mgb225 intercultural communication and negotiation skills slide 1 models/frameworks for assignment 1
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MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 1
Models/Frameworksfor Assignment 1
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 2
National Culture
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 3
Florence Kluckhohnand Fred Strodtbeck
American anthropologists and social theorists
Florence Kluckhohn Center for the Study of Values
Harvard Values Project
Value orientation method (VOM) 1940s-1950s: A tool to help identify differences in core values across cultures
Five common concerns
Three ways to respond called value orientations
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 4
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961)
Cultural Dimensio
nsRelationship with Nature
Relationship with PeopleHuman Activities
Relationship with Time
Human Nature
Scale Anchors
Mastery
Individualistic
Being
Past
Good
Harmony
CollateralBecoming
Present
Neutral
Subjugation
LinealDoing
Future
Evil
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 5
Geert Hofstede
Dutch management researcher
Late 1960s and early 1970s
Surveyed over 100,000 employees of IBM
50 countries in three regions
Work-related attitudes across the countries
http://www.geerthofstede.nl/http://www.geert-hofstede.com/
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 6
Hofstede (1980)
Cultural Dimensio
nsPower Distance
Uncertainty AvoidanceIndividualism-Collectivism
Masculinity-Femininity
Short-term vs.Long-term
Scale Anchors
LowLow
Individualism
Masculinity
Short-term
HighHigh
Collectivism
Femininity
Long-term
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 7
Edward T. Hall
American anthropologist and
cross-cultural researcher
Hall first created the concept of proxemics
He coined the term polychronic
Did not provide individual scores for countries
http://www.edwardthall.com/
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 8
Hall (1981)
Cultural Dimensio
nsContext
Space
Time
Scale Anchors
LowCentre of Power
Monochronic
HighCentre of Community
Polychronic
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 9
Fons Trompenaars
Dutch management researcher
Studied Shell and other managers
15000 managers from 28 countries representing 47 national cultures
Over a period of ten years
http://www.7d-culture.nl/website/AboutTHT/Bios/FT.asp
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 10
Trompenaars (1993)
Cultural Dimensio
nsUniversalism-Particularism
Individualism-CollectivismSpecific-Diffuse
Neutral-Affective
Achievement-AscriptionTime PerspectiveRelationship with Environment
Scale Anchors
Universalism
IndividualismSpecific
Neutral
AchievementPast/presentInner-directed
Particularism
CollectivismDiffuse
Affective
AscriptionFutureOuter-directed
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 11
Shalom Schwartz
Israeli social psychologist, cross-cultural researcher
and author of theory of basic human values
More psychological view
Motivational goals are the essential distinction between societal values
Ten universal human values
Level of analysis
Three dimensions at the cultural level
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 12
Schwartz (1992)
Cultural Dimensio
nsConservatism-Autonomy
Hierarchy-Egalitarianism
Mastery-Harmony
Scale Anchors
Conservatism
Hierarchy
Mastery
Autonomy (Intellectual and
Affective)
Egalitarianism
Harmony
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 13
GLOBE (2004) Global Leadership and
Organizational Behavior
Effectiveness
Robert House
170 researchers collected data over seven years
18000 managers in 62 countries
Wide variety of industries and sizes of organisations
http://www.thunderbird.edu/sites/globe/
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 14
GLOBE (2004)
Cultural Dimensi
onsPower Distance
Uncertainty AvoidanceHumane Orientation
Institutional Collectivism
In-group CollectivismAssertivenessGender EgalitarianismFuture OrientationPerformance Orientation
Scale Anchors
LowLow
Low
Low
LowLowLowLowLow
HighHigh
High
High
HighHighHighHighHigh
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 15
GLOBE Clusters
Geographic Culture Clusters
AngloLatin America
Latin Europe
Eastern Europe
Germanic Europe
Nordic EuropeSub-Saharan Africa
Arab
Southern Asia
Confucian Asia
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 16
Luciara Nardon and Richard Steers
http://www.sprott.carleton.ca/faculty_and_research/lnardon.html http://www.lcb.uoregon.edu/forms/profile/profile.html?id=178&format=full
Professor at University of Oregan
Culture, cognition, and managerial communication
Culture and leadership Culture and management
practices
Assistant Professor at Carleton University
Cross-cultural management Virtual organizations Cultural approaches to
technology management Socio-cognitive institutions
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 17
Core Cultural Dimensions
Cultural Dimensio
nsHierarchy-Equality
Individualism-Collectivism
Mastery-HarmonyMonochronism-PolychronismUniversalism-Particularism
Scale Anchors
Strongly Hierarchi
calStrongly
IndividualisticStrongly
Mastery-OrientedStrongly
Monochronic
Strongly Universali
stic
Moderately
HierarchicalModerately
Individualistic
Moderately
Mastery-Oriented
Moderately
Monochronic
Moderately
Universalistic
Moderately
EgalitarianModerately
Collectivistic
Moderately
Harmony-Oriented
Moderately
Polychronic
Moderately
Particularistic
Strongly Egalitari
anStrongly Collectivi
sticStrongly Harmony-OrientedStrongly
Polychronic
StronglyParticular
istic
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 18
Core Cultural Dimensions for Country Clusters
Country Cluster
s
Anglo
ArabEast European
East/Southeast Asian
GermanicLatin AmericanLatin EuropeanNordicSub-Saharan African
Hierarchy-Equality
MESH
MH
MEMHMHSESH
Individualism-Collectivism
SISC
MC
SC
MIMCMCMCSC
Mastery
-Harmon
y
SMMH
MM
MMMHMHMHMH
Monochronism-
Polychronism
SMSP
MM
MMSPMPMMMP
Universalism-Particularism
MUSP
MP
SP
SUSPMPSUSP
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 19
Communication
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 20
Communication
Message in
Medium Receive and
Interpret
Communicator B
Encode with
languageMessage in
Medium
Receive and
Interpret
Communicator A
Encode with
language
Secondary Source: Lewicki, Barry and Saunders (2010)
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 21
Communication
Communication
My perception of you
My perception of your
perception of me
Your perception of me
Your self-perceptio
n
Your perception of my perception
of you
My self-perceptio
n
Attitudes
TopicValues
Beliefs
TimePlace
(Cooper, Calloway-Thomas, & Simonds, 2007)
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 22
Intercultural Communication Process
Sender
Encodes Meaning
Source: Deresky (2011)
Receiver
Decodes Meaning
Medium
Message
Noise
Culture
Feedback
MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Slide 23
Culture and Communication: A Model
Culture 1: Sender’s normative beliefs about appropriate
communication behaviour
Culturally compatible
communication styleSender’s
communication style
Culture 2: Receiver’s normative beliefs about appropriate
communication behaviour
Culturally compatible
communication style
Receiver’s communication
style
Other influences on communication processes
Source: Steers, Sanchez-Runde & Nardon (2010)