Methods of Separating Mixtures

Methods of Separating Mixtures• A mixture is an association of two or more substances

(elements and/or compounds) that are NOT chemically combined.

• The components in a mixture have NO set ratio.

• The components in a mixture are combined either heterogeneously or homogeneously.

• Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.

• Mixtures can be separated into their individual components by various methods.

• Differences in PHYSICAL PROPERTIES such as mass, particle size, molecular polarity, boiling and freezing points, and solubility, permit physical separation of the components of the mixture.

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a

liquid.

Insoluble solidtrapped in filter paper

Funnel with filter paper

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Filtration is also used to separate an insoluble solid

from an soluble solid.

Insoluble solid

trapped in filter paper

Soluble solid dissolved in the solvent and dripping through

Funnel with filter paper

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a

liquid.

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Separatory funnels can also be used to separate

immiscible liquids.

Liquid of lower

density

Liquid of higher density

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Turkey fat separators can also be used to separate

immiscible turkey fat from the turkey drippings .

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Distillation is used to separate a soluble solid solute

from a liquid solvent.

Hot liquidsolvent vapors

Condensing arm

Solution of a solid dissolved in

a liquid

Pure solventPure solid

solute remains

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Distillation can also be used to separate a soluble liquid

solute from a liquid solvent.

Hot vapors of liquid

w / lower b.p.Condensing arm

Solution of a liquid

dissolved in a second liquid

Distilled liquid w / lower b.p.

Liquid w / higher b.p.

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Distillation can also be used to separate a soluble liquid

solute from a liquid solvent.

Still

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Crystallization is used to separate a solid of lower

solubility from a solid with higher solubility.

Less soluble solidcrystallizes out

of solution

More soluble Solid remains

dissolved in solution

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Paper chromatography is a separation method in which

the components of a mixture are attracted differently to other substances not in the mixture.

solvent flow

component more

attracted to the stationary

material

component more

attracted to the mobile

solvent

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Column chromatography is a separation method in

which the components of a mixture are attracted differently to other substances not in the mixture.

solvent flow

component more attracted to

the mobile solvent

component more attracted to

the stationary material

Methods of Separating Mixtures• Column Chromatography.