mettur dam and erode town using remote sensing and gis · 77º45’23”e to 77º48’05”e which...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES Volume 1, No 4, 2011

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

735

Groundwater pollution sensitivity model for part of Cauvery basin between Mettur dam and Erode town using Remote Sensing and GIS

Ravikumar.M 1 , Nagaraju.D 1 , Mahadevaswamy.G 1 , Siddalingamurthy.S 1 , Lakshmamma 1 , Mohammad Subhan lone 1 , Nagesh.P.C 2 , Krishna Rao 2

1 Department of Studies in Earth science and Department of Studies in Geography, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

2 Department of Studies in Geology, University of Bangalore, Bangalore570001, Karnataka, India.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Information about vulnerability of groundwater to contamination is essential to facilitate groundwater planning and management. The vulnerability of shallow groundwater to con tamination in and around part of Cauvery basin between Mettur dam and Erode town, Tamil Nadu, India, is evaluated using the “LGRSIDWQ” method within a Geographic Information System (GIS). “LGRSIDWQ” parameters are calculated from geological, soil and elevation contour maps and groundwater level data of the study area and thematic maps are prepared. Finally, the maps are integrated through the “LGRSIDWQ” model within the GIS to demarcate vulnerable zones. In the present study, “LGRSIDWQ” indices for both generic industrial municipal and pesticide pollutants are derived and vulnerability maps for both classes are prepared. The result of the study shows that 50 percent of the area is highly vulnerable to industrial and municipal pollutants and more than 81 percent of the area is highly vulnerable to industrial waste pollutants.

Key words: GIS, demarcate, pollutants, integrated, contour, model.

1. Introduction

Ground water is the main source for rural water supply as well as for irrigation purposes. The quality of ground water from the phreatic aquifers in the canal command areas is good and can be used for domestic purposes whereas in other parts it is highly mineralised and found unsuitable for drinking purposes. The ground water is suitable for irrigation purposes. The quality of the shallow aquifers in and around the textile, bleaching and dyeing units, which use a wide variety of chemicals and dyes at Erode, Bhavani and Chennimalai and their environs are highly polluted due to the indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluents in the nearby low lying lands and rivers and found unsuitable for all purposes.The quality of the formation water from the deeper aquifers is uniformly good and found suitable for all purposes. Ground water in this district is developed to the maximum extent for irrigation by means of dug wells and dug cumbore wells and almost all the irrigation wells are fitted with centrifugal pumps energised by electric power.



736

1.1 Aims and Objectives

1. To assess the quality of ground water and to recommended the utility. 2. To recommend the municipal waste to percolates the problems are originated. 3. Analysis the soils and findings the groundwater infiltration.

2. Study area

The study area extended Latitude ranges 11º19’45”N to 11º48’19” N and longitude ranges from 77º45’23”E to 77º48’05”E which falls with the Survey of India Toposheets 58E/10, 11,13,14,15. The total area of this study area is 280.49 Sq Km. This is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Map showing the study area



737

2.1 Geology

The hydrogeology framework of the district is controlled by the distribution of rainfall, geological structure and morphological configuration. The rainfall and the return seepage from the canals, irrigation tanks and reservoirs are the important sources of ground water recharge. The faults, shears and the joints serve as conduits for recharge and promote the same. The occurrence and movement of ground water, the wateryielding capacity and the status of ground water development vary with respect to: Areas underlain by the weathered formations and areas underlain by the weathered/fractured formations and irrigated by the canal systems.The area mainly consist Basic of Basic Ultramafic rocks, Charnokite and Granite. A major part of study is underlain by ultramafic rocks(78.10%),found north, east, west, SE, SW, south part occupied, rest of the area belongs to Charnokite(6,98%), Granite(3.84%),NW and SW respectively. This is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2: Rock pattern in study area



738

2.2 Soil

Soil can be defined as “the upper layer of the ground made up of unconsolidated material produced due to weathering agencies from the rocks and majority of the areas is covered along the cauvery river NE, east and south east part of area (Alluvial soil), nearly 44.71% of the total area is covered with Alluvial soil.

Figure 3: Soil and infiltration map

The Red institu 37.56% is distributed mostly along the rivers of cauvery in NW, western, south west part of the area. The other soil types like Soil association (5.80%) found in SE part. Red calcarusoil (0.29%) small area located on west part, and Black soil (0.25%) found in western part of the study area which is shown in figure 3.



739

Table 1: Distribution of Soil Series and infiltration in part of Cauvery Basin

Sl.no Soil Series Infiltration Area in Sq km

% in Sq km

1 Alluvial soil 0.16 125.31 44.67 2 Red insitu 0.03 105.26 37.53

3 Cauvery River sand 30.80 10.98

4 Soil association 0.94 16.27 5.80 5 Red calcareous 0.17 0.81 0.29 6 Black Soil 0.16 1.77 0.25

Total 1.46 280.49 100

2.3 Land use and land cover

Figure 4: Land use and land cover



740

The land use/ land cover of this region is classified into three levels as level I, level II, level III. To achieve this objective NRSA (1995) developed a standard classification system, in consultation with various user agencies which provides conceptual frame work for Indian conditions and which is adoptable for visual interpretation as well as digital techniques. This is shown in figure 4 and table.2. The land use and land cover categorization system can be related to systems for classifying land capability, vulnerability, to certain management practices and potential for any particular activity or land use values, either intrinsic or speculative. The definitions of the terms used in this classification are summarized in the table.

Table 2: Areal extend of Land use / Land cover

S.No Land use /Land cover Area in Sq km

Area in %

1 Agricultural land 28.22 10.06

2 Agricultural plantation 31.02 11.05

3 Barren land 16.77 5.96 4 Builtup land 35.28 12.57 5 Hill lock 0.27 0.09 6 Land with scrub 15.24 5.43 7 Land without scrub 5.41 1.92 8 Rock out crops 31.05 11.15 9 Salt affected area 25.45 9.04

10 Sandy area 2.77 0.98

11 Tree plantation 46.26 16.50 12 Urban area 19.64 6.48 13 Water body 25.08 8.94 Total 280.49 100

Based on NRSA classification of land use / land cover the geographical area of part of Cauvery River comprises 280.49 Sq Km. The land use pattern is most of area constituting Built up land in 35.28 Sq Km, the primary activities of Agricultural land Agricultural plantation and Tree Plantation in 28.22, 31.02 and 46.26 Sq Km of the total geographical area. Land with scrub 15.24 Sq Km. Barren land constitute the area 16.77 Sq Km

2.4 Geomorphology

The existence of different topography of the earth surface is known as Geomorphology, which is made by various forces through time and process upon the surface.The major part of the district is underlain by the crystalline metamorphic rocks of Archaean age. The geomorphology



741

derived from through visual interpretation keys from the satellite image. The existence of different topographic features of study area Flood plain (19.23%) has located in between the river of cauvery on southern part of area. Pediment (12.16%) NW and SE area belongs to pediment zone. Cauvery River (10.98%) in between the aquifer boundary from Mettur Dam to erode town. Mainly shallow pediment (57.12%) of area found in NE, East and western part which account covered half of the area which is shown in figure 5.

Figure 5: Geomorphology map of study area 2.5 Drainage

The study area has a main drainage Cauvery river is one of the major rivers of India, which is considered sacred. The study area is part of the Cauvery river reach between two monitoring stations Mettur Dam to Erode Town. The average annual rainfall in the Cauvery basin is 900 mm. The basin is characterized by predominantly gentle slope and moderately to poorly drained soils. The basin consists of alluvial soil, red calcareous soil, red noncalcareous soil, black soil and mixed soil. Sandy soils are observed in the exposed part of the river bed during summer. The geology of this area is important for a wide range of infiltration rates. Land use in the basin ranges from typical rural areas such as agricultural, livestock raising, to suburban, moderately



742

dense residential and commercial uses and densely populated industrialized urban areas Water abstraction and other activities in these urban centers have affected the water quality of river Cauvery from Hoggenkal to Grand Anicut; and in the Hebballa, Vrishabhavati, Bhavani, Noyyal and Amravathi tributaries.The river discharges a very large area. Further, the onset of monsoon varies from year to year. During the later part of the wet season, the rainfall is considerably low and hence, smaller isolated peaks are observed.

Figure 6: Drainage and drainage density map

The temperature variation pattern in the study area supports such variation in flows. Water abstraction and other activities in these urban centers have affected the water quality of river Cauvery from Hoggenkal to Grand Anicut; and in the Hebballa, Vrishabhavati, Bhavani, Noyyal and Amravathi tributaries. The river discharge a very large area. Further, the onset of monsoon varies from year to year. During the later part of the wet season, the rainfall is considerably low and hence, smaller isolated peaks are observed. The temperature variation pattern in the study area supports such variation in flows. Due to Cauvery river getting water two states frequently. The Cauvery basin has different sources for domestic and industrial purpose canal, tank and streams are generated. Cauvery River has start from Mettur dam outlet to erode town in that



743

Total area of the river 30.80 sq km and also two canal also placed Mettur west bank canal has total length is 0.08 km and east bank canal has 0.06 km length of the canal, and also small tanks are scattered in the various part of study area. Total tank are occupied in the study area 1.44sqkm eastern and western part of area having tanks. Tributaries is one of the major role in study area from tributary also can give water to the various uses. 0.34 km area occupies these streams these streams are non perennial which is shown in figure 6.

2.6 Drainage Density

Drainage density is calculated from total length of all streams and it is a measure of how well or how poorly the stream channels drain a Cauvery basin. Drainage density depends upon both climate and physical characteristics of the drainage basin. Soil permeability and underlying rock type affect the runoff in a watershed; impermeable ground or exposed bedrock would lead to an increase in surface water runoff and therefore to more frequent streams. Drainage density can also be defined as a measure of length of stream channel per unit area of drainage basin. According to study area eastern, western and southwestern part area belongs to high stream density these area getting also easily water can polluted which is shown in figure 6.

2.7 Slope

Slope is the degree of inclination of the surface from horizontal expressed in percent or degrees. In survey of India toposheet the heights above MSL are shown by contours (lines of equal elevation), which also give an indication of the general topography and relief. Slope is one of the important terrain parameters, which can be explained by horizontal spacing of the contours. The slope map is generated from the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographical Mission) in study area. The different classes of slopes corresponding to their degrees have been categorized (Table) as per the guidelines suggested by the All India Soil and Land Use Survey (1970).This is shown in figure 7 and table.3.

Table 3: Level of slopes in degree

Class Degree Slope Category 1 01 Nearly level 2 13 Very gently sloping 3 35 Gently slopping

4 510 Moderately sloping 5 >10 Strongly sloping

http://www.answers.com/topic/stream

http://www.answers.com/topic/permeability

http://www.physicalgeography.net/physgeoglos/s.html



744

Figure 6: Slope of the study area 2.8 Relief

Relief is derived from topographical map data (SOI). The surface contour lines are generated at an interval of 20mtr. The entire study area located in the Cauvery Basin. The whole part of “aquifer boundary” undulating land. Inter hills basin located on Mettur Dam outlet, and small Hilllock Urachhi mallai kotai located on the western part of the study area these Elevation of the area 434mtr from MSL the slope is observed which is shown in figure 8. Two fourth of the area comes under the 160 – 180m small portion comes in 200 – 430m, at most north, east and western part of the study area.



745

Figure 8: Relief details of the study area

3. Methodology

3.1. Sensitivity analysis

Groundwater systems can be model if their behavior is fully known and understood but a key difficult in optimization is dealing with spatio temporal problems. Such problems can be optimized aimed at finding near optimal solutions to highly nonlinear optimization problems. Groundwater modeling required limited land use/land cover classification, which can be done with the help of Remote Sensing data using supervised classification Rohit Goel et al. Modelling has become an important tool for abstracting more and more information from the measurements thus enabling a comprehensive understanding of the system. Groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling has been used at many sites with varying degrees of success. Models may be used throughout all phases of site investigation and remediation processes Jacob Bear etal. Groundwater interaction model, using hydrogeology, soils, groundwater levels, groundwater pumping, channel network and net recharge information can be a useful tool for developing an understanding of groundwater dynamics.The river system under study is a very large basin, with number of tributaries monitoring all sources of pollution to assess the loads contributed by these



746

sources, is rather difficult or impossible, expensive and subjected to analytical errors. Hence, modeling which is relatively cheaper and less time consuming allows for estimation of loading which otherwise could not be measured. Once the model is established, it could be easily modified according to the future requirements. The modeling system is thereby highly capable of describing stationary as well as highly dynamic hydraulic conditions and load events Amir et al . Model therefore ensures its use for the present as well as future plans which is shown in figure 9. There are several ways to access the model result, including maps and tables. The model has a facility of covering large data. The model was validated for the canal water quality for seasonal. Abbasi stated that overall modeling and simulations have been carried out to forecast the impact of water quality.

Figure 9: Methodology for Groundwater pollution sensitivity model

Groundwater interaction model, using hydrogeology, soils, groundwater levels, groundwater pumping, channel network and net recharge information can be a useful tool for developing an understanding of groundwater dynamics.

4. Water Quality

The Quality of water is assessed with the help of various physical and chemical parameters to adjudicate its pollution level. It is quite likely that any sample of water will exhibits various



747

levels of contamination with respect to the different parameters tested. Consequently, the sample of water may be termed as pollution free based on certain parameters, but may have to be termed as polluted based on other parameters. Hence it becomes difficult to label the water as fit or until for use of particulars service. Water quality is any well influenced by several factors, such as chemical composition of infiltrating or recharges water, texture, hydraulic properties, and inorganic compositions of the aquifer water quality data obtained from the environmental pollution control board. Data set consist with 31 number of sample points distributed over the study area pollutant sources. These samples have been analyzed for pH, TDS, TSS, and TDS in waste water.

4.1 pH

It is based on a scale from 0 to 14. On this scale, 0 is the most acidic value, and 14 is the most alkaline value. 7 would be neutral. A change of 1pH unit represents a 10fold change in acidity or alkalinity. The range of fresh water is 2 – 12.This is shown in figure 10 and table.4.

Table 4: pH Value Part of Cauvery basin between Mettur Dam and Erode Town

SI.No pH Range Quality

1 < 5 Low

2 5 6 Moderate

3 6 7 High

4 > 7 Very high

4.2 TDS

The term of solids refers to the matters either filterable or non filterable that remains as residue upon evaporation and drying at 103 o C to 105 o C. In natural waters, dissolved solids consists mainly of inorganic salts such as carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sodium, potassium, iron etc, and small amount or organic matter and dissolved gases. The determination of dissolved solids does not give a clear picture of the kind of pollution. Spatial distribution of area most half of the area belongs to slightly saline, northern, eastern, west and some part of southern area belongs to moderate saline found, north eastern and south western small part of area belongs very saline and remaining area part of north, northwest and southwest area belongs to Brine not suitable for use. This is shown in fig.10 and table.5



748

Table 5: TDS Value Part of Cauvery Basin between Mettur Dam and Erode Town

Sl.No Degree of salinity Quality 1 < 2000 Slightly saline 2 2000 4000 Moderate saline 3 4000 6000 Very saline 4 > 6000 Brine

4.3 TSS

Ground water contains negligible quantity of suspended solid as these being filtered out by soil strata through mechanical straining action.

Figure 10: pH, TSS, TDS in waste water



749

The amount of suspended solids in ground waters increases with input of man – made contamination. In the study area most of three by four area belongs to slightly dissolved found. Part of northern, east, western and southeastern part of area belongs to moderate suspended solid, north and northern part of area high and very high suspended solids found respectively. This is shown in figure 10 and table 6.

Table 6: TSS Value Part of Cauvery basin between Mettur Dam and Erode Town

Sl.No Quantity Suspended Solid

1 < 750 Slightly 2 750 1500 Moderate 3 1500 2250 High 4 > 2250 Very high

Spatial distribution total dissolved solids in waste water and in filtered waste water in to ground water along the study area in Cauvery basin. Northern and southern part of study area belongs to slightly, southern, northern and central variance found in moderately occurred. Central and western and part of central part spatially varied. Remaining areas belongs to part of west and north central part of areas. Based on spatial interpolation techniques give easily spatial variance in respective aquifer boundary part of Cauvery basin.

4.4 Depth of Groundwater

The depth to water element of the “LGRSIDWQ” model determines the depth of material a contaminant travels enroute to the aquifer. As the depth to water implies, an increased travel time for deeper water levels, factors such as contact time with surrounding media, oxidation, layer permeability, and attenuation become pertinent within the “LGRSIDWQ” system .Range values are divided into four depth to water levels from 0 (water occurring at the surface) to depths of 20> mtr. The highest rating values are assigned to depth to water levels that are nearer to the surface and more vulnerable to contamination. This is shown in fig.11 and table.7

Table 7: Depth of Groundwater Part of Cauvey Basin between Mettur Dam and Erode Town

Sl.No Quantity Depth of Groundwater 1 < 12 Shallow 2 12 16 Shallow to depth 3 16 20 Depth to V. Deep 4 > 20 Very Deep



750

Figure 11: Depth of ground water

4.5 Integration of Thematic Maps

After preparation of all thematic maps, different polygons in the maps are labeled with “LGRSIDWQ” ratings and then scaled with the weights. The ratings are scaled with both the “LGRSIDWQ” weights for generic industrialmunicipal pollutants generate the vulnerability map of the class. The thematic maps are registered with one another using ground control points and integrated using the weighted aggregation method (ESRI, 1992). The integration is done step by step and a maximum of two layers are integrated at a time. The polygons of the final integrated layers contain the composite details of all the thematic layers together numerically, and the DI score of each polygon indicates the groundwater vulnerability of that zone. This is shown in fig.12



751

Figure 12: Integration of thematic maps

5. Conclusions

The ground water pollution is very dangerous to groundwater. The ground water has been considered as drinking – water in most part of our nation. It is estimated that 80 percent of domestic needs in rural areas and 50 percent of domestic needs in urban areas were met by ground water supply. The present study is to analyse ground water pollution sensitivity model due to industrial effluent discharges of Aquifer boundary part of Cauvery basin. With aspects. As per the guidelines of National Drinking Water mission, the layers for different chemical constituents have been created. Each and every layer has been classified in to four classes as acceptable, permissible in the absence of alternate source and unacceptable areas as per their concentration and guideline values. The contaminations by various types of industrial effluent mainly dyeing industry discharges are the main reason behind choosing the “Aquifer boundary part of Cauvery basin” these aspects have been derived and analysed through “LGRSIDWQ” models of investigations. The treated effluents from different plants were discharged into canals/



752

rivers in the study area, particularly in the Cauvery River and Bhavani River, from Mettur Dam to erode town and from Bhavani joining the Cauvery River in Central part of Cauvery respectively. Also study area surrounded by canals in between streams. These water for utilize Domestic, irrigation and industrial usage purpose only using. The layers for different parameters of treated effluents have been created as per the norms of Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board. These layers have been collected from respective departments.

6. References

1. Abbasi, S.A., and Vinithan,S. (1999), “Water quality in and around an industrialized suburb of Pondicherry”, Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 41(4) , pp 253263.

2. Abbasi,S.A., Khan,F.I, Senthilvelan,.K., and Shabudeen.A. (1999),”Modelling of Buckingham Canal Water quality”, Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 41(3), pp176183.

3. Abida Begum and Hari Krishna (2008), “study of the quality of water in some streams of Cauvery river”, E Journal of Chemistry 5(2), pp 377384.

4. Ananada Kumar,S. Subramani,T., and Elango,I. (2007), “Spatial Variation of groundwater quality and Inter elemental correlation studies in lower Bhavani river basin, TN, India”, National Journal of Nature Environment and pollution Technology, 6, pp 235239.

5. Amir,A.Metry., and Toy F. Weston (1976), “ Modelling Pollutant Migration in Subsurface Environments”, Proceedings of the conference on Environmental modeling and simulation, Cincinnati, Ohio, pp 537542.

6. Anandakumar K.J, Vijayakumar S.K, Maanjhu P. and Das P. (2007), “ Groundwater management Option A Case Study of western yamuna canal command”, Haryana, pp 3035.

7. Anbazhagan S.,and Nair A.M. (2004), “:GIS and groundwater quality mapping in panvel basin, Maharastra, India”, Journal of Environmental Geology, 45, pp 753761.

8. APHA (1995), Std methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 18 th edition .American Public Health Association, Wahington.DC.

9. Arora A.N., and Goyal Rohit (2003), “Conceptual ground ware modeling using GIS” ,GIS India 2003, National Conference on GIS/GPS/RS,Jaipur.

10. Ballukarya P.N., and Ravi, R. (1999), “Characterization of groundwater in the unconfined aquifer of Chennai city, India”, Journal of the Geological Society of India, 54, pp 8491.



753

11. Brian J Ritzel, Wayland Eheart J, Ranjithan S. (1994), ”using genetic algorithms to solve a multiple objective groundwater pollution containment problem”, Water resources research , 30(5), pp 15891603.

12. Bruce E.Tonn, Caitlin Cotrill (2004), “An Environmental plan for middle nolichucky river area”,Environmental practice, 6(1), pp 5061.

13. Chand S and Dara S.S (1997), “A Textbook of environmental chemistry and pollution control”, S.Chand & Co Ltd., New Delhi, India .

14. Chandra Sekhar M., and Umamahesh N.V. (2004), “Mass balance approach for assessment of pollution load in the Krishna river”, Journal of environmental Science and Engineering, 46(2), pp159171.

15. Chang,K. (2008), “Introduction to GIS”, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi, 4 th edition.

16. Chilar J.K, ST.Laurent and Dyer J.A. (1991), ”Relation between the normalized vegetation Index and ecological variables”, National Journal of Remote Sensing and Environment, 35, pp 279298.

17. Das J.D, Dutta,T and Saraf A.K. (2007), “Remote Sensing and GIS Application in change detection of the barak river channel ,N.E India”, Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 35(4) ,pp 2629.

18. Environment System Research Institute (1997), User guide Arc/Info ,The Geographic Information System Software(Red land, CA:ESRI).

19. Fransworth R.D.Barrett,E.C., and Dhanju M.C. (1984), “Applications of remote sensing to hydrogeology including groundwater Hydrology”, Technical document in Hydrology,2 nd Edition , UNESCO

20. Freeze R.A., and Cherry J.A. (1979), “Groundwater”, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

21. .Garg V.K, Simmi Goel., and Renuka Gupta (2001), ”Ground water qulity of an average Indian city: A case study of Hisar(Haryana)”, Journal of water works Association, 33, pp 237242.

22. Garg V.K., and Tatawat.K.L. (2004), “Groundwater contamination in the area adjoining zinc smelter effluent stream”, Journal of environmental Science and Engineering, 46(1), , pp 6164.



754

23. Goel,V Kumar,A. Verma N.K. “Quntitative study on microbial pollution of river yamuna at Delhi”, Institute of Engineers Journal, 88, pp 5660.

24. Govindarajalu K. (2003), ”Industrial effluent and health statusA case study of Noyyal river basin”, Proceedings of the third international conference on environment and health , Chennai, pp150157.

25. Gulman G.A. D.Tarplay., and Taylor (1989), “Application of angular models to AVHRR data for determination of clearsky plnetary albedo over land surface ”, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, pp 99599970.

26. Gulshan Taj M.N.A. (2008), “Remote Sensing and GIS based study of pennagram waterhed in dharmapuri dist”, National Conference on Application of GIS in Civil Engineering” 16 th Feb, pp 5968.

27. Hsieh Wen Shen (1979), “Modeling of rivers”, John Wiley Publications, New York.

28. Kamaraju.M.V.V, Battacharya A., Sreenivasa Reddy (1996),“ Groundwater Potential Evaluation of West Godavai dist Andra Pradesh State, IndiaA GIS Approach”, Groundwater, 34(2), pp 318325.

29. Kazmi A.A. Agarwal L.K., and Jensen J.K. (2007), ”Water Quality Modelling for yamuna action plan phase II” , Institute of Engineers Journal , 88, pp 3342.

30. Krishna Murthy,J. Venkatesa Kumar,N. Jayaraman V., and Manivel.M. (1996), ”An approach to demarcate ground water potential zones through Remote Sensing and GIS”, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 17(10) , pp 18671884.

31. Krishnamurthy J., and Srinivas G. (1995), ”Role of geological and geomorphological factors in groundwater exploration –A case study through remote sensing techniques”, international Journal of Remote Sensing, 16(14) , pp 25952618.

32. Lillesand Thomas M., and Ralph, W .Kiefer (1979), “Remote Sensing and Image interpretation”. John Wiley and sons publishers, New York, pp 603.

33. Manavalan P.(2005), ”Groundwater resources assessment –RS and GIS based approachesanagement”, Proceedings of the fourth DSTSERC School on Mathematical Modelling of Groundwater Quality and Pollution, pp 648659.

34. Meiyaraj C., and R. Sundararajan (2007), ”Characterization and runoff modeling of Alanthurai water shed of Coimbatore dist in TN”, Journal of ecotoxicology and environmental monitoring, 16(1), pp 3739.



755

35. Mondal N.C., Thangarajan. M., Singh V.S. (2002), ”Assessment of groundwater quality in Kadagaver river basin, TN, India”, Proceedings of International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management JNTU, Hyderabad,1820 th Dec , pp 578.

36. Murthy K.S.R. (2000), “Groundwater potential in semiarid region of AP: A GIS Approach”, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21(9), pp 18671884.

37. Narayana Shenoy,K., K.N. Lokesh (1999), “Quantity of groundwater of borewell in MIT campus, Manipal, Karnataka”, Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 41(2), pp 144148.

38. Praja pati J.R., and Rao B.V.( 2007 ), ” Studies on the groundwater quality of Kalol city, Gujrat, India” Nature Environment and Pollution Technology”, 6(2), pp 177201.

39. Radu Constantin Gogu et. al., (2001), “GIS based Hydrogeological databases and groundwater modeling “, Hydrogeology Journal, pp 555569.

40. Ragunath H.M. (1987), “Groundwater”, Willey Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, India.

41. Rajmohan Singh and Bithin Datta (2006), ” Identification of groundwater pollution sources using GA based linked simulation optimization model”, Journal of hydrologic Engineering, 11(2), pp101109.

42. Ramesh H.S., and Mahendran B. (1999), “Assessment of subsurface water quantity in Kalayarkoil Union of Tamilnadu”, Indian Journal of environmental health, 41(2), pp135143.

43. Ranjit Singh.A.J.A., and Ajith Kumar T.T. (2004), “Water quality analysis of drinking water sources in selected villages in Tirunelveli district”, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 12, pp 192924.

44. Rohit Goel and Arora A.N. (2003), “Use of Remote Sensing in Grounwater Modelling”, Map India 2003.

45. Saraf A.K.,and Choudary P.R. (1998), ”Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS for groundwater exploration and identification of artificial recharge sites”, International Journal of Remote Sensing,19(10), pp18251841.

46. Shah P. Banerjee,P.K., and S.Datta (2007), ”Assessment of water quality of Tolly’s Nullah by Water Quality Index (WQI)”, Journal of institute of Engineers, 88, pp 39.

47. Sharma K.D.(2003), “Remote Sensing and Water shed modeling: Towards a Hydrological Interface Model”, Indo US Symposium workshop on RS and its Application, Mumbai(India).



756

48. Shyamala G., Suresh Babu.S. Shivanand K.P. (2008), “Integrated Groundwater management for cauvery basin using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques”, National Conference on application of GIS in civil Engineering, pp7883.

49. Singh K.Amaresh., and Ravi Prakash.S (2003), “An integrated approach of RS, geophysics and GIS to evaluate groundwater potentiality of Ojhala subwatere shed, mirzapur dist, UP,India”, Map India 2003.

50. Sivapullaiah,P.V. (2005), “Groundwater Quality and the Role of Soil Characteristics”, Proceedings of the fourth DSTSERC School on Mathematical Modelling of Groundwater Quality and Pollution, pp179202.

51. Siva Sankaran M.N, Sivamurthy Reddy S.,and Ramesh R. (2006), “Nutrient concentration in groundwater of Pondicherry region”, Journal of environmental Science and Engineering, 146(3), pp 210216.

52. Sreedevi P.D, Srinivasalu S and Kesava Raju.K (2001), “Hydro morphological and groundwater prospects of the Pegero river basin using Remote Sensing Data”, Journal of Environmental Geology, 40 , pp 10851094.

53. Sreenivasa Rao A , Rammohan Rao P and Someswara Rao N. (1999), “ Daegradation of water Quality of Kolleru lake”, Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 41(4), pp 300311.

54. Srivastava A.K. Mishra D.K. Sarika Tripathi and Priti singh (2000), “Calculation of water quality Index considering important physicochemical parameters”, Nature Environment and pollution Technology”, 16 , pp 315319.

55. Suba P.banerjee P.K.,and Datta S. (2007), ”Assessment of water quality of Tullys Nullah by water quality index”, Institute of Engineers Journal , 88, pp 39.

56. Super Fund Technical Support Centre for Ground Water (2005), “Groundwater Issue”, Environmental Protection Agency , pp 15.

57. Tambekar D.H, Hirulkar N.B, Mule Y.N., and Dongre, R.S. (2007), Journal of Nature Environment and pollution Technology”, 6(1) , pp 235.

58. Thakare S.B, Parwate,A.V., and Rao Y.M.(2005), “Deterioration of Groundwater quality in akola city of vidharba region”, National Environment and Pollution Control Journal, 8(6), pp 4752.

59. Trivedy R.K., and Goel P.K. (1986), “Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies”, Environmental Publications”, Karad, pp 215.



757

60. WatkinsD.W, Mckinney,D.C, Maidment D.R., and Min Derlin (1996), ” Use of Geographic Information System in Groundwater flow Modelling”, Joournal of water resource planning management, 122(2) , pp 8896.

61. WHO (1985), Guidelines for drinking water quality, recommendations, World Health Organization, Geneva.

mettur dam and erode town using remote sensing and gis · 77º45’23”e to 77º48’05”e which...

Documents