. 2. не (означает характер действия). She left the room without saying good-bye.

need vt нуждаться (в ком-н/чем-н). Need a book (dress, clothes); need money (time, sb’s help, sb’s advice, etc). How much time do you need to repair this machine? I needn’t do this work at once; need n необходимость, нужда. Phr be in need of sth –нуждаться. Are you in need of help?

badly adv сильно, очень. I need your advice badly. He is badly ill. To be badly off – нуждаться, быть в трудном положении. He is badly off for friends – с друзьями у него дело плохо; у него мало друзей.

promise vt обещать. Promise sb (one's) help (a book, a lift, etc). He promised to call at her place soon. Phr give (make) a (one’s) promise – давать oбещание; keep one’s promise – сдержать обещание; break one’s promise – нарушить обещание; promising adj многообещающий, a promising writer (student, etc).

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be (dis)pleased with sb/sth быть (не)довольным (кем-л./чем-л.). He is very pleased with himself. Он очень доволен собой. I am pleased to meet you. They were very pleased with his report.

Word combinations

to walk in couples гулять парамиlook out осторожно! Берегись!pat sb’s arm lightly/tightly похлопать кого-н по руке легонько/с силойto drop by зайти, заглянуть, проходя мимоto throw sth away выбрасывать, разбрасывать, сорить деньгами

EXERCISES

COMPREHENSION

Ex. 1. Read the text again and answer comprehension questions.

1. What was the weather like in February?2. What did Michael do when he was going with Frances towards

Washington Square?3. Why did Frances ask Michael to look out?4. Why didn’t Frances want to see anybody all day long?5. Did they want to visit the Stevensons?6. Who arranged the program?7. Where did they decide to go?8. Why was Frances so disappointed when she saw Michael look at a hatless

girl who was walking past them?9. What made Frances feel bad?10.Why did Michael like to look at women?11.Why did they decide to call the Stevensons?

Ex. 2. Find in the text the English for the following words and phrases.

хотя был февраль; хорошо одетые люди; крепко держать чью-то руку; расстегнуть пальто; в любом случае; целый день; хитрый; девушка, которая шла мимо; исследовать вселенную; стараться не замечать; вздохнуть; потереть глаза кончиками пальцев; тихонько плакать в носовой платок

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Ex. 3. Are the following statements about the text true or false? Say why. 1. Michael and Frances had been married a very short time.2. Frances tries to plan a day of activities that her husband will enjoy.3. Michael never looks at other women.4. Michael finally tells his wife how he really feels.5. His wife keeps her feelings to herself.

Ex. 4. Guessing the meaning.

Select the meaning that you think is closest to the meaning in the text for each of these words and expressions.

1 battalions

a) furniture tables and chairsb) armies; large groups of peoplec) department stores; large shops

2 to make a move

a) to do sth about it; take actions; act on sthb) move away on some other locationc) move sb; arouse deep emotions in someone

3 to regard

a) think about sth frequentlyb) look at; gaze atc) listen to sth inattentively

KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY

Ex. 5. Give the four forms of the following verbs.

shine, leave, hold, let, break, take, drive, say, give, sigh, marry, try, feel, think, know, bend

Ex. 6. Put questions to the words in bold type.

1. Michael laughed and Frances laughed with him.2. She wants to go out with her husband all day long.

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3. Frances suggested going to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.4. He took his eyes off the hatless girl with the dark hair.5. I look at everything.6. They walked between the crowded benches, under the scrubby citypark

trees.7. When I think of New York City I think of all the girls on parade in the

city.8. Frances sees that strange look in her husband’s eyes.

Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences with phrasal verbs with “out” into Russian.

1. Look out! The step is broken.2. Without more coal the fire will soon go out.3. You really should throw out that old sofa and get a new one.4. Why didn’t you tell me at once, instead of holding out on me?5. When she saw us together she burst out laughing.6. She put her bag on the seat and took out her camera.7. Can I ask you to put out ashtrays and bowls of peanuts before the party?

Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences into English using a different phrasal verb in each: look out, go out, throw out, burst out, put out, hold out, take out. Ex. 7 will help you.

1. Вынь руки из карманов.2. Она не увидела свое имя в списке студентов и расплакалась.3. Я не скрываю от тебя. Я не знаю, где он.4. Огонь погас. Стало холодно.5. Осторожнее. Машина едет.6. Из трубы валил черный дым. (The chimney…)7. Положи, пожалуйста, чистые полотенца для гостей. Они хотят

умыться.

Ex. 9. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model. Translate them into Russian.

Model: He asked question after question and didn’t wait for an answer. He asked question after question without waiting for an answer.

1. Ann sat in front of the TV but didn’t watch it.2. I always try not to make mistakes when I speak English.3. He left the house and didn’t say good-bye.

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4. They found the station easily. They didn’t ask anyone about the way.5. When she left for London she didn’t give me her new address.6. Kate started crying and didn’t answer my question.7. She entered the room and looked out of the window. She didn’t turn on the

lights.

Ex. 10. Paraphrase the following sentences according to the model.

Model: It always gives him pleasure to talk to famous politicians. He always enjoys talking to famous politicians.

1. My friends liked to show me the places of interest when I visited Budapest.

2. It gives me pleasure to travel by air.3. His aunt is not happy to have guests all the weekends.4. They have bought a new car and rather like to travel around the country.5. There is nothing I like better than to read a good book on a rainy day.6. We listened to the opera with great pleasure.

Ex. 11. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs where necessary.

1. I want to be honest ………. you and tell you what I think ………. your work.

2. She was very pleased ……….her son’s behaviour. He looked like a grown up.

3. She was speaking slowly looking ………. the right words.4. Look ……….. ! There is a car coming.5. I need your advice ……….. The situation is so strange I can’t do ……….

your help.6. Shall I find you ………. if I drop ………. tomorrow afternoon?7. The sun was warm even though it was March, and everything looked

………. Sunday morning – the quiet buildings and the well-dressed people walking slowly ………. couples.

8. Stop acting ……….. a baby. Pull yourself ……….. .9. Look, the child has a glass of hot water ………. his hand. Take it ……

….…. him quickly.10.………. the door she turned ………. and caught him looking ………. her

………. a strange way.11.She doesn’t look her age………. all.

Ex. 12. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

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advice (2), enjoy, need (2), pleased, pull(2), honest (2), without, look, way (2), expect, arrange (2), feel, feelings, even, at all.

1. It’s always easier to give ………. than to take it.2. Do you really ………. playing tennis in the open air? Isn’t that just

wonderful!3. She ………. a sudden stab of pain in her chest.4. She smiled at him and he knew she was ………. to see him.5. The bus had already started when they ran up. We quickly ………. them

inside.6. I can’t take your ………. in this confusing matter. This is something I

must decide on my own.7. The books are ………. on the shelves in alphabetical order.8. You can’t go out in this awful weather ……….a jacket.9. She doesn’t ………. her age ………. .10.I don’t like her ………. of speaking.11.Are you in ………. of money? I know you’ve lost your job. I’ll try to help

you.12.To tell you the truth, I’ve never ………. him to give an ………. answer to

that question of yours. 13. Help me move the piano over here; you push and I’ll ………..14. He was quite ………. with us, yet he wasn’t telling the whole truth.15. How much time do you ………. to do this work?16. We’ve ………. with them to meet at the restaurant.17. I don’t really know what to think. I’ve got very mixed ………. on the

subject.18. Which ………. is the house from here?

13. He is a strict vegetarian – he doesn’t ………. eat cheese.

Ex. 13. Translate into English using the active vocabulary.

1. Я не помню, как она выглядит. Я не видел ее с детства.2. Вы вчера заходили к нему? Как он выглядит? Надеюсь, он чувствует

себя лучше. 3. Почему вы всегда уходите, не прощаясь? Это невежливо.4. Даже если ты не хочешь дать им совет, как поступить в такой

сложной ситуации, посочувствуй им (sympathize with).5. Все произошло как раз так, как мы и ожидали – он все сделал по-

своему.6. Я советую вам взять себя в руки. Если вы плохо себя чувствуете,

сядьте и закройте глаза.7. Я заходила к ним вчера по дороге домой, но не застала никого дома.

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8. Он выглядит так молодо, но я знаю, что он многообещающий физик. Все об этом говорят.

9. Советую тебе посмотреть фильм, который идет в нашем кинотеатре. Получишь удовольствие.

10. Что она здесь ищет? Какая странная женщина. Мне не нравится, как она смотрит на нас.

11. Я не могу заставить тебя много заниматься. Но ты знаешь другой путь выучить иностранный язык?

12. Я ожидала, что ты поможешь мне организовать эту конференцию. Мне так нужна помощь.

13. У меня было такое чувство, что кто-то идет за мной.14. Мы приятно провели время в Турции. Были очень рады встретить

старых друзей, которые отдыхали там уже две недели и посоветовали нам посмотреть собор Св. Николая (St.Nicolas’ Cathedral).

15. В такую жаркую погоду опасно ходить на пляж, даже с зонтиком.16. Почему вы не верите мне? Я же была с вами откровенна.17. Посмотрите на эту женщину, которая тащит ребенка за руку. Он

выглядит ужасно. Ему нужно сесть.18. Мне не нравится, как ты соришь деньгами. Ты еще не привел в

порядок свое дело (business), а уже покупаешь дорогие машины и всякие ненужные вещи.

LANGUAGE WORK

Ex. 14. Study the words:

NOT… AT ALL (NOT) QUITE (in questions and negatives) (not) completelynot in any way (not) perfectly

not… at all – совсем не, вовсе не (употребляется в конце предложения)It isn’t cold at all.

quite – вполне, совсем, совершенно, довольно-таки

It’s quite warm.I’m quite happy!not quite – не вполне, не совсем (употребляется в середине предложения)I don’t quite understand what you mean.

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A. 1. The idea is … clear, will you explain it to me again? 2. I am … surewhether I will be able to join you tomorrow. 3. ‘Are you busy?’- ‘…, I’m absolutely free, what’s the problem?’ 4. We don’t… understand the reasons for your anxiety (волнение). 5. Lily refused to take part in the concert saying that she could not sing ... . 6. I am afraid you are ... right, there are other ways of solving this problem. 7. I’m … ready, let’s start. 8. We didn’t like the film … . 9. I … agree with your plan, but I … understand the second point. 10. You didn’t speak at the seminar … . What was the matter?

B. 1. Я не совсем согласен с докладчиком. 2. Вы совершенно правы: такие вопросы нельзя обсуждать в спешке. 3. Мне совершенно не понравилось, как она пела. 4. Я вовсе не хочу обидеть (to hurt) ее, но она не вполне справляется с работой секретаря. 5. Это была довольно-таки безобидная шутка. 6. Они совсем не устали после поездки за город. 7. Студент не совсем правильно ответил на вопрос экзаменатора. 8. Это было вполне разумное объяснение того, что произошло.

Ex. 15. Study the words and fill in the gaps according to the meaning:

Expect (sb/sth) Wait for sb/sth

(ожидать чего-л., предполагать, что что-то произойдет) Expecting is a state of mind.

We didn’t expect to see him so soon.

(ждать, дожидаться кого-л./ чего-л.)Waiting is a sort of activity.

We decided not to wait for him.

A. 1. You are late again. We … here for half an hour. 2. We must … till it stops raining before we go out. 3. I … Julian to dinner yesterday but he did not come. 4. The train is late, so we’ll have to… . 5. Don’t … me to call on you tonight. 6. You can’t … them to do the work in a day, it’s too difficult for them. 7. The visitors were kept … in the reception room as the director was busy. 8. The sea was rough and the sailors … the storm at any moment. 9. Oliver did not … anything good from his brother who had always disliked him. 10. Let’s … at the entrance to the theatre. Shall we?

B. 1. Мы не ожидали вас так рано. 2. Давайте еще немного подождем Павла у входа в метро, ладно? 3. Кого ты ждешь? – Двоюродную сестру. Я ожидала, что она придет в 12, а сейчас уже 20 минут первого. 4. Я не ожидаю ничего хорошего от его визита. 5. Если я не позвоню в 2 часа, не

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ждите меня. 6. Не ждите, что все будут счастливы увидеть этого человека. 7. Извините, что заставил вас ждать. Я попал в автомобильную пробку. 8. Мы ждали, что в выходные приедет моя сестра со всем своим семейством, но они так и не приехали.

PHRASAL VERB “TAKE”

Ex. 16. Match the meaning in B with the phrasal verb in A.

A B1. take after sb быть похожим

на кого-то2. take sb for sb принимать за

кого-то, что-то 3. take sth in понять,

догадаться4. take sth off снять, убрать

5. take off взлететь6. take sth out удалить,

устранить7. take to sth пристраститься,

привыкнуть к чему-либо

8. take up sth браться за что-либо, заниматься чем-либо

1. begin to spend time doing, interest oneself in

2. leave the ground (of airplanes) the opposite to land3. remote, extract

4. resemble (one’s parents/ grandparents)

5. understand, receive into the mind6. attribute wrong identity or

qualities to someone7. remove (when used of clothing

«take off» is the opposite of «put on

8. begin as a practice, habit. It’s often used with the gerund.

Ex. 17. Use the proper particle (preposition or adverb) after the phrasal verb take.

1. He takes ________ his mother.2. The lecture was rather boring and I didn’t take _______ much of what the

lecturer said.3. The flight for Dublin took ______ on time.4. The dentist took ______ all of my wisdom teeth before they started

causing any problems.5. He’s taken ______ wearing a baseball cap since his hair started thinning

more noticeably.6. He took ______ squash as he felt he had to lose some weight.7. They’ve taken ten percent ______ designer frames for glasses.

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Ex. 18. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verb take.

1. He ______ golf and became very keen on it.2. I couldn’t ________ the lecture at all. It was too difficult for me.3. Petrol will ________ that stain.4. He _________ borrowing money from the petty cash.5. He _________ his coat when he entered the house and put it on again

when he went out.6. I was thinking of something else while she was speaking and I …… really

___________ what she was saying.7. He _________ drinking.8. There’s often a spectator’s balcony at airports, where people can watch the

planes _________ and landing.9. My father was forgetful and I _________ him; I forget everything.10. I _____ him _____ his brother. They are extremely alike.11. The dentist _______ two of his teeth.12. Do you _______ me ___ a fool?13. He _______ his grandmother; she had red hair too.

Ex. 19. Translate into English using phrasal verbs.

1. Я полюбил быстрорастворимый кофе.2. Я не мог понять, что он имеет в виду.3. Мой двоюродный брат решил заняться немецким языком.4. Когда взлетает наш самолет?5. Я Вас опять не узнала, приняла Вас за Вашего старшего брата.6. Ты ходил вчера к стоматологу? Да, мне удалили зуб.7. За кого ты меня принимаешь? Я не брал твои деньги. Они на столе.

READING I

WITCHES' LOAVES* (after O’Henry)

Miss Martha Meacham kept a little bakery on the corner. Miss Martha was forty and rather rich. She had two false teeth and a good heart. Many people had got married who had not so many chances as Miss Martha.

Two or three times a week a customer came to her bakery in whom she began to take an interest. He was a middle-aged man wearing glasses and a brown beard. His clothes were worn, but he looked neat and had good manners.* Заколдованные хлебцы (witch ведьма, колдунья); loaf (pl loaves) булка, буханка

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He always bought two loaves of stale bread. Fresh bread was five cents a loaf. Stale loaves were two for five. He never bought anything but stale bread. Miss Martha was trying to guess his occupation.

Once Miss Martha saw a red-and-brown spot on his fingers. She thought then that he was an artist and very poor. She was sure he lived in a small room, where he painted his pictures, and ate stale bread and thought of the good things to eat in Miss Martha’s bakery.

She wasn’t curious but she wanted to know more about the customer. One day, to find out his occupation, she brought from her room a painting she had bought at a sale and hung it on the wall.

Two days later the customer came again.«Two loaves of stale bread, if you please,» he said as usual and added,

«you’ve got a new picture , madam.»«Yes,» said Miss Martha, «I like art and …paintings.» «Do you think it’s

a good picture?» she asked pointing to it.«No, I’m afraid it isn’t. I don’t like the colours.» Yes, her guess was right.

He was an artist, just as she had suspected.When he came to her bakery, he talked for a while with Miss Martha. He

was always very polite and nice to her. And he kept on buying stale bread, never a cake, never a pie.

It seemed to her that he began to look thinner. She wanted to add something good to eat to his stale bread, but she did not dare.

One day the customer came in as usual, laid the money on the counter and asked for his stale loaves. At that moment a noise was heard outside. A crowd had gathered in the street. The customer rushed to the door to see what had happened. Miss Martha took the chance. On the shelf behind the counter there was a pound of fresh butter. With a bread knife Miss Martha made a deep cut in each of the loaves, put a big piece of butter there and pressed the loaves tight again. When the customer turned round, she was wrapping them up. Miss Martha smiled. She was sure he would be touched and grateful to her for what she had done. She could not think of anything else that day.

She didn’t know how much time had passed when she heard a knock. Somebody was knocking at the door loudly and impatiently. Miss Martha hurried to the front door. There were two men there. One was a young man she had never seen before. The other was her artist. He looked excited. His face was red, his hat was on the back of his head, his hair was in disorder. At first Miss Martha didn’t even recognize him. «Fool!» he shouted. Miss Martha was very much surprised at his behaviour. She’d never expected he could be so rude. His companion tried to draw him away.

«Now, don’t be silly, calm down,» he said.«I shan’t go before I tell her. You’ve spoilt my work. You are a foolish

old cat, that’s what you are,» the customer shouted angrily at Miss Martha.

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She got frightened. She couldn’t understand why he hated her so. She thought he had gone mad. The young man pulled the customer by the hand. He drew the angry man out of the shop and came back alone. There was silence for a moment, and then he began to speak.

«I’m his friend. I believe I must tell you, ma’am, what made him so angry and why he behaved like that. Well, the matter is that he is a draftsman. He has been working hard for three months drawing a plan for a new town hall. It was a prize competition. A draftsman always makes his drawing in pencil first. When it’s done, he rubs out the pencil lines with stale bread. He’s been buying bread here. Well, today… well, you know, ma’am that butter you added to the loaves… The moment he touched the drawing… I didn’t even believe him at first. It was certainly thoughtless of you. Of course you meant well. But the drawing is no good now. He’ll have to tear it up and throw it away.»

Miss Martha ‘s heart was broken. Life was so cruel and unfair to her.

NOTES:O.Henry (1862-1910), a US writer of short stories, whose real name was

William Sydney Porter. His stories are known for treating the everyday life of working people in a humorous way, and for their unexpected endings.

Ex. 20. Answer the questions.

1. What kind of woman was Miss Martha?2. What kind of man was the customer?3. What made Miss Martha suspect that the customer was a painter?4. What did Miss Martha do to find out the customer’s occupation?5. How did Miss Martha manage to add butter to the customer’s stale bread?6. Why didn’t Miss Martha recognize her customer at first?7. How did the customer’s companion explain the strange behaviour of his

friend towards Miss Martha?8. What did the customer’s friend think of Miss Martha’s behaviour?9. What did the customer’s friend say the man would have to do with his

drawing?10.What did Miss Martha think about what had happened?

Pairwork

Discuss with a partner what made the customer take part in the prize competition.

READING II

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Pre-reading questions:What makes a person beautiful? A perfect face? A good body? A healthy attitude to life? A good character?

THE UGLY DUCKLING

I realised how cruel life can be for an unattractive child when everybody in my class was invited to a tenth birthday barbecue on the beach. Everybody, that is, except for me. At first I thought there had been a mistake and that my invitation had been lost. But when I made inquiries to the hostess, she didn't beat about the bush: "Sorry, Susie. You are too fat to wear a swimsuit on the beach and you can't see without those horrible glasses anyway."

I went home and cried for hours. My mother was ready with comforting embraces, yet even she couldn't force herself to reassure me I was lovely. I used to spend a long time staring at my brother and twin sisters and feeling extremely unlucky.

My inferiority complex became obvious in my aggressive manner. This, of course, only made things worse. Tea invitations stopped, I walked home from school alone and often found drawings that looked like me in the classroom wastepaper bin. I hated everyone because everyone seemed to hate me.

When I was 14, my mother decided that I should go to the church youth club. I stood alone watching the dancing, feeling embarrassed, ugly and awkward. Then a miracle happened.

A skinny boy called Peter, with glasses and spots, asked me to dance.He also had a brace on his teeth. We didn't talk much but he asked if I

would be there the following week. I have to be grateful to Peter for changing my life. He stopped me feeling hideous (very ugly).

Encouraged, I put myself on a diet, begged my mother for contact lenses and grew my hair. Then another miracle occurred. I grew taller and, as that happened, I started looking slimmer. The brace was finally removed and my teeth were even. I was never going to be a beautiful swan, but I was going to try.

(from The Sunday Times)

Ex. 21. Answer the questions:

1. Who wasn’t invited to the birthday barbecue? Why?2. How did the girl feel?3. What did her classmates do to punish her for her aggressive manner?4. What did the girl’s mother want her to do?5. Why was the girl grateful to Peter?

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6. What happened to the girl after the dancing?

Pairwork

How do you choose your friends? What influences you in your choice? Put these ideas in order of importance (1= most important, 9= less important) and discuss your decision with a partner. (sense of humour, physical appearance, money, taste in music/TV/films, dress sense, interests, personality, intelligence, similar education/family background).

READING IIIWORDS AND FEELINGS

People use both words and gestures to express their feelings. Can you be sure you really know what these words and gestures mean? After all, they can be interpreted in many different ways.

It is true that smile means more or less the same in any language, even though the things that make people smile may be very different. Laughter and crying also have universal meanings. It is equally sure that there are many similarities in the ways in which humans and animals show their feelings. Dogs and tigers, for instance, show their teeth in the same way we do when they are angry.

Fear and surprise are other emotions that are often shown in much the same way all over the world. A phrase like “He went pale and began to tremble” suggests that the man was either afraid or had just had a nasty shock in any language. In the same way “Her mouth fell open and she stared at me” also suggests that something has just happened or been said which the women did not expect.

Nevertheless, even surprise is not always easy to recognize. In Chinese, this emotion can be described in a phrase like “they stretched out their tongues”. In the language, like English, however, sticking out your tongue usually has a different meaning. It suggests disgust, as if you have just tasted something unpleasant or seen something horrible.

Even in the same culture, people differ in their ability to interpret and express feelings. Experiments in the United States have shown that women are usually better than men at recognizing fear, anger, love and hate in people’s faces. The same studies suggest that body language – the way we suggest our feelings in our physical movements and posture – is another problem. Older people in North America seem to find it easier to interpret than younger people.

In another famous experiment, it was clear evidence that the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is physical pain. University students were shown part

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of a film in which a woman in China was suffering while giving birth to a baby. They could see only her face. She later died. However, more than ninety percent of the audience believed she was experiencing great physical pleasure.

Psychologists such as E.G.Beier have also shown that some people often give completely the wrong impression of how they feel. For example, they try to show affection but actually communicate dislike. When they try to show interest, it seems to others that they are indifferent. This can happen even among close friends or members of the same family. In other words, what you think you communicate through words and body language may be the exact opposite of what other people actually understand.

Ex. 22. Answer the questions.

1. Are there any universal emotions?2. What emotion is expressed differently in two different cultures according

to the text? What other examples can you give? 3. How can people give other people the opposite impression of the feeling

they are really trying to express? 4. Which particular feeling is the most difficult to recognise? 5. In what situations do you show your emotions and when do you try to

conceal them?

DESCRIBING PEOPLE’S APPEARANCE

Positive: beautiful is generally used to describe women, handsome is used to describe men; good-looking is used for both; pretty is another positive word to describe a woman (often a girl) meaning ‘attractive and nice to look at ‘Negative: ugly is the most negative word to describe someone; plain is more polite.Note: Another word for slim is thin, but slim has a more positive meaning, e. g. John is lovely and slim, but his brother is terribly thin. Skinny also has the same meaning but is very negative. It is not very polite to say someone is fat; overweight is more neutral and polite. A sporty person can offen be described as muscular.

tall slim

height medium height build medium build

short fat

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When you want somebody to describe the appearance of someone you have never seen you ask: What does he(she) look like?

hair hair

straight wavy curly long short shoulder-length

hair

fair dark red grey

blond(e) light brown dark brown black auburn white

Special features

A person can have very pale skin (=white skin), dark skin, broad shoulders. A man can have a beard and/or a moustache or sideburns. A woman can wear her hair in plaits (braids AmE) or in a bun. A person can have wrinkles on his/her face or dimples on the cheeks. A nose can be turned-up, ears can be sticking-out. A person can have a scar, a tattoo or piercing.

Asking questions about a person’s appearance.

‘What does she look like?’ ‘She’s quite tall, with short fair hair.’‘How tall is she?’ ‘About 1 metre 65’.‘How much does she weigh?’ ‘I don’t know and it may be rude to ask. Probably about 45 kilos.’

Ex. 23. Complete these sentences in a suitable way. (More than one answer is possible).

1. She’s got blonde …………………. .2. He’s got very pale ………………..3. They’ve both got curly …………… .4. I would say he was medium ……………. .5. Her brother has got very broad …………… .6. Last time I saw him he had grown a ……………. .

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7. He’s got very muscular……………….. .8. Both men were very good………………… .9. All of them have got dark …………….. .

Ex. 24. Replace the word in italics in each sentence with a word which is either more suitable or more polite.

1. He told me he met a handsome girl in the disco last night.2. She’s beautiful but her younger sister is really ugly.3. I think Peter is getting a bit fat, don’t you?4. Most people want to stay slim, but not as skinny as that girl over there.5. I think she’s hoping she’ll meet a few beautiful men at the tennis club.

Ex. 25. You want to know about the following:

- someone’s general appearance- their height- their weight

What questions do you need to ask? Complete these questions.

What ……………………………………. ?How …………………………………….. ?How much ……………………………… ?

Ex. 26. Work in pairs. Ask your partner these questions.

1. How tall are you?2. How would you describe your build?3. How much do you weigh?4. What kind of hair have you got?5. What colour is it?6. Would you like it to be different? If so, what would you like?7. Do you think you have any special features?8. Are there any special features you would like to have?9. Do you like beards?10. Can you think of a famous woman you would describe as beautiful, and a

famous man you would describe as good-looking?

Ex. 27. Work in pairs. Did you know? Does it happen nowadays?

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It has been scientifically proved that once men wore as much makeup as women! They outlined their eyes, dyed their hair and coloured their eyebrows with grey, black, or green paint. No wonder archaeologists stumble upon cosmetic jars when they open up pharaohs' tombs.

Ex. 28. When do you think plastic surgery is a good idea?

Ex. 29. Roleplay a conversation between two people.

One person has decided to have a tattoo done, the other is trying to persuade him/her not to. Use some of these ideas:

What type? Looks good/tough/coolNeed parents’ permission (under16) friend has tattooPainful don’t mind pain.

DESCRIBING CHARACTER

Intellectual ability

Ability: intelligent bright clever smart shrewd able gifted talented brainy (colloquial)

Lacking ability: stupid foolish half-witted simple silly brainless daft dumb dim (the last four are predominantly colloquial words)Clever, in a negative way, using brains to trick or deceive: cunning crafty sly

Attitudes towards other people

Enjoying others' company: sociable gregarious Disagreeing with others: quarrelsome argumentative Taking pleasure in others' pain: cruel sadistic Relaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going even-tempered Not polite to others: impolite rude ill-mannered discourteous Telling the truth to others: honest trustworthy reliable sincere Unhappy if others have what one does not have oneself: jealous / envious (of)

Many positive words describing character have clear opposites with a negative meaning.

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Positivewarm and friendlykindnice, pleasantgenerousoptimisticcheerful relaxed, easy-goingstrong sensitive honestsociable/outgoingextrovertedhard-workingpunctual (always on time) reliableflexible

ambitious

Negative cold and unfriendlyunkindhorrible, unpleasantmeanpessimisticmiserabletense (=nervous; worries a lot; not calm)weakinsensitivedishonestreservedintroverted lazynot very punctual; always lateunreliableinflexible (=a very fixed way of thinking; unable to change)unambitious (no desire to be successful and get a better job)

Examples:Jane is very tense at the moment of her exams, but she’s usually quite relaxed and easy-going about most things.I think the weather influences me a lot; when it’s sunny I feel more cheerful and optimistic; but when it’s cold and raining I get very miserable.He seems a bit unfriendly at first, but now I’ve got to know him I realize he’s very warm and kind.The shop assistant told me that the dress I tried on looked better on people younger than me. I thought that was very insensitive of her, but at least she was being honest, I suppose.

One person's meat is another person's poison

Some characteristics can be either positive or negative depending on your point of view. The words in the right-hand column mean roughly the same as the words in the left-hand column except that they have negative rather than positive connotations. Use your dictionary.

determined - obstinate stubborn pig-headedthrifty/economical - miserly mean tight-fistedself-assured - self-important arrogant full of oneself

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(colloquial)assertive - aggressive bossy (colloquial)original - peculiar weird eccentric oddfrank/direct/open - blunt abrupt brusque curtbroad-minded - unprincipled permissiveinquiring - inquisitive nosy (colloquial)generous - extravagantinnocent - naïveambitious - pushy (colloquial)

Ex. 30. Match these words with their opposites.

1. clever introverted2. extroverted tight-fisted3. rude courteous4. cruel gregarious5. generous kind-hearted6. unsociable half-witted

Ex. 31. Do you think that the speaker likes or dislikes the people s/he is talking about?

1. Di's very thrifty. 2. Molly's usually frank. 3. Liz's quite broad-minded. 4. Sam can be aggressive. 5. Dick's quite bossy.6. I find Dave self-important.7. Don't you think Jim's nosy?8. Jill is very original.

Reword the sentences above to give the opposite impression. Example: Di’s very stingy.

Ex. 32. Work in pairs. Ask you partner:

1. Do you prefer to be in the company of other people?2. Do you think you are a person who thinks 'my glass is half empty'?3. Do you find it easy to tell your boss if you feel he or she has treated you

badly?4. Do you always look out of the window if you hear a car draw up?5. Do you often buy your friends presents for no particular reason?

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6. Do you frequently disagree with what other people say?7. Do you lie awake at night if someone has said something unkind to you?

Ex. 33. What prefix forms the opposite of each of these words? (You need three different prefixes in-, dis-, un-).

kind; reliable; flexible; sensitive; friendly; ambitious; honest; pleasant

Ex. 34. How would you describe the person in each of these descriptions?

1. He never bought me a drink all the time we were together.2. I have to tell her what to do every minute of the working day. She won’t

even open a window without someone’s permission.3. He often promises to do things but half the time he forgets.4. She’s always here on time.5. I don’t think he’s done any work since he’s been here.6. She finds it difficult to meet people and talk to strangers.7. He could work in any of the departments, and it doesn’t matter to him if

he’s on his own or part of a team. 8. One of the great things about her is that she is so aware of what other

people think or feel.9. Bob, on the other hand, is the complete opposite. He is always making

people angry or upset because he just doesn’t consider their feelings.10. The other thing about Bob is that he really wants to get the supervisor’s

job and then become boss for the whole department.

Ex. 35. What nouns can be formed from these adjectives? Use a dictionary to help you.

Example: kind- kindness

punctual optimistic reliable lazyconfident generous ambitious stupidsensitive strong flexible shy

Ex. 36. Work in pairs. What, in your opinion, are a) the best three qualities b) the worst three qualities a person can have.

GRAMMAR. COMPLEX OBJECT

Verb + Noun/Pronoun(the boy, …, me, us, you, him, her, them) + Infinitive

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Complex Object is a grammar pattern with the Infinitive, which is used after certain groups of verbs in English. The object in this case is the doer of the action expressed by the Infinitive. In Russian this grammar pattern is not always translated with the help of the Infinitive (like after the verbs tell, ask, order, advise, recommend, allow, remind, invite, etc. sb to do sth), a subordinate object clause is necessary in many cases. We shall deal with the cases difficult for Russian-speaking students.Compare:

They told him to stop. Они велели ему остановиться. (infinitive)They wanted him to stop. Они хотели, чтобы он остановился . (object clause)

I. The Infinitive with the particle «to» is used in this pattern after the verbswant, expect, (would) like /( would) love, (would) prefer, (would) hate. Study the following examples: Your teacher wants (what?) you to open the book.

Твой учитель хочет (что?), чтобы ты открыл книгу.I’d like (what?) my brother to take up English.

Я бы хотел (что?), чтобы мой брат занялся английским.Did you expect (what?) him to be back so soon?

Ты предполагал (что?), что он вернется так скоро?

NOTE: After the verbs like / love / hate both the Infinitive and the -ing form are possible, e.g.

I like (= find it proper or right) my brother to keep his desk in order.Мне нравится, когда брат поддерживает порядок на своем столе.I like (= enjoy) her playing the piano.Мне нравится, как она играет на пианино.

In American English the Infinitive is more common.

Ex. 37. Translate into Russian.

1. I expect him to arrive tomorrow. 2. They wanted us to tell them everything. 3. We’d like you to stay with us. 4. He liked the children to behave well in the presence of his friends. 5. I want you to keep this paper till the boss returns. 6. He likes to eat well. 7. He likes his staff to eat well. 8. I expect to arrive tomorrow. 9. My sister expects me to help her with her English. 10. I hate Mum teaching me what to wear. 11. She doesn’t want you to worry. 12. Nobody expected him to steal it. 13. We didn’t expect to be late. 14. Who would like me to give them a lift? 15. He wants to be a pilot. 16. He wants his son to be a pilot. 17. I don’t like people to discuss their problems in public. 18. I wouldn’t like you to discuss your problems with this man.

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Ex. 38. Complete the sentences with a complex object.

1. They will enjoy the film. Their friends expect …2. He always goes to the parties without her. She doesn’t want …3. This boy behaves badly. Poor mother! I would hate my son …4. She loses so much time reading these awful reports. I wouldn’t like …5. Susan is very sorry you can’t see her off tonight. She’d love …6. I think it’s a good idea to keep the news secret for some time. I would

prefer you …7. Jill doesn’t look very well – not well enough to go to work. I don’t expect

…8. Do you want me to come with you or stay at home? I’d prefer you …

Ex. 39. Paraphrase the following in one sentence using Complex Object.

Model: Why did you stay there? Nobody expected that. Nobody expected you to stay there.

1. Why did he drive away? She didn’t want it. 2. Please, help me with my computer. I want it. 3. Though we didn’t expect it, they moved aside. 4. She listens to music all the time. Her parents don’t like it. 5. Why doesn’t he take part in this conference? The professor would like it. 6. He will certainly pass the exam. We all expect it. 7. Why did she leave so early? They didn’t expect it. 8. Don’t speak to strangers. Your mother doesn’t want it. 9. Shall I switch off the light? Would you like it? 10. He broke the vase. We didn’t expect it. 11. Should they come tomorrow? Do you want it? 12. She asks so many silly questions! I hate it! 13. Should he make corrections? Would you like it? 14. She plays the flute beautifully! Everybody loves it.

Ex. 40. Make up and finish the sentences with Complex Object using your own ideas.

Model:

Ex. 41. Imagine that you are preparing a foreign language party. What party is it? What do you (not) want / would (not) like / (not) expect your

my parents/grandparentswould (not) like my teacher

I (don’t) want my girl/boy friend to do what?(don’t) expect my friends

our neighbours

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teachers / other students to do? Make up 5 sentences with Complex Object.

Model: - I’d like Mike to perform in a sketch with me. - We expect our French teacher to help us with pronunciation. - I don’t want Helen to play the piano. I hate her playing it.

Ex. 42. Translate the following sentences using Complex Object.

I. Он хочет (хотел), чтобы: 1. она последовала его совету; 2. вы договорились о встрече; 3. вы остались пообедать; 4. ты ему рассказал, как быстрее всего выучить английский; 5. она перестала критиковать его.

II. Я не хочу/хотел(а), чтобы: 1. ты раздавал пустые обещания; 2. он помогал мне упаковывать вещи; 3. они подвозили меня до аэропорта; 4. они устраивали эту конференцию; 5. он искал еще какую-нибудь работу.

III. Мы ожидали, что: 1. вы проводите нас до остановки автобуса; 2. он заскочит к нам на минутку; 3. она объяснит, почему не бросает курить; 4. вы поможете нам переставить мебель в комнате; 5. кто-нибудь поможет ему с английским, он пропустил так много уроков.IV. Они не думают (не ожидали), что: 1. он солжет им, он честный человек; 2. он будет говорить о таких вещах в присутствии

детей; 3. она попытается проучить их (teach sb a lesson); 4. они приедут на вокзал вовремя. 5. мы у них выиграем (beat sb). II. After the verbs of sense perception, such as see, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, feel, either the Infinitive without «to» or Present Participle (-ing form) is used in the complex object. The Infinitive expresses a complete action, whereas the ing-form (Participle I) expresses an incomplete action, i.e. action in progress, e.g.

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I saw (what?) her cross the street.Я видел (что?), как/что она перешла улицу.

I saw (what?) her crossing the street.Я видел (что?), как/что она переходила улицу.

The verb smell is normally used with an –ing form, e.g.I smell something burning in the kitchen.Я чувствую, что в кухне что-то горит.

If we witness a succession of actions, we use the Infinitive, e.g.I saw (what?) the child take a step and fall.Я видел (что?), как ребенок сделал шаг и упал.

NOTE: Sometimes the verbs see, feel, hear are not verbs of sense perception, they have a different meaning. In this case no Complex Object is used, we can only use a subordinate object clause, e.g.

I see (=understand) that he doesn’t want to go there.Я видел (=понимал), что он не хочет туда ехать.

I felt (= realized) that he wasn’t telling the truth.Я чувствовал (=понимал), что он лжет.

I hear (= know) that you’ve just come from London.Я слышал (=имею сведения), что вы только-что приехали из Лондона.

Ex. 43. Translate into Russian.

1. I saw him looking for his pen. 2. I heard him make arrangements for his journey. 3. We wanted to listen to them talking about their holidays. 4. I watched them rehearsing the play. 5. I felt that he didn’t understand me. 6. Didn’t you hear the clock striking? 7. I felt the car skidding. 8. I hear he has passed his exams. 9. The police noticed him entering the bank with a shotgun. 10. I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back. 11. I hear her father has died. 12. We heard a voice singing a tune. 13. I smelt something burning downstairs. 14. I saw that she didn’t realize the danger. 15. You can watch me riding a horse from here. 16. They observed tourists buying souvenirs at the stands. 17. I could hear

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him whispering something to his companion. 18. You must come and listen to her singing. 19. I felt my heart sink.

Ex. 44. Combine the two sentences into one using a complex object.

Model I: He got out of the car. We saw it. We saw him get out of the car.

1. The postman brought a newspaper. I saw it through the window.2. She told a lie. Her parents heard it.3. Somebody pushed me in the back. I felt it.4. Jane came into the room. Nobody noticed it.5. At the bus stop he got off. I saw it with my own eyes.6. She sang at the party last night. Did you hear?7. The police car suddenly stopped at the corner. Everybody saw it.8. The boys broke the window and ran away. I saw it.9. He stole into the room. Nobody heard him.

Model II: The police observed that he was parking near the bus stop. The police observed him parking near the bus stop.

1. The professor noticed that some students were sitting at the lecture with closed eyes.

2. I can smell that something is burning.3. Out of the window she saw that her grandchildren were crossing the street.4. The customs officer observed the tourists. They were entering the

building.5. In his sleep he felt that somebody was stroking his head.6. I noticed that she was writing something in her note-book.7. The gardener was mowing the lawn. I watched him.8. She was explaining the task to her son. I listened to it.9. He heard that somebody was crying for help.

Ex. 45. Use either the Infinitive or Participle I of the verbs in brackets as the second element of the complex object.

1. Ann noticed her husband _________ her a quick look (give).2. When I turned round I saw him still _________out of the window (look).3. They watched her ______ away until they could see her no more (walk).4. She thought she heard somebody ______ her (call).5. Did you hear her ______that unpleasant remark (make)?6. He heard the child ______ behind the wall (sing).

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7. While we sat on the bench in the park we felt the wind ______ colder and colder (get).

8. She smelt something ______ (burn) and saw smoke _______ (rise).9. I see him ________ my house every day (pass).

Ex. 46. Translate the following sentences using a complex object.

1. Мы слышали, как они спорили.2. Она видела, как мальчик поднимался по лестнице.3. Я не заметил, что вы подняли руку.4. Я услышал, как собака залаяла.5. Мы наблюдали, как ремонтировали дорогу.6. Вы почувствовали, как (что) земля дрогнула?7. Я видел, как какой-то человек показывал ей дорогу на вокзал.8. Когда я садился в поезд, я вдруг почувствовал, как кто-то коснулся

моего плеча.9. Мать не заметила, как я выключил свет, открыл окно и выпрыгнул в

сад.

Ex. 47. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. I could see a man … (sit) on the balcony and … (read) a newspaper. Then I saw him … (get) up and … (go) indoors. 2. I turned round and saw a snake slowly … (slither) towards me. 3. I could hear a car … (come) fast along the main road. I heard the driver … (brake) hard. 4. I thought I heard someone … (break) a window in the next room. 5. I heard the bomb … (explode), and felt the whole building … (shake). 6. I heard them … (talk) in a low voice, and then suddenly I heard someone … (shout) “Help!” 7. Through my binoculars I could see the girl across the street … (sunbathe) on her balcony. But she noticed me … (look) at her. Then I saw her … (blush), … (pick) up her magazine, and … (go) indoors. 8. Last night as I was going to bed I could hear the neighbours … (shout) and … (throw) crockery at each other. Then, a few minutes later, I heard a door … (slam), and everything went quiet. 9. – “Now you say someone took your wallet out of the back pocket of your trousers while you were standing in the bus queue. Are you sure it didn’t just fall out?” – “No, I’m quite sure – I actually felt someone … (take) it out of my pocket” – “And when you turned round, there was a young man running away down the street. Is that correct?” – “Yes, I saw him … (run) away.” – “And did anyone else see all this … (happen)?”

Ex. 48. Work in pairs. You are pair A or pair B.

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a) Read the story of what you saw and heard. With your partner, practice retelling it, using wherever possible:

I saw / heardI could see / hear

A. You live opposite a house where a murder was committed.

I was standing on my balcony on the first floor. Some children were playing in the street. Then a car came down the road, and stopped on the other side, just opposite my house. There were two men in the car. One got out. He said to the other, “This won’t take long.” He rang the doorbell of the house opposite. Mrs Jones opened the door and the man went inside. A few minutes later there was a shot from inside the house. Immediately after that, the door opened suddenly and the man came running out. He got into the car, and they drove away. Someone in the house opposite was screaming.

B. You were a tenant in a house where a murder was committed.

It was breakfast time. I was getting dressed. There was bacon frying downstairs in the kitchen, and Mrs Jones was hoovering the hall. The doorbell rang. Mrs Jones stopped the hoover and opened the door. She was talking to a man. Then she shouted to her husband, “It’s for you.” There was a pause. I went to listen from the top of the stairs: now the two men were exchanging angry words in a foreign language. Then somebody fired a shot. The whole house shook. Mrs Jones screamed. A cold sweat began to run down my back. I went downstairs. Mr Jones was lying motionless on the floor. There was blood coming from a wound in his chest.

b) Form new pairs (one A and one B). Compare in as much detail as you can what you both saw and heard.

Ex. 49. Read this fragment of a story. Answer the questions and do the tasks after it.

... The woman was well-dressed and in her late twenties. She was sitting at one of the corner tables with an older man. He was talking to her intensely, but in a very low voice.

“No,” she suddenly said.

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She threw a glass of wine in his face. Then she jumped up, and ran out of the restaurant. The older man ran after her.

“Jennifer. For God’s sake, stop. Try to understand,” he shouted. It was raining and the street was badly lit. A car had just turned the corner

and was coming towards her very fast. The driver probably didn’t see her. And she didn’t seem to notice the car as she ran out into the middle of the street...

1. What do you think they were talking about? Try to imagine something one or the other actually said.

2. What do you think happened after she ran out into the street?3. Imagine you happened to witness this situation. Describe what you saw

and heard.4. What do you think are some other ‘fragments’ of this story – either

something that had happened before or later.

Ex. 50. Have you ever witnessed any accident? anything unusual? Speak / write about it using the following patterns.

saw / could seeheard / could hear

I noticed who? do / doing what?watchedobserved

I saw / felt that ...

Ex. 51. Translate the following sentences using a complex object or a subordinate clause according to the sense.

1. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы объяснили мне эту задачу.2. Что вы хотите, чтобы я сделал для Вас?3. Вы слышали когда-нибудь, как он говорит по-французски?4. Я слышал, что он приехал в Москву.5. Они не видели, как я взял кольцо.6. Никто не ожидал, что они уедут так скоро.7. Я видела, что он не хочет меня слушать.8. Я слышал, что он сдал все экзамены.9. Он не слышал, как я открыл дверь.10.Я слышал, как он это сказал.

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III. After the verbs of knowing and thinking, such as know, think, consider, believe, find, suppose, imagine, trust and some others, the Infinitive in the Complex Object is usually the verb to be. It can be omitted after the verbs think, consider, find. (The use of this construction after most verbs of mental activity is more characteristic of literary style). Study the examples:

I knew (what?) them to be right. Я знал (что?), что они правы. I find (what?) him (to be) a very clever man.

Я нахожу (что?), что он очень умный человек.I don’t consider (what?) him (to be) an honest man. Я не считаю (что?), что он честный человек.

Ex. 52. Translate into Russian.

1. Do you consider him to be a reliable person? 2. Nobody thought her to be an attractive girl. 3. We considered the situation to be desperate. 4. I find him a very good mediator. 5. I don’t believe them to be our enemies. 6. Do you imagine this to be the only way out? 7. He spent much time with them because he found them to be very pleasant company. 8. I consider him to be the best candidate. 9. I knew him to be the owner of a big factory in the South. 10. We trusted him to be working for his stepfather. 11. They supposed him to be in command of the situation. 12. We meant it to be a surprise.

Ex. 53. Open the brackets making up a sentence with a complex object.

Model: We considered ... (he, an authority in this field). We considered him to be an authority in this field.

1. I knew … (they, right).2. Everybody found … (he, a very bright student).3. She imagined … (he, in love with her).4. His friends considered … (he, very reliable). 5. I don’t suppose … (she, in favour of this plan).6. Do you consider ... (he, worthy of the prize)?7. I never knew ... (you, so stubborn).8. Both of them believed ... (each other, responsible for the accident).9. I find … (your paper, acceptable for competition).10. He doesn’t believe … (you, an outstanding scientist).11. What’s wrong with this price? Don’t you find … (it, reasonable)?12. Everybody believed … (they, very good friends).

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Ex. 54. Speak / Write about the following using your own ideas.

my best friendknow my fatherfind studying languages

I (don’t) consider sport to be what?believe myselfthink tourism

a University diploma

Ex. 55. Translate into English using Complex Object.

1. Все знали, что он смелый человек.2. Вы думаете, ему уже есть 50? (over 50)3. Я полагаю (верю), что это ошибка.4. Она всегда знала, что он многообещающий писатель. (promising

writer)5. Я считаю, что она прекрасная мать.6. Я не знал, что он так любит читать. (be fond of)7. Я думал, что она смотрит телевизор в гостиной.8. Мы считаем, что это его лучшая картина.9. Вы полагаете, он интересуется компьютером?10.Я не считаю, что это очень важная новость.

IV. The English verbs make, have, get, which are called causative verbs (they show that one person causes a second to do something for the first person), and the verb of permission or suggestion let are followed by Complex Object. After them the Infinitive is used without “to”, except the verb get.Study the examples, paying attention to the Russian translation:

I made (what?) him do his homework. ( = I got / forced him to do it.)Я заставил его сделать домашнюю работу.

We had (what?) them postpone the discussion. ( = We persuaded them to postpone it.)Мы добились, чтобы (сделали так, что) они отложили дискуссию.

I can’t get (what?) him to clean his room. ( = I can’t make him clean it.)Я не могу заставить его убирать свою комнату.

Let (what?) them go home. ( = Allow/Permit him to go home.)

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Пусть они идут домой.

I can’t let (what?) you stay up so late. ( = I can’t allow you to stay up so late.)Я не могу позволить тебе ложиться спать так поздно.

Let (what?) us go to the cinema. Let’s go to the cinema. (= Why not go to the cinema? How about going to the cinema? I suggest going to the cinema.)Пойдем(те) в кино!

Ex. 56. Translate into Russian.

1. I’ll let you watch TV so late just this once. 2. Nobody made you rewrite this essay. 3. Have him keep his promises! 4. Did she let him use her car?5. What made you cry? 6. Her question made his blood rush to his cheeks. 7. I shall have him come to class whether he likes it or not. 8. What made him give up his hobby? 9. They got me to move my car. 10. Let me explain why I was late. 11. Let him not smoke in my presence! 12. Who made you wash up? 13. I can’t get her to tell me everything about that party. 14. Let’s not (Don’t let’s) argue about such trifles! 15. I had my parents let me go on that trip to the mountains. 16. Let’s go out to dinner, shall we? 17. I can’t make him study harder.

Ex. 57. Paraphrase the following sentences using make, have, let.

1. Anna will never persuade her husband to buy a house.2. Why do you think you have a talent?3. Both sadness and joy can force a person to cry.4. Don’t allow him to say such things in my presence.5. Bob told his dog to bring him his slippers.6. I tried to persuade him to tell me more.7. Don’t allow him to speak in such a loud voice.8. Why not go to the restaurant tonight?9. The police forced the criminal to return the stolen car.10.The chairman told his assistants to arrange a press conference.11. I want you to allow me to go to the cinema.

Ex. 58. Make up sentences according to the pattern, using your own ideas.

I my …

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My parents myselfMy teacher(s) (can’t) make(s) / don’t (doesn’t) make him do what?Computer (can’t) let(s) / don’t (doesn’t) let meThe coming exam herMy …’s job …

Ex. 59. Translate into English using causative verbs.

1. Не заставляйте меня лгать.2. Распорядитесь, чтобы кто-нибудь принес словари.1. Не позволяй им так кричать. 2. Дайте мне подумать.3. Я велела ему объяснить, что это значит.4. Дайте мне знать, когда она придет.5. Давайте не будем обсуждать поведение этого человека.6. Не смеши меня.7. Я не могу заставить его бросить курить.1. Надеюсь, я не заставил вас долго ждать.2. Не давай ей носить тяжелые вещи.

* * *

Ex. 60. Complete the sentences using a complex object (where possible) or an object clause.

1. My mother wants ... (you, come and stay) with us next week. 2. I saw ... (he, come) into the hall. 3. The teacher made ... (her pupils, read) the long text again. 4. We see ... (you, be) right. 5. He wants ... (you, return) the book tomorrow. 6. I didn’t hear ... (the bell, ring). 7. I hear ... (he, be) a good writer. 8. Do you want ... (I, translate) the article? 9. I’d prefer ... (you, come) tomorrow. 10. What makes ... (you, think) so? 11. I hear ... (you, move) here not long ago. 12. I feel ... (you, not understand) me. 13. He felt ... (someone, push) him slightly. 14. I’d like ... (you, meet) my sister. 15. Let ... (I, go)!

Ex. 61. Finish the sentence with a complex object to complete the situation logically.

1. She crossed the road. I saw her. I saw ..........................................2. She was crossing the road. I caught sight of her. I noticed .....................................3. Something’s burning! I can smell it.

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I can smell .................................4. They sang a song. I listened to them. I listened ....................................5. He never obeys my orders. I can’t get him! I can’t get ................................... 6. She was shouting at the children. I heard it. I heard ........................................7. The robbers were waiting near the bank. The police observed them. The police observed ...................8. I don’t want to speak to the manager. You do it! I want .........................................9. Why did you refuse their offer? What made you? What made you .......................... ?10. She doesn’t want to pay. She asks her parents. She expects ................................11. Why did he take my sweater? Did you let him? Did you let .................................. ?12. I don’t want to write to them. Could you do it? I’d like ........................................13. Nobody should know about it. It’s a secret. I’d hate .......................................14. He is guilty. I believe it. I believe ......................................15. She was too interested in fashions. I knew it. I knew .........................................

Ex. 62. Open the brackets using a complex object in the sentences about the text from “The Girls in Their Summer Dresses”.

1. Frances noticed .. (he, look at) a girl passing by.2. Michael felt … (she, pat) his arm lightly.3. Frances wanted … (he, talk) only to her.4. The Stevensons expected … (they, drop by) around 1 o’clock.5. That look in Michael’s eye made … (she, feel) terrible.6. “We can watch … (people, skate) at Radio City.”7. “Would you like … (I, not notice) it?”8. Frances knew … (Michael, be) fond of women.9. She watched … (he, finish) his drink.10. Frances could hardly listen to … (he, talk) about all the girls in New

York.11. His words made … (she, cry).12. She watched … (he, peel) a lemon.

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13. Frances asked Michael if he wanted … (she, call) the Stevensons.14. She couldn’t possibly let … (he, notice) her tears.15. He thought … (she, be) just a pretty girl with nice legs.

Ex. 63. Make up sentences based on the text in Reading I.

1. Everyone knew … (Miss Martha; 40, rather rich, kind-hearted, single).2. People considered … (her bakery; the best in town).3. Miss Martha found … (the stranger; quite neat, polite).4. She believed … (he; poor, a middle-aged man).5. Miss Martha imagined … (he; an artist, in need of money, pleased with her little surprise).6. Miss Martha bought a picture to make … (he; speak about his job).7. She expected … (he; appreciate the picture).8. She wanted … (he, fall in love with her, propose to her, marry her).9. Miss Martha heard … (somebody; knock at the door).10. She didn’t expect … (the man; behave like that, be so excited and rude, go mad).11. The man’s friend made … (he; leave the shop).12. He tried to make … (he; calm down).13. Miss Martha never expected … (life; be so cruel and unfair).

Ex. 64. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using a complex object where possible.

1. Я никогда не слышал, как он поет.2. Я слышала, что он поступил в университет.3. Я слышал, как она сказала это.4. Я видел, что она не понимает меня.5. Она видела, что он вошел в сад, и вышла , чтобы встретить его.6. Я увидел, что текст очень трудный, и опасался, что не смогу

перевести его.7. Я бы хотел, чтобы вы его пригласили на вечер.8. Я знаю, что он очень опытный врач.9. Мы ожидаем, что они подпишут договор в ближайшее время.10.Никто не ожидал, что это случится.11.Мы не ожидали, что обсуждение будет таким интересным.12.Я слышала, что он уже уехал в Испанию.13.Хочет ли он, чтобы мы ему помогли?14.Я не допущу, чтобы ты произносил такие ужасные слова в моем

присутствии.15.Что заставляет вас так много работать?

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16.Они вынудили его признать себя виновным (to plead guilty).17.Я видел, как он запарковал машину, вышел из нее и направился к

банку.18.Никто не заставлял вас учить текст наизусть.

THE USE OF TENSES IN COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME:

A. (the Past)I. introduced by the conjunction «as».In clauses of time “(just) as” indicates almost simultaneous, short actions, or means while/when. Correspondingly, we use either the Past Simple or the Past Continuous in the clause, e.g.

Just as I turned the corner, I saw a terrible accident. (exactly at that moment)

He saw her as he was getting off the bus. (while)

Ex. 65. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use of the prompts in brackets.

Model: When did you notice her? (open the window). I noticed her (just) as I opened the window.

1. When did she say she wanted to go on holiday? (get the money for her new book)

2. When did he smile? (get that message)3. When did she feel happy? (hear from him at last) 4. When did we hear his music? (turn on the radio) 5. When did we hear some people cry for help? (come to the bank of the

river)6. When did you close the window? (start raining) 7. When did you see your friends playing football? (pass our local sport

ground)

Ex. 66. Translate the following sentences using the conjunction “as” .

1. Как только она услышала его голос, она вспомнила, где видела его раньше.

2. Она вспомнила о сообщении, которое забыла отправить, как только увидела компьютер.

3. Как только мы вошли в дом, начался ливень.

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4. По мере того как они рассказывали о своем отдыхе в Италии, нам самим захотелось увидеть все это своими глазами.

5. Как только машина остановилась, журналисты бросились фотографировать новую чемпионку.

II. introduced by the conjunctions «when, after, as soon as»

When we speak about the past, to emphasize a completed action, a result, we can use the Past Perfect in the clause of time (though the Past Simple is also possible, especially after as soon as), e.g.

When I had finally understood what he meant, it was too late.After he had explained everything once again, all became clear.As soon as we had reached the village, we went to the inn.

Ex. 67. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use of the prompts in brackets.

Model: When did they recognize the stranger? (as soon as, pronounce a few words) As soon as the stranger had pronounced a few words, they recognized him.

1. When did she advise them to pull themselves together? (when, learn the sad news about their son)

2. When did he shoot at the robber? (as soon as, open the boot of his car) 3. When did you teach her a lesson? (after, lie to me several times)4. When did you get out of your car? (as soon as, hear someone cry for help)5. When did she remember who that strange person was? (as soon as, look

into the room)6. When did you arrange to meet on Saturday? (after, decide to ski in the

mountains)7. When did they set him free? (when, confess everything)

Ex. 68. Translate the following sentences using the conjunctions «as soon as», «after», «when».

1. Он понял ее проблему только после того, как прочитал ее длинное письмо.

2. Как только в нашем районе открыли новый спортивный комплекс, все жители стали играть там в футбол, баскетбол, теннис.

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3. Мы приехали уже после того, как студенты закончили сдавать экзамен.

4. Прочитав несколько книг Фаулза (Fowles) ей захотелось прочитать все, что он написал.

5. Из-за пробок на дорогах мы приехали в аэропорт уже после того, как самолет взлетел.

6. Когда все гости собрались, он объявил, что уходит со своего поста, хочет жить за городом и начать писать книги по истории России.

III. introduced by the conjunctions «before» (до того, как / прежде, чем), «till / until» (вплоть до того, как / пока … не …).When we speak about the past, we can use the Past Perfect to emphasize a completed action, a result, in the clause of time (though the Past Simple is also possible), e.g.

He knew what had happened, before they had told him.( = They hadn’t yet told him anything, when he understood what had happened.) Он понял, что произошло, прежде чем они ему рассказали.

We waited till / until he had finished his report.Мы подождали, пока он не закончит свой отчет.

NOTE: Mind that there is no negation after the conjunctions till / until, whereas the corresponding Russian conjunctions require the negative form of the verb.

Ex. 69. Insert «before» or «till / until».

1. We went on and on ... we saw a church on our right.2. He worked hard and didn’t stop ... I told him to.3. She wouldn’t go out … it stopped raining.4. They turned left just … they reached the cinema.5. How long did it take … you started to have some success?6. She had to stay in bed … her temperature went down.7. I thought carefully about it … I made a decision.

Ex. 70. Answer the following questions according to the model. Make use of the prompts in brackets.

Model: How long did they stay at this hotel? (till, receive an invitation from their relative to visit him).

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They stayed at this hotel till (until) they had received an invitation from their relative to visit him.

1. How long did you watch TV? (till, fall asleep)2. How long was she ill? (until, complete the physiotherapy course)3. When did you recognize him? (before, say a word)4. How long did they play golf? (till, get dark)5. When did you feel there was somebody in the room? (before, switch on

the light) 6. How long did they sleep that day? (till, wake them up)7. When was their baby born? (before, move house) 8. How long did you wait? (till, stop raining) 9. When did he disappear? (before, discover his mistake)

IV. introduced by the conjunction «while».

Speaking about the past we can only use the Past Continuous in the clause of time, which either describes the background of the action in the main clause, or an action parallel with the action in the main clause, e.g.

The phone rang while I was sleeping. (background)While I was doing my homework, my roommate was watching TV.

(parallel action)

Ex. 71. Complete the sentences using the Past Indefinite (Past Simple) or the Past Continuous (Past Progressive).

1. At 6.00 p.m., Bob sat down at the table and began to eat. At 6.05, Bob (eat) ______ dinner.

2. While Bob (eat)______, Ann (come) _________ through the door.3. In other words, when Ann (come) ________ through the door, Bob (eat)

_______ dinner.4. At 7.00 p.m., Bob took his newspaper. While Bob ________ (read) the

newspaper, Ann _________ (watch) TV.5. Bob went to bed at 10.30. At 11.00 Bob (sleep) _________.6. While Bob (sleep) _________, the phone (ring) _________.7. In other words, when the phone (ring) ________ , Bob (sleep) _____. 8. Bob left his house at 8.00 and (begin) _________ to walk to class. While

he (walk) ________ to class, he (see) ________ Mrs. Smith.

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9. When Bob (see) ________ Mrs. Smith, she (stand) ________ on her front porch. She (hold) ___________ a broom. Mrs. Smith (wave) _____ at Bob when she _________ (see) him.

B. (the Future)

When we speak about the Future, using clauses of time, we should remember that we can only use the Present Simple, Present Continuous or Present Perfect to emphasize a completed action, a result. We cannot use any future tenses, e.g.

When he returns the money, I’ll buy a new computer.We’ll be friends again only after he has returned the money.

Ex. 72. Complete the following sentences using the Present Perfect to emphasize the result in the clauses of time.

Model: She will wait until (the rain, stop). She will wait until the rain has stopped.

1. Jane will do the shopping until (she, buy all the food for her birthday party).2. We will have dinner only after (we, phone Kate).3. There will be serious traffic problems in our city until (they, build new

modern roads).4. Please, call me as soon as (you, buy the tickets). 5. I think it will be better after (she, apologise to you).6. When (you, make it up), you will find life more amusing.7. I’ll find somewhere to live until (you, take your words back).8. I’ll come straight back home after (I, do the shopping).9. I think Jane will get the job after (she, graduate from our University).

Ex. 73. Translate into English. Pay attention to the conjunctions and tenses in the clauses of time.

1. Никто не пригласит вас, пока вы не объясните свое отвратительное поведение.

2. Навести его, пока он не уехал в Италию.(!)3. Я не пойду с тобой в ресторан, пока ты не позволишь мне заплатить

за тебя.4. Зайдите ко мне до отъезда.5. Не приходите, пока я вас не позову.

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6. Как только он увидит это, он разозлится.7. Давайте переждем дождь.8. Когда она истратит все деньги, она придет к тебе.9. Я не смогу с вами общаться, пока я не закончу свою дипломную

работу. (graduation paper)10. Он не придет, пока вы его не пригласите.11. Пока вы будете спорить, они сами завершат этот проект.12. Сделайте это, пока не забыли.13. Не уходите, пока я не вернусь.14. Я должен закончить свою работу, а уж потом идти домой.

WORD BUILDING. ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES

Suffixes change word class, e.g. from verb to noun or noun to adjective, but they can also change meaning.

Noun / verb + suffix

danger, fame -ous dangerous, famous

music, politics, industry -al musical, political, industrial

cloud, fog, sun, dirt -y cloudy, foggy, sunny, dirty

attract, create -ive attractive, creative NOTE: Sometimes there is a spelling change. Here are common examples:

double the consonant, e.g. sun - sunny, fog - foggyleave out the final ‘e’, e.g. create - creative, fame - famousleave out the final ‘s’ before ‘al’, e.g. politics - politicalchange ‘y’ to ‘i’ before ‘al’, e.g. industry - industrial

-able / -ible

The suffix -able (also -ible in some words) is used to form many adjectives from nouns or verbs: enjoyable, comfortable, knowledgeable (=knows a lot), suitable.

Quite often, -able (-ible) has the meaning “can be done”. For example, something that is washable “can be washed”. Other examples include: drinkable, comprehensible ( = can be comprehended or understood), reliable

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( = can be relied on or trusted, e.g. a car or other machine that never goes wrong or breaks down).

Words ending -able quite often express the opposite meaning by adding the prefix un-: undrinkable, unreliable, unbreakable, unsuitable, uncomfortable.

Words ending -ible add the prefix in-:incomprehensible, inflexible (somebody who is inflexible has a fixed idea about something and cannot change quickly or easily; an inflexible timetable cannot be changed easily); inedible ( = cannot be eaten).

-ful and -less

The suffix -ful often means ‘full of’ + the meaning of the adjective: careful, you are full of care; if you are helpful you are full of help. Other examples: painful (hurts a lot), useful, and thoughtful ( = someone who is thoughtful is kind and always thinks about others; a thoughtful action shows care for others).

The suffix -less means ‘without’ + the meaning of the adjective: if you are careless, you do something ‘without care’. Other examples are: painless, useless, thoughtless, jobless and homeless ( = with nowhere to live).

Ex. 74. Write down an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these nouns or verbs.

thought dirt pain comfort

attract care knowledge fame

create danger suit rely

fog politics sun wash

home break

useglory

expenseenjoy

music mercy

Ex. 75. Fill in the gaps with suitable adjectives.

1. You must be very …………… when you drive in wet weather.2. It was so …………. this morning that I couldn’t see more than twenty

metres in front of me.3. Everyone in my country has heard of her; she’s very ……….. .4. The people in the tourist information office were very ………. and

answered all our questions without any problems.

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5. This is a very …………. road; there were at least three serious accidents on it last year.

6. It was very …………. when I hit my leg against the corner of the table.7. This bag is very …………… because I can use it for work or when I go on

holiday.8. We’ve never had any problems with our TV in ten years; it’s been very

…………. .9. The factory is in the middle of the …………. part of the city, surrounded

by other factories.10. I made some coffee but it was horrible. In fact, my sister said it was

……………. .11.I’m afraid my working hours are very ………….. ; I have to start at

exactly the same time every day and finish at the same time every day.12.It seems terrible to me that there are so many ………….. people living in a

city with thousands of empty houses.

Ex. 76. How many of these words can form opposites with the suffix -less? Can you think of words which mean the opposite of the other words (the ones without -less)?

painful, wonderful, useful, careful, beautiful, tactful, awful, thoughtful

Ex. 77. Think of three adjectives which could describe each of these people or things. (You can use the same adjective more than once).

1. the weather2. someone who is a very bad driver3. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart4. a large city5. Albert Einstein6. a new car7. a speech8. yourself

ARTICLE with the names of parts of the body

The use of articles with the names of parts of the body is similar to the use of articles with ordinary class nouns, e.g.

She has a weak heart.The heart of the patient needs an operation.When the heart stops, the man dies.

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However, there many prepositional set expressions connected with parts of the body that have some abstract adverbial meaning marked by the zero article, such as: by hand, at hand, on foot, from head to foot, head over heels, from top to toe, off-hand, eye to eye, by heart, at heart, on foot, etc. For example:

Don’t take the news close to heart.He sees eye to eye with his boss.She is head over heels in love with him.

Yet, in other set expressions, you will find both the indefinite and definite article with these nouns that can never be changed and should be memorized because they are part of phraseological units, e.g.

He likes to have a finger in every pie. ( = have interest in everything)He doesn’t have the heart to propose to her. ( = have enough courage)

Ex. 78. Translate into Russian. Consult your dictionary.

1. Give me a hand and we shall finish the work in no time. 2. The young man has a good head for figures. 3. The child made a face when she saw the bottle of medicine. 4. A hunter needs a dog with a good nose. 5. Will you keep an eye on the child? 6. The pupil is at the foot of the class. 7. She is known as a woman with a heart of gold. 8. I don’t have the heart to tell him the whole truth. 9. I have no voice in the matter. 10. You have described him to a hair. 11. He is a good man at heart. 12. Now she’s got a foot in the door in show business, I think her talent will carry her a long way.

Ex. 79. Fill in the gaps with the words given in brackets with an appropriate article (where necessary).

1. a) You will be at … of the class if you don’t work hard. b) He is such a cunning fox. He would like to have … in both camps. c) The station is quite near here. You can easily get there on … . (foot) 2. a) The student must always keep a dictionary close at … b) We shook … . … she gave me was dry and cold. It was … small … for an athletic-looking person. (hand) 3. a) … of the woman looks familiar to me. b) A boy with … sun-burnt … , a rucksack on his back, stood in front of me. c) They were standing very close, actually … to … . (face) 4. a) The child had big blue eyes and … turned up … . b) … of the elephant is called a trunk. (nose) 5. a) He had … of a thinker. b) The boy has … good … on his shoulders. c) Who is at … of the expedition? (head) 6. a) You don’t have to learn the text by … , just retell it in your own words. b) She has … good … for a woman her age. (heart)

Ex. 80. Fill in the blanks with the definite article or possessive pronoun.

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1. The old man put … hand on … shoulder of his grandson and they slowly walked away. 2. The doctor took the sick man by … hand and felt … pulse. 3. Take the child by … hand when crossing the street. 4. I was watching … face of the man. … face was red with anger. 5. The boatman pulled the man out of the water by … hair. 6. … hair is golden like her mother’s.7. I looked at the man sitting in front of me. … neck was strong, it was … neck of a boxer. 8. She liked … face; it was … face of a man who knew his mind. 9. He gave the door a hard push with … shoulder. 10. The singer was famous not only for … voice, he was a fine actor as well. 11. … voice behind the closed door asked us what we wanted. 12. He put … foot in the door and it wouldn’t close.

TENSE AND VOICE REVISION

Ex. 81. Use the verbs in brackets in the proper tense form.

Louise was making a new start. She finally … (leave) work and … (renovate) the house. She and her husband, Bob, … (live) in their large house for 25 years and it always … (be) a very happy, though slightly untidy, family home. Now the last of their children … (leave) and they could, at last, afford to renovate the house.

Louise … (decide) to go to an auction and buy some antique furniture. In the corner of the auction room she … (find) a beautiful Edwardian wardrobe with a large oval mirror in the middle of the door.

She still … (imagine) how the wardrobe … (look) in her quest room when a man behind her … (ask) if she … (be) all right. “Oh, yes. I’m fine. I just … (look) at the wardrobe.”

The man … (tell) Louise that if she … (want) to buy the wardrobe she should come the next morning at ten. The next day Louise … (buy) it.

While Louise … (dust) the inside of the wardrobe, she … (find) an envelope, grimy with age. Louise … (open) the envelope and … (begin) to read.My dearest Emily,If you … (read) this it must be because I … (lose) my life. I am prepared now to go off to war, although the thought … (fill) me with horror. It is bad enough to be apart from you, and from my own dear family, but I … (do) this for the King and country…

The author of the letter promised to love Emily forever and asked her to marry another man if he was killed.

Tears … (fall) from Louise’s eyes as she … (put) the letter aside. Then she … (smile). The letter was unopened. Louise … (hope) that the young man … (get) through the war and …. (return) to Emily.

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WRITING: COMPARISON ( A ? B )

Ex. 82. We can compare a different number of objects or people. Study the examples paying attention to the words in bold type, their position, correlation with the verb, articles, etc. Many items Two items

(a) We all wanted to go to the mountains.(b) All of us wanted to go to the mountains.(c) All the students wanted to go to

the mountains. (d) We were all eager to go to the

mountains.

(i) Liz and Peter / They both study Spanish.

(j) Both of them study Spanish at University.

(k) Both Liz and Peter study Spanish.

(e) Some people like mountains, others (other people)don’t.

(f) Two of us liked the trip, the others didn’t.

(l) One of the friends (Liz) speaks Spanish well, the other (Peter) doesn’t.

(m) You can ask for help either Liz or Peter.

(g) None of us fell ill during the trip.(h) None of us was/were ill.

(n) Neither of them studies Chinese.(o) Neither Liz nor Peter studies

Chinese.(p) They study neither Chinese nor

Japanese.(q) They don’t study either Chinese or

Japanese.

Ex. 83. Paraphrase the sentences using the words in bold type from the table above.

1. Stephen, Mary, Ben, Michael, Betty and John are fond of classical music.2. People speak Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America. 3. Europeans go in for different sports, e.g. soccer, rugby, swimming, horse-

racing, etc. 4. My friend speaks French and Italian. I don’t speak French or Italian. I

(don’t) speak … 5. It was cold, it was wet. 6. Peter, Mary, Dan, Sally, and Clara didn’t take part in the discussion. 7. Five students worked last summer. Peter and Mary helped to arrange the

conference. Dan, Sally and Clara were interpreters.

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8. She didn’t do the cooking, she didn’t do the washing up. 9. I have two dictionaries. The English-Russian dictionary is new. The

Russian-English dictionary is old. 10. He bought the suits and the ties in Paris. 11. Maybe they will spend their holidays in Greece, maybe they will spend

them in Italy. They … 12. The Chinese write characters, the Japanese write characters. 13. These shoes are too tight, those shoes are too stylish, and those are too

expensive. I like … 14. My friend attended the lecture, and I attended the lecture. 15. There were many businessmen at the conference. They spoke different

languages, such as French, English, German, Spanish. Nobody spoke Arabic. … businessmen spoke Arabic.

Ex. 84. Study the ways of expressing similarity and difference when making a comparison.

We want to compare the prices of all the radios before we decide which to buy.If you compare this one with the others, you’ll see a difference.Our new flat is very big in comparison with our old flat.Our new flat is very big compared to/with our old flat. (= If you compare it ...)

SIMILARITY DIFFERENCE

(a) Like my father I am quite tall. I am quite tall, like my father.(b) I am as tall as my father.(c) I am the same height as my

father.(d) She is/looks/acts/dresses (...) like

her sister.(e) She and her sister are / look / act /

dress (...) alike.(f) She is similar to her mother in

character.(g) She and her mother have a lot in

common.

(h) Unlike my father I wear my hair long.

(i) I am taller than my sister.

(j) I am different from my relatives.

(k) I differ from my mother.

(l) My cousin and I have little/ nothing in common.

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Ex. 85. Use the same (as), similar (to), different (from), (un)like, alike, have …in common in the following sentences. There may be more than one possible variant.

1. Joan and Jack both come from Cambridge. In other words, they come from ……. town.

2. This city is ……. my hometown. Both are quiet and conservative.3. You and I don’t agree. Your ideas are ……. mine.4. Ants are fascinating. An ant colony is ……. a well-disciplined army.5. He never wears ……. clothes two days in a row.6. In terms of shape, cabbage looks ……. lettuce.7. A male mosquito is not ……. size ……. a female mosquito. The female is

larger.8. I’m used to strong coffee. I think the coffee most North Americans drink

tastes ……. dishwater.9. A crocodile and an alligator look ……. . They are ……. in appearance.10. Most of my friends are future businessmen. I am not. ……. my friends, I

study law.11. “Flour” and “flower” have ……. pronunciation, but they have nothing

……. . They have ……. meanings.

Ex. 86. Study the facts about TOM, PHIL, and PAUL and make comparisons, completing the following sentences.

TOM PHIL PAUL- is 21- lives with his parents- is a shop-assistant- hard-working but shy- is very good at sport- would like to become

the manager of a sports shop

- is 21- lives alone- is at University- clever but lazy- likes rock and parties- has no plans for the

future

- is 18- lives with his parents- is a trainee in a bank- clever and practical- is a good footballer- would like to be a

bank manager

1. Tom is _________________________________________________Phil.2. They ________________________________________________ single.3. ______________________________________________ is /are married.4. Tom and Paul are quite ___________________________________ , but

Paul is _____________________________________________ .

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5. Phil is quite ______________________________________________ the other two.

6. _________________________________________________ like sport.7. ____________________________________________________ is lazy.8. Phil and Paul have almost nothing _____________________________ .9. Paul is ___________________ ambitious _________________ Phil.10. Tom and Paul have _________________________________________ .11. ________________________________________ Phil lives alone.12. Tom and Paul have _________________________________ interests.

Ex. 87. Complete this comparison of John Smith and Roger Dromard using the appropriate linking words:

John Smith is __________________________________________ Roger Dromard. They are _______________________ 45, but Roger looks a little ______________________________ . _____________________________ John, Roger lives in a flat in London, has no television, and plays no sports. But they have something ________________________________ , a few_______________________ interests: ___________________________ like pottering in the garden and taking their dogs for a walk. Roger’s weekend is very ________________________________ John’s.In _________________________________ with Roger, John’s weekend is more traditional. Though Roger ___________________ eats out often in expensive restaurants ___________ goes to shows, he feels _________________ contented and happy __________________ John.

Ex. 88. Write a comparison. Compare yourself with another person (your brother / friend) or compare any two people, making use of the vocabulary of Unit I.

What are you / they like? How similar or how different are you / they?

Compare age, appearance, character, occupation, interests, hobbies, etc.

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