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SESSION 3

Friday, 10th September 2004

RESEARCH PROPOSAL &

TYPE OF THE RESEARCH

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SESSION 3

1. Explain the components of the research

proposal

2. Describe the type of research

3. Discuss the differences betweenquantitative and qualitative research

4. Characterize basic qualitative methods

Learning Objectives

At the end of todays session, the student should beable to :

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Research Proposal

2.4 Statement ofthe Purpose of the Study

the single statement that identifies

the focus of the research what the researcher intends to do

to answer the research question

2. Introduction

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3 ways : (1) as a declarative statement

(2) as a question

(3) as a hypothesis

2. Introduction


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(1) as a declarative statement

The purpose of this study is to describe the effect

of structured individualized versus structured group

instruction on successful breast feedingby primiparas in their home setting

2.4 Statement of

the Purpose of the Study

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(2) as a question

The purpose of this study is to answer the

question : I s there a signi f icant relationship

between a method of teaching about breastfeeding and successful breast feeding by

primiparas in their home setting ?

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(3) as a hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to test the followinghypothesis:

Primiparas who receive individuali zed instruction in

breast feeding wil l have a signi f icantly more successful

breast-feeding exper ience in their home setting than

primiparas who receive structured group instruction in

breast feeding

2.4 Statement of the Purpose of the Study

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2.4 Objective

General Objective

Specific Objective

2. Introduction

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From this study those factors which are responsible

for stopping breast-feeding in urban communities

can be identi f ied and this wil l be useful for giving

feedback for promoting the breast-feeding program.

2.4 Objective

General Objective

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2.4 Objective

Specific Objective

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Research Proposal

2. Introduction

2.5 Significance of the Study

Science

Health Service / Health Policy Research

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Research Proposal

3. Review of Related Literature

Reasons to Review the Literature

To determine what has already been done Provides ideas about the kinds of studies that

need to be done

To point out research strategies To help the researcher to interpret the results

of the study

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Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

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The use of one theory or interrelatedtheories to support the rationale (reason)for conducting the study and provide aguide to analyzing the results

Theoretical Framework

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The use of one or more related concepts that

underlie the study problem and support therationale (reason) for conducting the study

The concepts should also be discussed in

relat ionsh ip to thevariablesbeing inv est igated

(Use diagram)

Conceptual Framework

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Recent publications

( the last 5-7 years )


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Research Proposal

4. Methodology

1. Study Design

2. Location and Time

3. Study Population

4. Sampling

5. Sample size

6. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

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4. Methodology7. Informed consent

8. Procedures

9. Identifying Variables

10. Operational definition

11. Plan of data analysis and data

interpretation

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Research Proposal

5. Bibliography

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Research Proposal

Curriculum vitae of researchers

Budget Time schedule of the study

Informed consent (Form)

Statistical formulas

Instruments of the study (e.g. Questionnaire) Dummy Table

Others

APPENDIXES

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Quantitative and Qualitative

Research

1. Introduction to Quantitative and

Qualitative Research2. Comparison ofQuantitative and Qualitative

Research

3. Types ofQuantitative and QualitativeResearch

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1. Introduction

Many researchers have narrowly defined scientificresearch method to include only quantitative research.

This research method is based on the philosophy of

logical empiricism

Quantitative and QualitativeResearch

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Quantitative research is

a formal, objective, systematic process in which

numerical data are utilized to obtain information

about the world

Quantitative research ?

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Is used todescribe variables

- examine relationships among

variables- determine cause- and-effect

interactions between variables

Quantitative research

the predominantly used method of scientificinvestigation

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Qualitative research is

a systematic, subjective approach used todescribe life experiences and give them

meaning

not a new idea in social and behavioral

sciences

Qualitative research ?

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QuantitativeResearch

Hard science

Focus : concise and

narrow

Reductionistic

Objective

Qualitative

Research

Soft science

Focus : complex

and

broad Holistic

Subjective

2. Comparison of Quantitative and

Qualitative Research

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Quantitative Research

Reasoning : logistic

anddeductive

Basis of knowing :

cause-and-effect

relations.

Tests theory


Reasoning :

dialectic,

inductive

Basis of knowing :

meaning,discovery

Develops theory

2. Comparison of Quantitative and


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Control

Instruments

Basic elements of

analysis

: numbers


Shared interpretation

Communication andobservation

Basic elements ofanalysis :

words

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Statistical analysis

Generalization


Individual interpretation Uniqueness

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3. Types of Quantitative and


Types of Quantitative Research

1. Descriptive

2. Correlational

3. Quasi-Experiment

4. Experiment

1. Non-intervention

(Observational)

2. Intervention

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Types of Qualitative Research

1. Phenomenology

2. Grounded Theory

3. Ethnography

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1. Phenomenological Research

Phenomenological research is an

inductive, descriptive approach developedfrom phenomenological philosophy

The focus of phenomenological philosophy is

understanding the response of whole humanbeing, not just specific parts of behaviors

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The aim of phenomenological research is to

describe an experience as it is lived by the

person, such as describing a personsexperience of pain as it is lived by that person

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2. Grounded Theory Research

GTR is an inductive research technique. This

research approach is useful in discovering what

problems exist in a social scene and the processpersons use to handle them

GTR emphasizes observation and the

development of practice-based intuitiverelationships between variables

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The research process involves formulation,

testing, and redevelopment of propositions until

a theory evolves.

The theory developed is grounded or has its

roots in the data from which it was derived

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3. Ethnographic Research

ER for investigating cultures through an in-depth

study of the members of the culture.

ER attempts to tell the story of peoples daily

lives while describing the culture they are a part

of

ER process is the systematic collection,

description, and analysis of data to develop a

theory of cultural behavior

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Using ER different cultures are described,

compared and contrasted to add to the

understanding of the impact of culture on humanbehavior and health

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metpen 3 ta 2004

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