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UNIT 7.

GRAMMAR.

I. Simple vs. Continuous aspect.

1. Present Simple is used:1. To speak about facts or things that always happen. e.g. Sea water contains on average 2.7% salt by weight.

2. To speak about routines and habits:e.g. The birds return to the island every spring.

3. In instructions:e.g. You take 300 g of flour and add three eggs.

4. In newspaper headlines to describe events:e.g. Three die in plane crash.

5. For performative verbs accept, apologize, dare, deny, understand, see (= understand) etc. these are verbs which, when used in present simple, describe an action as the word is spoken:e.g. I agree with you.I accept your offer.

6. For verbs reporting news (gather, hear, see, tell, say, understand):e.g. I hear you’ve got a new job.

7. In here comes, there goes, here lies:e.g. There goes a brave man!

8.In jokes (instead of past simple), sports commentaries, plot summaries of films and books:e.g. A man goes to see his psychiatrist. He says he’s having problems because he imagines he’s a pair of curtains. The psychiatrist tells him to pull himself together.And now Rooney crosses the half-way line and passes to Giggs.

2. Present Continuous is used:1. To describe actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished:e.g. Sorry, I’m busy at the moment. I’m doing my homework.

2. To describe actions happening generally around the time of speaking, rather than exactly at the same time:e.g. I’m reading a really interesting book.

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3. To describe a changing situation (change, get, grow, increase, etc.)e.g. Computers are changing all the time.

4. To criticize actions that we feel are irritating or annoying, or which we wish to exaggerate (with adverbs such as continually, forever, constantly, always. The adverbs are usually stressed):e.g. He’s forever getting into trouble!

3. State and action verbs. Some verbs have meanings which refer to states or conditions, and others have meanings which refer to actions. State verbs are either only used in simple form, or have a different meaning when used in continuous form.

a) Common state verbs:

1) MENTAL STATE

KnowRealizeUnderstand1 RecognizeNotice See (=understand)

BelieveFeel SupposeThinkExpect

ImagineDoubtRememberForget

Want Need PreferWishMeanMatterRequire

2) EMOTIONAL STATE

LoveLikeAppreciateDeserveAdore

HateDislike Regret

FearEnvy

MindCare

3) POSSESSION Possess Belong Have Own

4) SENSE PERCEPTION

TasteSmell

HearFeel2

See

5) OTHER EXISTING STATES

Cost3

OweWeighDepend on

SeemLookAppearResemble Sound

BeExistKeep (=continue)

Consist of ContainIncludeFit

e.g. Does this belong to you?e.g. Some people still believe that the Earth is flat.1 Realize, regret and understand can be used in continuous to show a changing situation:e.g. We’re understanding more and more about the universe.2 You can use the present simple or continuous to say how somebody looks or feels now:e.g. You look (are looking) well today. How do you feel (are you feeling)?BUT: I usually feel tired in the morning.3 Cost is sometimes used in continuous to describe a process that is still going on:e.g. We’re having a house built and it’s costing a fortune.

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- seeme.g. This seems to be what we’re looking for.

b) Verbs with state and action meanings.

State ActionBE, HAVE

This house is over 100 years old.Do you have a car?

He’s being very silly (be=behave)I’m having a great time here.

IMAGINE, SUPPOSE, THINK, EXPECTI suppose this is Jim.

I imagine you feel the same.

What do you think? (=have an opinion)I don’t expect him to understand.

You’re supposing he’s guilty (=make an assumption)Ghosts! No, you’re imagining things.I’m thinking of changing jobs (= considering)Are you expecting someone?

HOPE, WONDERI hope you haven’t been waiting long.

We’re hoping to continue the talks next week (less definite)

ENJOY, LIKE, LOVEI enjoy/like/love going for long walks

I’m loving every minute of my new job! (for actions going on at the moment or for implied changes)

APPEARYour visa appears to be out of date. Tom is appearing in Hamlet at the

Grand Theatre.LOOK

The book looks interesting (=seem) Helen is looking well (now).

SEE, HEARI see/ hear you’ve had your hair cut

I didn’t hear any noises.

Jane is seeing Harry (=spending time with)You’re hearing things! (=imagining, hallucinating)

FEEL, SMELL, TASTEThe room smells awful! I’m smelling the flowers (an active

choice) ACHE, FEEL, HURT

(These verbs describe how the body feels and can be used with either simple or continuous forms with little change in meaning)

My foot hurts.I feel sick.

My foot is hurting.I’m feeling sick.

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WEIGH, MEASUREThe bag weighs more than 25 kilos. I’m weighing the parcel before I

post it.1. Underline the correct verb form. Tick the sentence if both forms are possible.

1. I can't walk any more. My knee is really hurting / really hurts.2. This cheese is smelling / smells terrible!3. Thanks for your e-mail. I'm hoping/I hope to get back to you very soon.4. 'What are you doing/ do you do?' 'I'm a musician.'5. We're having our house completely redecorated. It's costing/It costs a lot.6. In this country, more than a million people are living/live in poverty.7. Can you stop the car? I'm feeling / I feel a bit sick.8. 'What's the answer?' 'Wait a moment, I'm thinking/I think.'9. I think we're beginning /we begin to understand this problem.10. Nice to see you again! You're looking/You look really great!11. Some kinds of fish contain / are containing high levels of dangerous metals.12. Scientists nowadays slowly begin to understand / are slowly beginning to understand more about how the brain works.13. What do you think / are you thinking of Kate's new hairstyle? It's unusual, isn't it? 14. Loud music can be really annoying. Some people don't realize / aren't realizing what a nuisance it can be.15. You can't really have seen a UFO! You imagine /are imagining things!16. Technicians report that they have / are having difficulty installing the new computer system. 17. No wine for me! I take / I'm taking antibiotics for an ear infection.18. In career terms, having a good degree appears / is appearing to make little difference. 19. The National Theatre considers / is considering putting on a new production of Uncle Vanya. 20. Does this wallet belong / Is this wallet belonging to you?

2. Put the verb in brackets into present simple or present continuous.1. I (have) a great time.2. She (have) plenty of money just now.3. He (appear) at the Fortune Theatre next week.4. She (appear) to have a problem.5. Why (you look) at me like that?6. It (look) as if it's going to rain.7. I (see) what you're trying to say.8. I (see) the manager this afternoon.9. I (think) you're right.10. What (you think) about?11. I (feel) very tired today.

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12. I (feel) she's making a mistake.13. Somebody (knock) at the door. Can you see who it is?14. First you (cook) the onions in a little oil until they are golden brown.15. Carlos (forever lose) his temper with people! He must learn to calm down.16. Here (come) the bus! You'd better hurry!17. 'Where's Jack? ' 'He (read) the paper in the kitchen.'18. Whenever I put up my hand, Harry (kick) me under the desk.19. I'm sorry, but I (not understand) you.20. Maria (leave) now, so could you get her coat?21. Come and eat your dinner. It (get) cold.22. I (hear) you did really well in your exams. Well done!23. (you do) anything at the moment? I need some help with the computer.24. This product (contain) no added chemicals of any kind.25. Nobody (visit) Rome without going to see the ruins of the Roman Forum.26. Sarah (begin) to regret not taking the job in France she was offered.27. Martin (see) Tina at the moment. They've been going out together for the past month.28. I'm sorry, but I (not know) where George is at the moment.29. 'Is Helen ready yet?' 'She (take) her time, but she says she'll be ready soon.'30. The larger of the two rooms (measure) 8 m by 4 m.31. What (happen) in the street now? I can't see anything from here.32. There's nobody else to do the job, so I (suppose) I'll have to do it

3. Rewrite the sentence so that it contains a word from the list and has the same meaning.

belong contain cost look matter see seem smell think weigh

1. Is this car yours, sir?2. This perfume has a nice smell.3. I think there's a mistake.4. I don't understand what you mean.5. What's your opinion?6. At birth a baby elephant is about 90 kg in weight.7. Is the price important?8. What's the price of this model?9. This book could be interesting10. What's in the box?

4. Underline the present simple / continuous verb errors in the text. Write a correction at the end of the line where necessary.

15 Tiptree RdWarwick

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CV29 7AL

Friday, 15 October

Hi, everyone,I have problems getting a new phone connection here, so instead of sending e-mails as usual, I'm actually sitting down to write a letter.I'm imagining you'll be surprised to get this as I’ve never been much of a letter-writer. I'm putting the return address in big letters at the top, because to tell you the truth I'm beginning to feel quite lonely here.Well, perhaps I'm not meaning that exactly. There are plenty of people for me to talk to. In fact I settle in to the student life quite well, but I don’t really know anyone yet. I've got a room in a house a long way from College, and I'm seeming to spend a long time on the bus. A lot of students here cycle, so I'm trying to find a cheap bike, and I also think of moving nearer to College when I can find somewhere. Sorry - an interruption, someone knocks at the door. More later. Later. One of the girls downstairs has a party, and I'm invited. And the phone line has been fixed, so I'm expecting you'll get an e-mail from me very soon! In fact, I consider tearing up this letter, so just ignore everything I've said ...

5. Write four sentences about yourself using these verbs:enjoy hope regret think (of +ing)

Use a dictionary and write an example for each of these verbs, using present simple:

belong consist of contain cost depend on deserve matter own possess resemble

6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present tense.1. Mrs Jones: My daughter never (write) to me so I never (know) what she (do). Your son (write) to you, Mrs Smith? Mrs Smith: Yes, I (hear) from him every week. He (seem) to like writing letters.2. These apples (cost) 40p a bag. You (think) that is expensive? ~ It (depend) on the size of the bag.3. I (see) my solicitor tomorrow (I have arranged this); I (change) my will. ~ You always (change) your will. Why you (not leave) it alone?4. You (look) very thoughtful. What you (think) about? ~ I (think) about my retirement. ~ But you're only 25. You only just (start) your career. ~ I (know); but I (read) an article which (say) that a sensible man (start) thinking about retirement at 25.5. My next door neighbour always (knock) on my door and (ask) me tolend her 10р. pieces. ~ What she (do) with them? ~ She (put) them in her gas meter. I really (not mind) lending her a few 10р. pieces but what (annoy) me is that she (know) how many she (need) each week but never (take) the

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trouble to bring the right number home. ~ What she (do) if she (run out) of them when you are away? ~ Oh, she (borrow) from her other neighbour, Mr White; but this (take) longer because he always (want) her to stay and chat and she (find) it quite hard to get away from him. ~ How much she (owe) you now? ~ I (not know); I (not keep) an account. Anyway she (leave) next week; she (get) married. I (try) to think of a suitable wedding present. ~ Why you (not offer) to cancel her debt? ~ That (sound) rather a mean sort of present. Anyway she probably (not realize) that she (owe) me money. ~ My brother (say) that people who (owe) him money always (seem) toforget about it, but people he (owe) money to always (remember)exactly.6. I (not think) your brother (enjoy) the party. He (keep) looking at hiswatch. ~ Oh, I'm sure he (enjoy) it. He always (enjoy) your parties. But I (know) he (want) to be home early tonight because he (expect) an important telephone call.7. Jack: How much longer you (stay) in England?

Paul: Only one more day. I (leave) tomorrow night. I (go) to Holland for two weeks.

Jack: And you (come) back to England after that or you (go) home? Paul: It (depend) on my father. But if he (agree) to let me go on studying here I'll certainly come back. And I (expect) he will agree.Paul: By the way, Jack, Ann (see) me off at Victoria tomorrow. Why you

(not come) too? You could have coffee with her afterwards. (Paul is advising/inviting Jack to come and see him off.)8. You (see) that man at the corner of the street? He is a privatedetective. He (watch) No. 24. ~ How you (know) he (watch) No. 24? ~ Because whenever anyone (come) out of, or (go) into, the house he(make) a note in his little book.9. What all those people (do) in the middle of the street? And why they(wear) such extraordinary clothes? ~ They (make) a film. Most of the crowd are local people who (work) as extras. ~ It (sound) great fun. You (think) I could get a job as a film extra? ~ I (not know) but I (see) Ann over there; when they (finish) this scene I'll ask her if they still (take) on extras. ~ Ann (act) in the film? ~ She has a small part. She (not act) very well. I (imagine) she got the part because she (know) the director.10. My brother (live) next door and his two children (come) and (see) me every day. The boy (not bother) to knock at the door; he just (climb) in through the window; but the girl always (knock).11. Tom: We (move) into our new house tomorrow.

Bill: But why you (leave) your present house? It (suit) you all.Tom: Yes, I (know) it (do); but the Council (pull down) all the houses

on this side. They (widen) the road. They (say) it's a bottleneck.12. If you (ask) a friend if she (like) your new dress she usually (say) 'Yes'; so you (not know) whether she really (think) it (suit) you or whether she merely (be) polite. ~ If you (want) a candid opinion you'd better ask my sister. She never (tell) white lies; she always (say) exactly what she (think). ~ Your

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sister's frankness (annoy) people? ~ Yes, it (do). The average person (not want) a truthful answer; he (want) you to say something agreeable.13. I (hear) that you have bought a new house. ~ Yes, but I (not live) in it yet. They still (work) on it, and the work (take) longer than I expected. ~ I (think) repair jobs always (take) longer than one (expect). Whatthey (do) now? ~ They (put) in new electric points. They (seem) competent electricians but they (smoke) at their work and this (slow) them down.14. They always (hammer) next door. ~ Yes, that house (keep) changing hands and the new owner always (begin) by putting in a new fireplace, and their fireplace is just on the other side of this wall so we (hear) everything. The wall (shake), too.15. Ann (stir) something in a saucepan and Mary (stand) beside herholding a cookery book.

Mary: It (say) 'simmer', and you (boil) it, Ann.Ann: I (not think) it (matter) if you (cook) it quickly; but I (not know)

why it (not get) thick. It usually (thicken) at once.16. The hall (be) painted at the moment, so it (not look) its best. ~ But where are the painters? They (stop) work at 3.00? ~ No, they are in the kitchen. They (have) a tea break.17. What the word 'Establishment' (mean)? My dictionary (not give) anexplanation. ~ It roughly (mean) the government and people who (have) power and authority. ~ If we (say) that Mr Brown (belong) to the Establishment we also (imply) that he (accept) the existing system. He (not try) to overthrow it. ~ All rich men (belong) to the Establishment? ~ Middle-aged rich men probably (do) but rich young men like pop singers always (jeer) at the Establishment. The word (be used) chiefly in a pejorative sense.18. The house opposite the college (be pulled) down. That's why we (use) the back entrance at present. If you (go) out by the front door you (get) covered with dust.19. Tom: I (smell) something burning!

Jack: So (do) I. I (think) it (come) from the kitchen. Ann probably (iron). She usually (iron) and (watch) TV at the same time and if she (get) very interested in a programme she (forget) that she (press) a hot iron on to somebody's shirt. Mother (think) of selling the TV set.20. Mrs Jones: What you (look) for, Tom?

Mr Jones: I (look) for the garage key. I always (look) for the garage key, because nobody ever (put) it back on its hook.

Mrs Jones: I always (put) it back on its hook. Why you (not try) your pockets? (I advise you to try your pockets).21. Imagine that you (travel) by train, in a crowded compartment. One of the passengers (read) a newspaper; another (do) a crossword puzzle; another (look out) of the window. Suddenly the train (stop) with a jerk and your suitcase (fall) off the rack on to somebody's toes.22. This is a story about an invalid who (spend) most of the day in bed. He has a powerful telescope and he (amuse) himself by watching the activities of the people in the opposite houses. One day when he (watch) No. 24 he (see) a

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murder being committed.23. The cashier used to do the accounts and I used to check his figures; now the computer (do) it all. ~ And who (check) the computer? ~ No one. The computer (not need) a second opinion. ~ And what (happen) if the computer (make) a mistake? The computer never (make) a mistake.

7. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets.

European traffic accident rates fail to meet targets

Although the number of deaths caused in traffic accidents in the EU (1) (go down) experts (2) (still try) to find ways of reducing the number throughout the EU to around 25,000 fatalities per year by 2010. Traffic safety (3) (improve) but experts (4) (believe) that achieving the 2010 goal will prove difficult. Recent statistics (5) (show) that in 2005 in the EU 41,600 people were killed in road accidents. Although progress has been made, most experts (6) (agree) that this figure will have fallen to only around 32,000 by 2010, which (7) (means) that the EU target will be missed by about 7,000. On the other hand, as the amount of traffic (8) (increase), it is possible to argue that the situation is not really as bad as it (9) (look). However one (10) (interpret) the statistics, it (11) (remain) true that as time goes on, it (12) (become) harder and harder to reduce the figures, especially since accident-reduction schemes (13) (cost) a lot of money. Many countries have tried and failed to reduce the number of accidents, and in the EU as a whole, only Sweden (14) (pursue) the goal of zero accidents. Accident reduction is more difficult for newer EU members who (15) (currently face)....................................... very rapid growth in traffic and (16) (have) difficulty in building new roads and in introducing safety measures at a fast enough rate. To complicate matters, most new members (17) (have) very little experience in dealing with the demands of heavy traffic. Experts (18) (suggest) that any safety programme must also set about changing the way drivers (19) (behave). Despite what people often (20) (say), it (21) (seem) to be the younger generation that (22) (cause) most accidents. In line with this research, many countries (23) (introduce) tougher driving tests and (24) (concentrate) on the main causes of accidents: speed, reckless overtaking, alcohol, and over-confidence.

8. Complete the texts with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. If both forms are possible, write both.

a) Doctors express concern over heavy school bags

Every year thousands of children (1) (go) to the doctor because of back pain, and in fact, this kind of problem (2) (rapidly become) one of the most common childhood complaints. And what exactly (3) (cause) this outbreak of back strain and muscle fatigue? It (4) (seem) that even quite young children

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(5) (take) more and more to school - not just books, but also clothes and games players - and their backpacks (6) (simply weigh) too much. 'Some kids (7) (carry) more than 25% of their bodyweight in a bag that has a nice cartoon character on the bag, but which (8) (actually give) them serious backache,' reported Dr Elaine Sachs, a GP in North London. 'Most parents (9) (simply not realize) what (10) (happen) to their children.'

b) Investigators to report on train crash

Accident investigators (1) (still examine) the wreckage of the high-speed train which left the rails and overturned in northwest England last week. According to reports, they (2) (not believe) the accident (3) (involve) driver error. “We (4) (expect) to publish a inquiry into this accident quite soon,” a spokesman announced yesterday. “Engineers (5) (work) round the clock to replace the track, and we (6) (hope) to restore a normal service within two weeks. We (7) (realize) that people (8) (depend) on the railway, and we (9) (understand) how much everyone has been shocked by this accident. However, we (10) (check) thousands of sections of track all over the country to make sure that nothing like this can ever happen again.”

c) Big Brother's watching you!

A burglar (1) (try) to break into a big house in the country. He (2) (walk) very quietly across the garden when he (3) (hear) a voice: 'Big Brother (4) (watch) you!' He (5) (turn) around, but he (6) (not see) anything. So he (7) (creep) nearer to the house. Suddenly he (8) (hear) the voice again and he (9) (see) a cage hanging from a tree. A parrot (10) (sit) in the cage. The burglar (11) (ask) the parrot, 'Did you say that stuff about Big Brother?' The parrot (12) (answer) 'Yes I did.' 'Is that your name then?' The parrot (13) (say) 'No, my name's Montmorency.' The burglar (14) (laugh) 'What kind of stupid idiot would name his parrot Montmorency?' The parrot (15) (reply) 'The same stupid idiot who named his Rottweiler 'Big Brother' - that's the guard dog that (16) (stand) right behind you!'

d) Students now taking longer to finish studies

In the USA some university students nowadays (1) (spend) more and more time in university before graduating. In American universities, many students (2) (pay) their own fees, and this (3) (mean) more time working and less studying. Alan Chester is a 25-year-old journalism student from Ohio who (4) (take) six years to complete his undergraduate degree. In order to pay tuition fees and other expenses he (5) (work) four days a week in the university kitchen, while in the university holidays he (6) (do) a full-time job. “I (7) (find) it difficult at the moment to study and pay my bills at the same time,” he (8) (admit). “But I (9) (try) my best and (10) (manage) to keep the wolf from the door.' Alan's parents (11) (understand) his decision to take longer to

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graduate. 'They (12) (know) what I (13) (go) through, and they (14) (help) me as much as they can. It's hard, but I (15) (learn) to look after myself, and I (16) (experience) stuff that might be useful one day when I'm a journalist.' He (17) (point out) that some students (18) (take) more time to graduate because they (19) (not really know) what they (20) (want) to study. 'New courses of study (21) (develop) all the time, new subjects (22) (appear) on the curriculum. Some students (23) (spend) time experimenting with different courses before choosing their major. So it's not all about money. I (24) (think) universities (25) (go) through a period of change like everything else, and students have to adapt to this changing situation.'

Revision.

1. Choose the correct alternative.ADAM: Hello, Mike. What (1) are you doing / do you do in this part of London?MIKE: Well, actually, (2) I'm looking /I look at flats round here.ADAM: Flats? (3) Are you wanting / Do you want to move?MIKE: Yes. In fact, believe it or not, Mandy and I (4) are getting / get married.ADAM: That's great! Congratulations. When (5) were you deciding /did you decide?MIKE: Only last week. It was while we (6) were staying / stayed with herfamily in Scotland. Now (7) we try / we're trying to find a suitable flat.ADAM: It'll be great to have you as neighbours. I hope you manage to buy one soon.MIKE: Oh, we (8) aren't looking / don't look for one to buy. We (9) aren't having / don't have enough money yet. (10) We're wanting / We want to find somewhere to rent.ADAM: Yes, of course. That's what Anna and I (11) did / were doing for six months. After that, my brother (12) was lending / lent us some money. That's how we (13) were managing /managed to buy ours.MIKE: Really? Perhaps I'll talk to my family before (14) we choose / we're choosing a flat.ADAM: That's not a bad idea. My family (15) gave / were giving us quite a lot of helpful advice. Now, have you got time for a coffee? There's a good place just round the corner.MIKE: Yes, in fact I (16) looked / was looking for somewhere to have a snack when I bumped into you. Let's go.

2. Put the verbs into the correct form: present simple, present continuous, past simple or past continuous.

1. I remember the day you got your exam results. We…….a film in the sitting-room when you rushed in and told us, (watch)

2. I tried to explain the situation to my parents, but they just…….what I was talking about, (not / understand)

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3. What have you put in my burger? It…….absolutely disgusting, (taste)

4. Peter always claimed that he was innocent, but for many years no-one…….him, (believe)

5. It's a great jacket, I know, but unfortunately it…….to me. I'm justborrowing it for the party this evening, (not / belong)

6. Why…….that thin dress? You'll freeze to death in this cold wind! (you / wear)

7. Molly's fed up because she hurt her ankle when she…….this morning, (jog)

8. While I was admiring the view, someone stole the bag which…….all my traveller's cheques, (contain)

9. Look! .......that man standing beside the cash desk? I'm sure he's planning to steal something, (you / see)

10.Tea or coffee? I'm making both, so just say which you............. (prefer)

11.The boys didn't want to come shopping with us because they …….football on television, (watch)

3. Complete the email with suitable verbs in the correct form: present simple, present continuous, past simple or past continuous.

From: Alice TaylorTo: Anita Collins Subject: Indian CDs

Dear Anita,

Thanks for the email, which (1)……………yesterday. I (2)…………to feel much better now although my leg still (3)……….if I (4)……….too far. Last weekend I (5)………..some friends who (6)……….the summer in a holiday house near here. I (7).............to their house quite easily, butwhile I (8)..............................home, my leg (9)..........................to ache really badly. So this week I (10)……….more careful.I'm very pleased you (11)...........................to find that website about Indian music that you (12).....................................for. I can lend you some CDs if you (13)……….I must stop now because I (14)..........................rather tired. Please email me again soon. I'm OK, but you know me, I (15)……….bored very quickly!

Love, Alice

II. Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Continuous .

1. We use the Present Perfect:

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1. For an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with state verbs such as be, have, like, know, etc. In this case we often use for and since.e.g. Rachel has had the dog for three years.

2.For an action which has recently finished and whose result is visible in the present.e.g. She has just washed her hair (Her hair is wet).

3. For an action which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is not mentioned because it is either unknown or unimportant. The emphasis is placed on the action.e.g. The Tailors have bought a sailing boat. (The exact time is unknown or unimportant. What is important is the fact that they now own a sailing boat).

4. For an action which has happened within a specific time period which is not over at the moment of speaking. We often use words and expressions such as today, this morning/evening/week/month, etc.e.g. She has taken fifteen pictures today. (The time period – today – is not over yet. She may take more pictures.) BUT: She took twenty pictures yesterday.

5. We use the present perfect to announce a piece of news and the past simple or the past continuous to give more details about it. e.g. The police have finally arrested Peter Duncan. He was trying to leave the country when they caught him.

The present perfect is used with the following time expressions: for, since, already, yet, always, just, ever, never, so far, today, this week/month, etc., how long, lately, recently, still (in negations), etc.

2. We use the Present Perfect Continuous:1. To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with time expressions such as for, since, all morning/day/year, etc.e.g. Sam has been talking on the phone for half an hour.

2.For an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. The action may have finished or may still be going on. The result of the action is visible in the present.e.g. Her feet hurt. She has been walking all morning. (The result of the action is visible in the present – her feet hurt.)

3. To express anger, irritation or annoyance.e.g. Somebody has been giving away our plans!

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4. With the verbs live, work, teach and feel (= have a particular emotion) we can use the present perfect and the present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning. e.g. We have lived/ have been living here for twenty years.

The present perfect continuous is used with the following time expressions: for, since, how long, lately, recently.

NB! We use the present perfect to put emphasis on number the present perfect continuous to put emphasis on duration.

Compare the examples:e.g. I’ve typed four reports so far.I’ve been typing reports all morning.

1. Put in the present perfect continuous or simple.1. That man (stand) outside for hours.2. The castle (stand) on that hill for 900 years.3. Ann (garden) all afternoon. She (plant) a lot of rose bushes.4. James (go) out every night this week.5. He (see) a lot of Alexandra recently.6. How long (you wait)?7. I (wait) long enough. I'm going.8. Her family (farm) this land since the tenth century.9. She (only farm) for two years, but she's doing very well.10. I (learn) German for six years.11. I (learn) most of the irregular verbs.12. My mother (do) all her Christmas shopping.13. I (do) Christmas shopping all day.14. I (clean) the car. Doesn't it look nice?15. 'You look tired.' 'I (wash) clothes all day.'

2. Tick the sentences which are correct. In some pairs, one sentence is correct. In other pairs, both sentences are correct.

1. She's had a headache all day. She's been having a headache all day.2. I've wanted a dog for a long time. I've been wanting a dog for a long time.3. They've eaten lunch. They've been eating lunch.4. I've known her for two years. I've been knowing her for two years.5. He's been very helpful. He's been being very helpful.6. He's tasted the soup. He's been tasting the soup.7. They've seen this film before. They've been seeing this film before.8. I've seen a throat specialist. I've been seeing a throat specialist.9. We've realised where we are now. We've been realising where we are now.10.It's belonged to us for many years. It's been belonging to us for many years.11.He's explained the plan to us. He's been explaining the plan to us.

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12.You've broken my pen. You've been breaking my pen.

3. Put the verbs into the correct form: present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.

1. John's terribly upset. (he / break)………. off his engagement to Megan. Apparently…………(she / see) someone else while…………..(he / be) in Africa.

2. Could you translate this Swedish newspaper article for me? I understood Swedish when I was a child, but(I / forget) it all.

3. What's that mark on the side of the car? .................................(you / have) an accident?

4. This cassette recorder is broken………….(you / play about) with it?5. Your Italian is very good………….(you / study) it long?6. Of course you don't know what I think! ..................................(you /

never / ask) my opinion.7. I'm not surprised................(he / fail) the exam. (he / not / work) hard

recently.8. Pete's hands are very dirty. …………….(he / repair) the garden wall.9. I'm going to give that cat some food....................................(it / sit) on

the doorstep for hours. I'm sure it's starving.10. (I / do) grammar exercises all morning. I deserve a treat for lunch.11.Where are my keys? This is the third time……..(I / lose) them today!12.Oh, do be quiet..........................................(you / grumble) all day!13.Since Maria won the lottery(she / spend) money like water. (she /

buy) a new car and..............(she / move) to a big new house and ……….(she / give) wonderful parties every weekend too. In fact, I'm going to one tomorrow.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect simple or present perfect continuous.

1. Peter: You (telephone) for ages. You not nearly (finish)?Jack: I (not get) through yet. I (try) to get our Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning.

2. Ann (fail) her driving test three times because she's so bad at reversing. But she (practise) reversing for the last week and I think she (get) a bit better at it.

3. Tom: I often (wonder) why Bill left the country so suddenly. Peter: Actually, I just (find) out.

4. He (play) the bagpipes since six o'clock this morning. He only just (stop).

5. Why you (not bring) me the letters for signature? You (not type) them yet?

6. Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): You (sunbathe)?

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Mary (crossly): Don't be ridiculous! It (rain) all day!7. A pair of robins (build) a nest in the porch since last week. I (watch)

them from my window since they began.8. The police (not find) the murderer yet, but the dead man's brother

(be) in the station all day. The police say that he (help) them with their enquiries.

9. They (pull) down most of the houses in this street, but they (not touch) the old shop at the corner yet.

10. Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we (search) for six months and (not see) any sign of it.

11. I (wait) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I (wait) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again.

12. Peter (be) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he (look) for a better post but so far he (not find) anything.

13. I (do) housework all morning and I (not finish) yet. ~ I (do) mine already. I always start at 6 a.m.

14. I just (pick) ten pounds of strawberries! I (grow) strawberries for years but I never (have) such a good crop before.

15. What you (do) with the corkscrew? The point is broken off. ~ I'm afraid I (use) it to make holes in this tin.

16. She just (sell) two of her own paintings. ~ She's lucky. I (paint) for five years and I (not sell) a single picture yet.

17. They are throwing crockery at each other in the next flat. ~ This (happen) before? ~ Well, they (have) a good many rows but this is the first time they (throw) crockery.

18. What you (do) with my typewriter? I can't find it anywhere. ~ Tom just (go) off with it. He says he'll bring it back when he (finish).

19. He (work) for Crow Brothers for forty years and never once (be) late. The firm just (present) him with a gold watch as a sign of their appreciation.

20. We (mend) sheets all morning but we only (do) three, and now the sewing machine (break) down so we'll be even slower with the next one.

21. George (collect) matchboxes ever since he left school. Now he (collect) so many that he doesn't know where to put them.

22. I (look) through my old photograph album. It's full of photographs of people whose names I completely (forget). I wonder what (happen) to them all.

23. It was lovely at eleven o'clock, but since then the sky (get) steadily darker and the wind (rise). I'm afraid the fine spell (come) to an end.

24. Since he became Mayor, my brother reckons that he (eat) 30 official lunches and 22 official dinners, and he (lose) count of the number of receptions and parties that he (attend). ~ He (put) on a lot of weight?

25. Secretary: Customers (ring) up all morning complaining aboutgetting incorrect bills.

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Manager: I know; something (go) wrong with our computer. The mechanic (work) on it. I hope he (find) out what's wrong.

26. Someone (use) my umbrella! It's all wet! And it was wet yesterdayand the day before! ~ Well, it wasn't me. I (not be) out of the house for a week!

27. I (stand) in this queue for ages. It (not move) at all in the last five minutes. I think the man in the ticket office just (shut) his window and (go) off for lunch.

28. The Town Council (consider) my application for permission to build a garage for three months. They just (give) my neighbour permission to build one, so I hope they (decide) to let me have one too.

29. You look exhausted! ~ Yes, I (play) tennis and I (not play) for years, so I'm not used to it.

30. They began widening this road three weeks ago; but the workmen (be) on strike for the last fortnight so they (not get) very far with it.

31. That man (stand) at the bus stop for the last half hour. Shall I tell him that the last bus already (go)?

32. I wonder if anything (happen) to Tom. I (wait) an hour now. He often (keep) me waiting but he never (be) quite so late as this.

33. Mrs Brown (live) next door for quite a long time now but she never (say) more than 'Good morning' to me.

34. I just (remember) that I (not pay) the rent yet. I am surprised that the landlord (not ring) me up to remind me. ~ It is the first time you (be) late with the rent in 25 years. He probably thinks that you (pay) and he (lose) the cheque.

35. Shop assistant: Could you give me some proof of your identity,madam?Customer: But I (shop) here for fifteen years!Shop assistant: I know, madam, but apparently the company (lose) a lot of money lately through dud cheques and they (make) new regulations which we (be told) to apply to all customers no matter how long we (know) them.

36. What you (do)? I (look) for you for ages. ~ I (build) a barbecue in the garden.

5. Complete the conversation with the verbs from the box in the correct form: present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. In some cases both forms are possible. You need to use some of the verbs more than once. Read the whole conversation before you begin.

be come do drive find have look

Jane (J) is being interviewed by Mrs Carr (C) for a job working with young children.C: Come in, Jane. Please sit down. Would you like a coffee? J: Thank you, actually I (l) (just) one. C: Oh good. Now, do you know this area at all?

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J: Quite well. I've got friends who live in this town, so I (2) here for holidays since I was a child. I'm staying with them at the moment, actually. C: Oh, that's nice. And do you have a driving licence?J: Yes. I (3) for four years now.C: And would you say you're a careful driver?J: Yes, I think so. At least I (4) (never) an accident.C: Good. Now, could you tell me why you think you would be right for this job?J: Well, I (5) (always) interested in working with small children. And I (6) two holiday jobs looking after children.C: How do you think you would cope in an emergency?J: I'm quite a calm person, I think. I (7) a first aid course too. I got a certificate.C: That's good. Now, this job isn't permanent, as you know. We need someone for about a year. How would that fit with your long-term plans?J: I'd like to work abroad eventually. But I want some full-time experience first. I (8) a Nursery Teacher's course this year. We finish next week, in fact.C: When would you be able to start?J: As soon as I finish my course.C: Excellent. And would you live with your friends?J: Well, probably not. I want to rent a small flat. I (9) in the paper every day, but I (10) (not) anything yet.C: Well, if you get the job, we'll try to help you. Now, would you like to come and meet some of the children?J: Oh, yes.C: Right, if you'll just follow me then.

Revision.

1. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form: present, past or future (active or passive).

a) Malaria deaths fall nearly 40% worldwide in last decade

There 1) (be) a fall of nearly 40% in the number of deaths from malaria worldwide in the past decade, the World Health Organization says. A new report 2) (say) that one-third of the 108 countries where malaria 3) (be) endemic 4) (be) on course to eradicate the disease within 10 years.Malaria 5) (be) eradicated from three more countries since 2007.The Roll Back Malaria Partnership 6) (aim) to eliminate malaria in another eight to 10 countries by the end of 2015, including the entire WHO European Region. The mosquito-borne disease 7) (be) most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, where 85% of deaths 8) (occur). In 2009, 781,000 people 9) (die) from malaria.

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Robert Newman, director of the WHO's Global Malaria Programme, says "remarkable progress" 10) (make). "Better diagnostic testing and surveillance 11) (provide) a clearer picture of where we are on the ground - and 12) (show) that there are countries eliminating malaria in all endemic regions of the world," he 13) (tell) an international Malaria Forum conference in Seattle. Global eradication A global malaria eradication campaign, launched by WHO in 1955, 14) (succeed) in eliminating the disease in 16 countries and territories.But after less than two decades, the WHO 15) (decide) to concentrate instead on the less ambitious goal of malaria control.In recent years, interest in malaria eradication as a long-term goal 16) (re-emerge).The WHO 17) (estimate) that malaria 18) (cause) significant economic losses, and can decrease gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 1.3% in countries with high levels of transmission.

BBC News, 18.10.2011

b) Very Large Array telescope in public call for new name

One of the world's most famous radio telescope facilities 19) (need) a new name - and ideas 20) (want).The Very Large Array (VLA) is a bank of radio telescopes in New Mexico, US, and 21) (appear) in a number of films including Contact and Independence Day.The array 22) (undergo) a radical upgrade of its electronics since 2001.To celebrate the project's finish, the observatory that 23) (run) the array 24) (want) to rename it - and 25) (ask) the public to submit ideas.The contest is open until 1 December and the winner 26) (announce) at the American Astronomical Society conference in January.The VLA 27) (construct) in the 1970s, and much of the electronics that 28) (collect) and 29) (process) the radio signals from its 27 gigantic antennas 30) (date) from that era.The array 31) (use) for more than three decades to tease out details of far-flung galaxies, supernovas and black holes - when not appearing in films.The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) that 32) (run) the facility for a decade 33) (fit) it with state-of-the-art digital electronics.The updated system should be 10 times more sensitive to the faint radio hum from the cosmos.The astronomy community 34) (have) a long history of descriptive yet fairly unimaginative names - including the VLA itself, the Very Large Telescope in Chile, and the yet-to-be-built European Extremely Large Telescope (the design for which 35) (choose) over the alternative Overwhelmingly Large Telescope).Now, the NRAO 36) (want) to open up the choice to the public's creativity.

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BBC News, 15.10.2011

7. A. Choose one of these topics and say what happened, what has been happening or what has happened. These can be fictional if you prefer.

news of family and friends

climate change

the political situation in your country

В. Use your knowledge of the news to make lists of:things that happened recentlythings that have been happeningthings that happened

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GRAMMAR 2.

Articles and Quantifiers.

Before you start doing the following exercises prepare 2 reports : a) “The use of articles with geographical names”;b) “Countable and uncountable nouns. The use of quantifiers”.3

1. Use articles with geographical names.

1. ___ Pacific is much larger than ___ Arctic or ___ Indian Ocean. 2. ___ Sahara is the biggest desert in ___ North Africa. 3. ___ Mont Blanc is the highest peak in ___ Alps. 4. ___ City of ___ London stands on ___ river Thames. 5. Is ___ Mississippi longer or shorter than ___ Rhine? 6. Portugal is a small country in ___ west of Europe; on one of its borders is ___ Spain, on the other ___ Atlantic Ocean 7. Who was the first to reach ___ North Pole? 8. ___ USA is the biggest country of ___ North America. 9. ___ Lake Ontario, or ___ Ontario, is one of the largest lakes in ___ north of ___ United States on the border with ___ Canada. 10. Greece is situated in ___ south of ___ Eastern Europe on the coast of ___ Mediterranean. 11. The official name of ___ Holland is the State of ___ Netherlands, or just ___ Netherlands; the latter word is used with an article because it literally means “low lands”. 12. The forests of ___ Eastern Siberia and of ___ Far East are the greatest forest resources in ___ east of ___ modern Russia. 13. ___ United Kingdom includes ___ Great Britain and ___ Northern Ireland; it occupies ___ British Isles. 14. In what country of ___ Northern Europe is ___ Hague situated? 15. The birthplace of our civilisation was the area situated between ___ Tiger and Euphrates rivers, which is now called ___ Middle East.

2. Translate the following into English.

1. Вест-Индия это цепочка островов между Северной и Южной Америкой. 2. Аргентина получила свое название от латинского “argentum”, означающего “серебро”. 3. Эверест – высочайший пик в Гималаях. 3. Гаага – город в западной части Нидерландов, где заседает голландский парламент. 4. Вы бывали в Эрмитаже? 5. Филиппины расположены в Юго-восточной Азии. 6. Пиренеи расположены на западе Испании. 7. На Кавказе горы моложе и выше, чем в Крыму. 8. Амазонка – самая крупная река в Южной Америке. 9. Кто первым пролетел через Северный Ледовитый океан в Америку? 10. Египет расположен в северо-восточной Африке; его северная граница – Средиземное море, восточная граница – Красное море.3 Possible references: Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use; Liz & John Soars. New Headway (Upper-Intermediate) – Grammar Reference Unit 4.

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3. Choose the right word.

Remember that some words can have different meanings and be either countable or uncountable.E.g. an experience (событие, происшествие) – experience (опыт = совокупность приобретенных знаний) a help (прислуга) - help (помощь) an iron (утюг) - iron (железо) a wood (лес) - wood (дерево=материал) a paper (работа, сочинение) - paper (бумага) a business (компания, фирма) - business (бизнес) a hair (волосок) - hair (волосы) a work (произведение искусства) - work (работа=процесс), etc.

1. All areas of the skin are in fact covered in tiny hair/hairs.2. We’ve looked at the menu and we’d all like chicken/chickens.3. Jack is a millionaire and he owns a lot of business/businesses.4. Have you got the complete work/works of Dickens?5. None of the passengers have insured their baggage/baggages.6. Students must pass their paper/papers to the front.7. I’m afraid, we can’t find cheap accommodation/accommodations for

all of you.8. I did meet him once and it was an experience/ experience I shall

never forget.9. My trousers need pressing. Can you lend me iron/an iron?10.We met at a café. He bought me coffee/a coffee.11.Let me give you some advices/advice.12.Can you lend me some papers/paper? I want to type a letter. 13.I used to have long hair/hairs. But I had it cut.14.I can’t go out tonight. I have work/works to do.15.Banking is profitable. It is a good business/good business.16.This boy is just hired help/a hired help.17.Thank you very much. You’ve been great help/a great help.18.He went away on business/a business.19.I haven’t eaten a lobster/lobster before.20.The suitcases were too heavy to carry. I needed a help/help.

4. Choose the right word.a)1. We have imported fewer/less videos this year than last year.2. There has been fewer/less demand for videos this year than last year.

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3. A number of/a small amount of vehicles has just been recalled because of a design fault.4. Many/much effort has been put into this project.5. There isn’t many/much hope of finding the fault.6. There aren’t many/much dictionaries that can compare with this one.7. A big amount/a number of businesses have gone bankrupt this year.8. Sell this car. We’ve had enough/hardly any trouble with it already.9. There have been a huge amount of/hardly any accidents on this corner this year.10. There have been much/many changes in the new edition.11.There has been few/little change in the new edition.12.There have been little/hardly any changes to our plans.13.You only need a few/a small amount of salt in a dish like this.14.We need a bit of/a couple of people to work in our new warehouse.15.There were lots of/much complaints about the service.16.Your café is excellent. Hardly any/no people have complained either about the food or the service.17.How much did we make yesterday? $200? – No, much less/a few less than that.18.You’ve had enough food already and you can’t have any more/some more.19.There are much more/many more people who give up smoking these days.20.Newspapers have many less/much less freedom than you think.21.Lots more/much more young people are passing their driving test the first time.22.I’ll help myself to some more/any more of these vegetables.23.There’s been a lot less/many less interest in this idea than we expected.24.There’ve been no less/no fewer than forty applicants for this job.25.We need many more/much more of this material but it is hard to get.26.I’ve got much more/many more experience in business than you think.

b)

Spare That Tree

How (27) many/much lists is your name on? There must be (28) a great deal of/plenty of lists of names in every part of the world and they must be used to send information to (29) million/millions of people. The (30) number/amount of letters ordinary people receive these days has greatly increased. (31) Most/Most of the people I know object to receiving unwanted letters. (32) Much/many of the mail we receive goes straight into the waste-paper basket. That’s why (33) most/most of the people refer to it as ‘junk

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mail’. It would be better for all of us if we received (34) much/many less junk mail and, as a result, saved (35) many/much more trees from destruction. (36) A huge amount/a great number of trees must be wasted each year to produce mountains of junk mail. Recently I received a very welcome (37) number/bit of junk mail. It was a leaflet urging me not to waste paper and to return junk mail to the sender. ‘If we do this’, the leaflet said, ‘we will reduce (38) the number/the amount of trees being destroyed. I agree with every word they said, but why did they have to send four copies of the leaflet?

5. Choose the right word.

1. I had little/a little time to spare, so I browsed round a bookshop.2. Help yourself to a biscuit. There are few/a few left in the tin.3. My days are so busy that I have little/a little time for relaxation.4. She is exceptionally generous. Few/a few people give more money to charity than she does.5. There is little/a little butter left, but not much.6. He keeps trying though he has little/a little chance of success.7. ‘I’m afraid, you need few/ a few fillings’, said the dentist.8. He must have made a hundred clocks in his life, but few/a few of them ever worked properly.9. She wasn’t hungry. She just had few/a few spoonfuls of soup.10.I can’t play tennis today. I have few/a few jobs to do around the house.11.Help yourself to a whisky. There is still little/a little left.12.Nowadays few/a few people have servants in their house.13.I had little/a little time to catch the train, but I just made it.14.I have few/a few friends that I can trust, but not many.15.Don’t bother, little/a little depends on the outcome of the inquiry.16.There are few/a few scholarships for students in this university.17.It you don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train. There is little/a little time to spare.18.It’s a difficult text. I’ve had to look up quite few/a few words in the dictionary.19.I can’t spare any of these catalogues. There are only few/a few left.20.I can’t let you use much of this perfume. There’s only little/a little in the bottle.21.There are few/a few people who know about this, so keep it to yourself.22.If what you say is true, there is little/a little we can do about it. We’d better give it up.23.His ideas are difficult and few/a few people understand them.24.His ideas are difficult but few/a few people understand them.25.The average MP has little/a little real power.

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26.We go to parties every weekend. We’ve got quite few/a few friends here.27.She earns little/a little more than you because she does extra jobs at the office.

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VOCAB & SPEAKING1. Study the following idioms and use them in your own sentences.

A flash in the pan - Something showy that initially impresses but doesn't bring any real results.

All-singing, all-dancing - If something's all-singing, all-dancing, it is the latest version with the most up-to-date features.

Bells and whistles - Bells and whistles are attractive features that things like computer programs have, though often a bit unnecessary.

Blow a fuse - If you blow a fuse, you become uncontrollably angry.

Cutting edge - Something that is (at the) cutting edge is at the forefront of progress in its area.

Don't push my buttons! - This can be said to someone who is starting to annoy you.

Garbage in, garbage out - If a computer system or database is built badly, then the results will be bad.

Get your wires crossed - If people get their wires cross, they misunderstand each other, especially when making arrangements.  ('Get your lines crossed' is also used.)

Light years ahead - If you are light years ahead of others, you are a long way in front of them in terms of development, success, etc.

On the same wavelength - If people are on the same wavelength, they have the same ideas and opinions about something.

Out of steam - Tired, given up.

Rocket science - If something is not rocket science, it is not very complicated or difficult to understand. This idiom is normally used in the negative.

Silver surfer - A silver surfer is an elderly person who uses the internet.

Sputnik moment - A Sputnik moment is a point where people realise that they are threatened of challenged and have to redouble their efforts to catch

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up. It comes from the time when the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, the Sputnik 1, and beat the USA into space.

Throw a spanner in the works - Deliberately causing confusion, sabotaging something, ruining a plan.

Tune in - To understand someone's message.

Complete each sentence with one of the idioms.

1. We had high hopes for the new director, but she was a ………………….2. The politician ran ……………….during the campaign (= got exhausted).3. Tell him you're using the car that weekend - that should …………….. in his works.4. I got my ………... and called his home phone instead of his work phone. 5. Writing the screenplay was easy because Bill and I were…………………….(= in agreement)6. The school's computer lab is (at/on the) …………….. It has all the latest hardware and software.7. Don't ……………… (= don’t lose your temper), we're nearly finished.

2. Translate the following situations using the idioms above.

1) - Я уже совсем выдохся, пытаясь исполнить все требования своей жены!- Что на этот раз?- Теперь она хочет новый Porche, весь с наворотами, который стоит 150000£. Лично я считаю, что такую машину просто невозможно использовать в повседневной жизни, не говоря уже о том, чтобы оставлять ее без присмотра на улицах города. 2) – Мистер Ли, я пришел просить повышения... - Да как ты смеешь! Ты самый неквалифицированный и неопытный работник в нашей компании. Кроме того, ты постоянно вставляешь палки в колеса своим коллегам, когда понимаешь, что они более успешны и трудолюбивы.- Ну пожалуйста, хотя бы процентов на 5…- Не выводи меня из себя! Надо лучше работать! Как работаешь – так и получаешь!3) - Джим сказал, сегодня совещание. Разве нет?- Нет. Совещание завтра. Похоже, у него всё в голове перепуталось. 4) Она показала нам новую программу со всякими примочками для создания красочных презентаций.5) Питер и Сара в последнее время действительно на одной волне – они соглашаются практически по поводу всего.

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6) Мэр города пообещал, что в новом медицинском центре будут просторные палаты и что он будет оснащен передовым медицинским оборудованием. Он добавил, что строительство такого объекта даст работу многим врачам и ученым, которые на сегодняшний день ушли далеко вперед в области исследований мозга.7) Некоторые преуспевают в технических науках, но для некоторых – это китайская грамота!

3. Render the following extract from the famous Stanford Commencement Speech. Use at least 15 active words and expressions (including the idioms). Find the full version of the speech on the Internet. Retell the other two stories.

Из речи Стива Джобса перед выпускниками Стэнфордского университета (июнь 2005 года).

"Для меня большая честь быть с вами сегодня на вручении дипломов одного из самых лучших университетов мира. Сегодня я хочу рассказать вам три истории из моей жизни. И всё. Ничего грандиозного. Просто три истории…

История о любви и потере.

Мне повезло – я нашёл то, что я люблю делать, довольно рано. Стив Возняк и я основали Apple в гараже моих родителей, когда мне было 20. Мы усиленно трудились, и через десять лет компания Apple уже стоила $2млд и имела 4000 сотрудников. Мы выпустили наше самое лучшее создание, Macintosh, годом раньше. Мне только-только исполнилось 30. А потом меня уволили. Как вас могут уволить из компании, которую вы основали? По мере роста Apple мы нанимали талантливых людей, которые помогали мне управлять компанией, и первые пять лет всё шло хорошо. Но потом наше видение будущего стало расходиться, и мы, в конечном счёте, поссорились. Совет директоров перешёл на их сторону. Поэтому в 30 лет я был уволен. Причём публично. То, что было смыслом всей моей взрослой жизни, пропало.

Я не знал, что делать, несколько месяцев. Я встречался с Дэвидом Паккардом и Бобом Нойсом и пытался извиниться за то, что натворил. Это было публичным провалом, и я даже подумывал о том, чтобы сбежать. Но постепенно пришло осознание: я всё ещё любил то, что делал. Ход событий в Apple лишь слегка всё изменил. Я был отвергнут, но я любил. И, в конце концов, я решил начать всё сначала. Тогда я этого не понимал, но оказалось, что увольнение из Apple было

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лучшим, что могло произойти со мной. Бремя успеха сменилось легкомыслием начинающего, менее уверенного в чём-либо человека. Я освободился и вошёл в один из самых творческих периодов своей жизни.

В течение следующих пяти лет я основал компанию NeXT, другую компанию, названную Pixar, и влюбился в удивительную женщину, которая стала моей женой. Pixar создала самый первый компьютерный анимационный фильм, «История игрушек» (Toy Story), и является теперь самой успешной анимационной студией в мире. В результате поразительных событий Apple купила NeXT, я вернулся в Apple, и технология, разработанная в NeXT, вдохнула новую жизнь в Apple. А Лорин и я стали замечательной семьёй.

Я уверен, что ничего этого не случилось бы, если бы меня не уволили из Apple. Лекарство было горьким, но пациенту оно помогло. Иногда жизнь обходится с нами жестоко. Не теряйте веры. Я убеждён: единственное, что помогло мне снова подняться, было то, что я люблю свою работу. Вам надо найти то, что вы любите. И это так же важно для работы, как и для отношений. Ваша работа заполнит большую часть вашей жизни, и единственный способ быть абсолютно счастливым – делать то, что, по-вашему, является великим делом. И единственный способ делать великие дела – любить то, что вы делаете. Если вы ещё не нашли своего призвания, ищите. Не останавливайтесь. И как это бывает в делах сердечных, вы почувствуете, когда найдёте то, что вам нужно. Настоящая любовь с годами только крепнет. Поэтому ищите, пока не найдёте. Не останавливайтесь.

On the phone.

1. Match the words with their definition.

1. public telephone / payphone: a. one of a number of phones on the same line, in a home or office.

2. mobile phone, mobile (BrE) / cellphone, cellular phone, cellular (AmE):

b. a camera attached to a computer and phone line, so two people talking on the phone can see each other

3. WAP phone: c. phone in a public place operated with money, credit card or a phone card.

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4. extension: d. an extension not connected by a wire, so you can use it around the house or in the garden.

5. cordless phone, cordless: e. a phone you can take with you and use anywhere.

6. pager: f. a special phone with a screen so you can see the other person.

7. webcam: g. a mobile phone with access to the Internet

8. videophone: h. allows you to receive written messages

Phoning scenario

2. Fill in the blanks with the following words: switchboard, keypad, dialing tone, direct line, dial (2).

You want to phone someone in a company. You pick up the phone. You hear the ……… and ……… the number on the ………. You don't know the person's ……… number, so you ……… the number of the company's ……… . One of these things happens:

3. Fill in the blanks with the following words: cut off, the wrong number, return, call, operator, hang up, engaged tone, call back, busy tone, transfer, put through, extension, get through, voicemail.

a. The number rings but no one answers.

b. You hear the ……… (BrE) / ……… (AmE) because the other person is already talking on the phone. You ……… and try again later.

c. You……… , but not to the number you wanted. The person who answers says you've got ……… .

d. The ……… answers. You ask for the of the person you want to speak to.

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e. You are ………to the wrong extension. The person offers to ………you to the right extension, but you are ……… - the call ends.

f. The person you want to speak to is not at their desk and you leave a message on their ……… . You ask them to ……… you ……… or to……… your ……… .

Phone verbs.

1. Phone conversations use a lot of phrasal verbs. Match the phrasal verbs in the column on the left to the phrases with similar meanings in the column on the right.

1. to get through a. to connect2. to put through c. to disconnect 3. to cut off b. to be connected4. to hang up d. to wait5. to hold on e. to put down the receiver

3. Paraphrase the sentences using phrasal verbs:

1. I'm trying to connect you. I'm trying to …….……….2. We've been disconnected. We've been ………………3. I can't connect to the number. I can't…………………….4. I'll put down the receiver now. I'll……………………now.5. Would you like to wait? Would you like to……….?6. Can you speak more loudly? Can you …………………?7. Could you call again later? Could you …………………later?

3. What other phrasal verbs do you know that are often used on the phone?

Revision.

1. Here are two voicemail messages. Choose the best word from the brackets to complete each sentence.

1. Jacques. It's Paul. I can't.............................next Monday's meeting after all (being / make / arrive). Something has come.............................and I have to fly to Frankfurt (out / down / up). ..................Tuesday be possible for you? (Would / What / Why) If not, we'll have to………it off until the week after (let / take / put). I'll be in………soon (touch / calling / speak). Bye.

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2. Ellen. It's Stefan. I'm afraid the 22nd won't be possibility / possible / possibly). I'm sorry, but I've.............................to go to Oslo (have / must / got). We're going to have to put it.............................for at least a week (back / out / behind). I'm completely..............................under with the Woodstock contract (rained / snowed / stormed). Can we leave it.............................for the time being? (open / shut / fixed) Talk to you.............................no doubt (now / then / soon). Bye.

2. Here are three telephone conversations. Choose the best word from the brackets to complete each sentence.

• Good morning. This is Pierre Cognet. Could I ……… to Mr Roberts, please? (tell / speak / phone)• I'm …………. he's in a meeting. (afraid / scared / unfortunate)• Ah. Could I ……… a message? (ask / send / leave) • Of course.• Could you ask him to call me …….. ? My number's 33-1-4776 5821. (back / down / round)• ОК. I'll tell him you called.• Thank you.

• Hello. Is that Anna?•…….. (Saying / Talking / Speaking).• Hi, Anna. This is Alain. Is this a ……… time to call? (fine / good / best)• Not really, Alain. Could you call back ………? (late / lately / later)• OK. I'll call back after lunch.• That’s great. Bye

• Hello. Is that Sven Anderson?• No. Sven's not in the office today. Can I ……… a message? (make / take / plate)• Oh, I'm calling ……… tomorrow's meeting. I wanted to confirm that it starts at 10. (about / for / to)• Yes, it does. I'll be there too.• Ah, good. Thank you. I’ll see you tomorrow then. Bye.• See you tomorrow. Bye.

3. Here are some things you might hear on the phone. Write one word in each gap to complete the messages and conversations.

1. 'Call me at the office tomorrow. My………line is 01202 818335. If I'm not there, leave a message on my………and I'll call you………when I get in.'

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2. 'All international lines are…………. Please………up and try again later.'

3.'Can I speak to Anita Singh, please?''Oh, I'm sorry. She's not on this ……… ; she's on 227. I'll put you through to the main………. Just ask the……… to transfer you to the Sales Department.'

4. 'Good morning. You are……… to the King's Theatre ticket hotline. How can I help you?''Oh, I think I've got the ……… number. I wanted 470401.''Ah, yes. This is 470410.'

5. 'Hello, operator. Can you check a number for me? It's 077 23 23 23. I was talking to someone there but I got………off. Now when I call, I just get the ……… tone.'

6.'Hello, Reception? Can you tell me how to make a call to France?''Certainly, sir. Just pick up the phone and ……… "9" to get a line. When you hear the ……… tone, dial 00 33 and then the number you want in France.'

7.'This is the Freedom Credit Card helpline. To check your balance, please press "1" on your ……… To make a payment, press "2".'

8.'Hi, Alex. This is Mario. I got your message yesterday, but I was busy so I couldn't ……… your call. Sorry I missed you. I'll call ……… later.'

4. In this table, make a summary of some telephoning phrases. Compare your answers.

Asking to speak to someone

What you hear if the person is not available

Asking someone to wait

Asking for the other person's name

Saying that you'll phone again later

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5. Comment on the following quotations.

Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be.George Orwell

Technological progress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal. Albert Einstein

Where there is the necessary technical skill to move mountains, there is no need for the faith that moves mountains. Eric Hoffer

The worst thing about the miracle of modern communications is the Pavlovian pressure it places upon everyone to communicate whenever a bell rings.Russell Baker

It seems rather incongruous that in a society of supersophisticated communication, we often suffer from a shortage of listeners.Erma Bombeck.

Technology is so much fun but we can drown in our technology. The fog of information can drive out knowledge.Daniel Boorstin

Technology is ruled by 2 types of people: those who manage what they do not understand, and those who understand what they do not manage.Mike Trout

Technology makes it possible for people to gain control over everything, except over technology.John Tudor

Technology is like a fish. The longer it stays on the shelf, the less desirable it becomes.Andrew Heller

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.Arthur C. Clarke

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It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity.Albert Einstein

READING & SPEAKING

1. Answer these questions. Then discuss your answers. a. Which of these items do you have? iPhone iPod iPad iMacb. Do you use iTunes? What do you use it for? / Why don’t you use it?

c. What is an app?2. a) Write the key words from the article next to the definitions below.

neat devices svelte swiping intuitive licensed mourners tributes manipulate cutting-edge flop

1. people who are very sad because someone has died ________________________ 2. things that you do or say to show that you respect and admire someone or something ________________________ 3. ________________________ products are ones that someone has official permission to use. 4. extremely modern and advanced ________________________ 5. a complete failure ________________________ 6. graceful, thin, and attractive ________________________ 7. (in computing) to change, correct or move information stored on a computer ________________________ 8. machines or pieces of equipment that do a particular thing ________________________ 9. an ________________________ system or piece of software is easy to use because the process of operating it is very obvious. 10. producing a result in a simple but intelligent way; (mainly American informal) good, or nice ________________________ 11. the movement of passing your hand from one side of a touchscreen to another ________________________

b) How do you think the key words are likely to be used in the article? What are they likely to be used in connection with? Scan the article to check your answers.

3. Read the article. Retell the article using the active vocabulary of the Unit.

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Steve Jobs: the world pays tributeAn extraordinary outpouring of emotion has greeted the death of the co-founder and former CEO of Apple Inc.Charles Arthur 6 October, 2011

“It’s a dark day in Silicon Valley,” wrote Matt Drance, a former Apple employee. Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Inc., who died at 56 from cancer, inspired the strongest feelings.

In Beijing, mourners and admirers made their way to lay flowers and light candles at the Apple Store. They also left messages: “You have enriched our lives. Thank you for changing the world,” said one in English.

It seemed as though there wasn’t anyone who hadn’t somehow been touched by his work. The tributes came from everywhere. President Obama said “he transformed our lives, redefined entire industries and changed the way each of us sees the world.”

Bill Gates, his long-time rival but also friend – born, like Jobs, in 1955 – said that “the world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come … I will miss Steve immensely.”

The fact is that for multiple businesses – computing, film, music, mobile telephony and, most recently, mobile computing – Jobs overturned the existing order. Again and again he refused to go along with the conventional wisdom and introduced his own instead. He lived his life by the instruction he gave in a speech to Stanford graduates: “Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. Stay hungry. Stay foolish.”

The first time he overturned the way the world worked was in 1984. In 1979, three years after setting up Apple with Steve Wozniak, Jobs visited Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center in California and saw its experimental system which used ‘windows’ and a ‘mouse’. “It wasn’t complete,” he said. “It wasn’t quite right. But within ten minutes, it was obvious that every computer in the world would work this way someday.”

Jobs licensed the system from Xerox and oversaw the development of computers using the new ‘windowing’ system. Jobs also wanted them to be as simple to use as a washing machine. Computers, he felt, were just too complicated. Using window systems was much easier.

Microsoft agreed. Bill Gates extended the idea of windows to Windows, which rapidly overtook Apple’s products and became the most widely used desktop computer operating system in the world. Jobs was kicked out of

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Apple in 1985 and, over the next 12 years, Microsoft then took over personal computing. All the computers used windows – in some form. Jobs had been right.

His next target was the film business, Pixar. It was also cutting-edge, making films entirely with computers. Pixar never had a flop as an independent company; Disney bought it in January 2006 for $7.4bn (it was stock in Pixar, rather than Apple, which made Jobs a billionaire).

On returning to Apple, Jobs quickly took over and installed himself as “Interim CEO” in 1997. It was then that the music business – one of his oldest loves – came into his sights. With online file-sharing rampant and revenues crashing, record labels needed a saviour. It came in the unlikely form of a cigarette packet-sized white-and-silver object. And so Jobs changed the world again.

The iPod changed everything, first because of its tiny size – with 1,000 songs in svelte enclosure – and for its simple, quick synchronization. There were already music players, but they were bulky, had horrible software and would take five hours to transfer 1,000 songs. The iPod would take ten minutes.Then Jobs persuaded the record labels to let him sell music digitally. Apple’s target was to sell one million songs in the first year. When the iTunes Music Store opened in 2003, it sold the first million songs in a week. Within a year it had sold nearly 100 million songs and the iPod had 70% of the music player market.

But it was the design of the iPod – small, appliance-like, simple – that most struck people. Jobs had insisted that it should be able to get to any song within three clicks. Design, as he explained in 2000, wasn’t about how it looked. It was about how it worked.

The iPhone was the result of a two-and-a-half year project to use touch screens to manipulate a computer. After the iPhone, everyone needed a touch screen: Google, then Microsoft, and then market leaders Nokia and RIM followed suit as quickly as they could. But not fast enough: in mid-2011 Apple became the world’s biggest mobile phone maker by revenue. Jobs’ revolutions were coming faster and faster.

Though Bill Gates introduced tablet computers in 2001, they went nowhere. Apple launched the iPad in January 2010. A computer you could carry, operated by touch, with a ten-hour battery life, that ran on “apps”. And Apple sold them by the tens of millions, while would-be rivals struggled. “Our competitors are looking at this [tablet market] like it’s the next PC market. That is not the right approach to this. These are post-PC devices that need to be easier to use than a PC, more intuitive,” said Jobs, pacing the stage in one of his last public appearances in March 2011.

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All the devices had one crucial thing in common: people fell in love with them. They felt passionately about them, in a way the world had never seen before. “Touch is a very important sense; a lot of human emotion is built around touching objects, other people, touching things,” Don Norman, co-founder of Neilsen/Norman Group, said. “The iPhone felt like a piece of delight. It really is neat to go from one page to the other not by pushing a button but by swiping your hand across the page.”

The one challenge Jobs couldn’t beat was life’s finite span. “No one wants to die,” Jobs told the Stanford graduates in 2005. “Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be.”

The questions now will turn to Apple and its future – though they are exactly the same as those which were posed when Jobs stepped aside, finally acknowledging his illness, in August 2011. Can it be the same creative force without him? © Guardian News & Media 2011 First published in The Guardian, 06/10/11

4. Look back at the article to find the answers to the following questions. a. What was Steve Jobs’ connection to the following people or companies?

Apple Inc. Pixar Xerox Bill Gates Steve Wozniak Matt Drance

b. What influence or effect did he have on: • the ‘windows’ system? • the music industry? • the design of handheld electronic devices? c. What was Steve Jobs’ philosophy on life and death?

5. Find the following multi-word expressions in the article. 1. do the opposite of what is currently considered to be the natural way of things _______________________________________ (para 5)2. beliefs or opinions that most people accept as correct _______________________________________ (para 5)3. the thing he noticed and wanted to work with next _______________________________________ (para 10)4. do the same as another has done _______________________________________ (para 14)5. connect strong emotions with something _______________________________________ (para 16)6. limited length of time ____________________ (para 17)

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6. Discussion • “Thank you for changing the world” was a message left by a mourner in Beijing (see para 2). In what ways do you think has Steve Jobs changed the world?• Think back to five, ten and twenty years ago. What do we have now that we didn’t have then? What, if anything, did we have instead?• Do you agree with President Obama’s statement in para 3?

7. Webquest • What has happened to shares in Apple Inc. since the death of its founder and visionary?• Find product descriptions of the Apple products mentioned in the article on www.apple.com.• Find and watch videos of Steve Jobs introducing some of Apple’s famous products.

WRITING

As computers are being used more and more in education, there will be soon no role for teachers in the classroom.

You should give reasons for your answer using your own ideas and experience.

• You should write at least 250 words. • You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

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TEST YOURSELF1. Grammar. Choose the correct answer.1. ‘I met our new boss this morning’‘I …….. him, too. He’s very nice.’A am meeting B have been meeting C have met2. ‘…….. in a hotel?’‘No, but my parents did last summer in Rome.’A Have you ever stayed? B Did you ever stay? C Are you ever staying3. ‘Who is in that new film?’‘Well, a young actress ……. the leading role.’A has been playing B plays C has played4. ‘Is David at home?’‘Yes, but he ……… a shower at the moment.’A is having B has been having C has5. ‘Why are you so upset?’‘I ……….. my favourite ring.’A lose B have been losing C have lost6. ‘Have you found a house yet?’‘No, I ……… with my aunt at the moment.’A stay B am staying C have stayed7. ‘Who ……….. my car?’‘I have.’A is using B has used C has been using8. ‘Why ……….. the soup?’‘To see if it ………. good.’A are you tasting/ tastes B do you taste/is tasting C have you tasted/tastes9. I ………. about buying a new car soon.A think B am thinking C have thought10. ‘Would you like to come to the concert with me?’‘Sorry, I can’t. I ………. Andy tonight.’A see B have seen C am seeing

2. Vocab. Suggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following definitions1. a book with a cover made of thin card2. very exciting to look at3. very excited and happy4. a small, simple building, usually consisting of one room5. a large building that is divided into flats6. a person whose job involves buying and selling buildings and land, and arranging for new buildings to be built7. goods produced in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines

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8. an amount of something that can be held in one hand9. happening every day as a regular part of your job or life10. the area in an airport where passengers wait before getting onto an aircraft11. continue to communicate with someone by using a telephone or writing to them12. describes an activity or food that you cannot stop doing or eating once you have started13. an organization which introduces people with similar interests to each other, especially people who want to start a romantic or sexual relationship with someone14. describes a system in which you pay for a service before you use it and you cannot use more than you have paid for15. a telephone that is not a mobile phone16. a device connected to a telephone which answers calls automatically and records messages from the people telephoning17. an opportunity to see something such as a film or a collection of works of art before it is shown to the public, or a description of something such as a television programme before it is shown to the public18. to think that something is or will be greater, more extreme or more important than it really is19. not needing help or support from other people20. the degree to which radio or television sounds and pictures are clear

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ACTIVE VOCABULARY.

SB p. 54 – 55. Take turns, take a flight, people-watch, a paperback (cf. hardback), a flight attendant, a scary experience (cf. experience (U)), go through security checks, easy going

SB p. 56. Have a big influence on, spectacular, exhausted, exhilarated, a space-age skyscraper, a hut, capitalist economy/ system, be amazed at, a property developer, boom/ booming, an apartment block, attract investment, a pedestrian street, come across, rapid industrial development, manufactured goods, create environmental problems, increase car ownership, affect SB p. 57. Cut down trees, an industrial city, cost of living

SB p. 58. Learn the words and phrases in V7.3, p. 128 and V 7.4, p. 129, a handful, accessible, bring people together

SB p. 60. Learn the words and phrases V7.5 on p. 129, day-to-day life, (call smb) on the phone, speak up

R7.1. A departure lounge, call a flight, detest, check in, a part-time course, catch up on, delay a flight

R7.2. Download music straight onto…, addictive, keep in touch

Extra VocabularyWords from other languages:Cuisine, marmalade, a siesta, kayaking, a chef, a ballerina, a chauffeur, a futon, pyjamas, karate, a yacht, a barbecue, a sauna, snorkelling, a delicatessen

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TRANSLATION

1. - Я слышала, ты зарегистрировалась на сайте знакомств и уже получила много ценного опыта в общении с молодыми людьми.- Да ты что! Я лишь убедилась, что люди регистрируются только чтобы поглазеть на других или убить время. Я не думаю, что это действительно сближает людей. Кроме того, там всегда есть горстка престарелых соблазнителей, желающих проверить, востребованы ли еще они.2. - Дубай такой зрелищный город, с футуристическими небоскребами, оживленными пешеходными улицами и роскошными жилыми домами.- Совершенно с тобой не согласен! Я терпеть не могу этот промышленный город, чья популярность явно завышена. И, хотя этот город впереди планеты всей* в области технологий, мне кажется, из-за высокого прожиточного минимума там невозможно спокойно жить. 3. Я предпочитаю приезжать в аэропорт задолго до вылета, так как зачастую неправильно рассчитываю время нужное, чтобы добраться туда. После регистрации, прохода зоны контроля безопасности и паспортного контроля, я сажусь в зале вылета с какой-нибудь дешевой книжкой в мягкой обложке или слушаю музыку, которую я скачиваю из интернета прямо на мой Ipod или играю в Тетрис. Ты знаешь, он как наркотик, что иногда я даже не слышу, когда объявляют мой рейс. 4. - Прости, что беспокою тебя, Дэн. Это твоя сестра Джил на проводе. У меня кончились деньги на сотовом телефоне, и я хотела бы попросить тебя пополнить мой счет. - Что? Джил? Я не совсем понял, что ты говоришь. Ты прерываешься. Наверное, плохая связь.- Как такое возможно?! Я же звоню тебе на домашний из школы. Так что не притворяйся, что не слышишь меня. Почему ты так вредничаешь?- Ладно, ладно, не волнуйся. Положу я тебе деньги на телефон.5. – Ну что будем делать? Нас семеро, родителей нет, электричество отключили. У кого-нибудь были похожие невероятные случаи в жизни? Давайте, рассказывайте!- Хорошо, только предлагаю делать это по очереди и не перебивать друг друга. 7. Сегодня, когда ресторанный бизнес процветает, вы обязательно наткнетесь на фаст-фуд, маленькое кафе или фешенебельный ресторан на улицах Москвы. Эта индустрия привлекает иностранные инвестиции и уже влияет на вкусы москвичей, которые стали более разборчивыми в выборе еды. 8. - Что ты делаешь сейчас?

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- Я без сил! Я учусь в аспирантуре, но из-за того, что я в последнее время много путешествую, я немного отстал от намеченного плана. Теперь мне нужно наверстать упущенное как можно скорее. Для этого не надо быть семи пядей во лбу*, но это требует внутренней дисциплины. 12. – Как тебе удается поддерживать отношения с таким большим количеством людей? Я поражена тем, сколько у тебя друзей.- Это не так сложно, как кажется. Просто я никогда не забываю их дни рождения и регулярно звоню им по телефону. Но главное, не злоупотреблять их вниманием.13. Со времен самой промышленной революции количество промышленных товаров увеличилось. Это одежда, бытовая техника, машины и т.д. Обычно мы не задумываемся, что наше все растущее потребление оказывает большое влияние на природу в целом и на природные ресурсы в частности. Растущее число автолюбителей и быстрое развитие промышленности привели к росту потребления нефти. Деревья вырубают, чтобы освободить место под новые города и высокоскоростные дороги. Однако мы должны понимать, что, чем больше естественных ресурсов мы потребляем, тем больше экологических проблем мы создаем. 14. Альваро был убежденным коммунистом и всегда боролся с капиталистической системой. Он часто критиковал политиков и промышленников. Он считал, что простые люди заслуживают гораздо большего, чем имеют. Его даже подозревали в антиправительственной деятельности, за что и посадили в тюрьму на несколько лет. Несмотря ни на что, я уважаю его за смелость и честность, хотя и осознаю, что он во многом был не прав.