methods of research chapter 3

7/29/2019 Methods of Research Chapter 3

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Report in Methods of Research

by: Cherry Mae L. Villanueva, RN and

Mary Aretha D. Rocha, RM, RN

How to Write Chapter 3: Research Methodology (Methods and

Procedures)

Parts of Chapter 3 of a research paper (thesis, dissertation, or projectresearch)

1. Research Design2. Study Locale3. Population and Sampling4. Research Instrumentation (Data Gathering Instruments)5. Research Procedure (Data Gathering Procedure)6. Statistical Design (Statistical Treatment of Data)

1. Research Design

is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting andanalysing the needed information used to study a problem or an issue

includes the description of the methodology the researcher used the researcher justifies why he chose this method and cites the sources Types of Research Approaches

a. Qualitative Research is a research relying primarily on the collection of qualitative

data

qualitative data refers to attributes or characteristics of thepopulation

examples of qualitative research are: historical research phenomenological research ethnographic research grounded-theory research case study research philosophical research

b. Quantitative Research is a research that relies primarily on the collection of

quantitative data

quantitative data refer to numerical information about thepopulation


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examples are: correlational research experimental research causal-comparative research epidemiological research

c. Combined Research is the mixture of qualitative and quantitative researches example is descriptive research

Types of Research Methoda. Descriptive Research Method

is a type of research that focuses on providing an accuratedescription or picture of the status or characteristics of a

situation or phenomenon

Types of Descriptive Research Case Study Research Survey Research Development Study Research Comparative Study Research Ex Post Facto Research Documentary Analysis Research Test Scores Analysis Research Population Census Studies Research

b. Experimental Research Method is a research in which the researcher manipulates the

independent variable

the researcher attempts to maintain control over all factors thatmay affect the result of the experiment

by doing so, the researcher attempts to determine or predictwhat may occur

Types of Experimental Research Method Single-group Design Two-group Design Two-pair Design Parallel-group Design Solomon 4-group Design (R.L. Solomon Design) Pre-test-Post-test Design Counter Balanced or Latin Square Design


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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH relies on the application of scientific methods based on

scientific paradigm this research provides scientific information and theories for

the explanation of the nature and properties of humans. makes practical applications possible is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations

and private groups, including many companies can be subdivided into different classifications Steps involved in conducting an Experimental Study

Identify and Define the Problem Formulate hypotheses and deduce their consequences Construct an experimental design that represents all the

elements, conditions, and relations of the consequences

select sample of subjects

group or pair subjects identify and control non-experimental factors select or construct, and validate instruments to

measure outcomes

conduct pilot study determine place, time and duration of the

experiment

Conduct the experiment Compile raw data and reduce to usable form Apply an appropriate test of significance

c. Quasi-experimental Research is an experimental research that does not provide for full

control of potential confounding variables primarily because it

does not randomly assign participants to comparison groups

d. Historical Research Method is a research about events in the past it is a process of systematically examining past events or

combinations of events to arrive at an account of what

happened in the past

Types of Historical Research Method Deliberate Historical Research Incidental Historical Research

comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historiansuse historical sources and other evidence to research and then

to write history


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there are various history guidelines commonly used byhistorians in their work, under the headings of external

criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis

this also includes higher criticism and textual criticism the following concepts are usually part of the most formal

historical research identification of origin date evidence of localization recognition of authorship analysis of data identification of integrity attribution of credibility

e. Developmental Research Method its purpose is to investigate patterns and sequences of growth

and/ or change as a function of time

Types of Developmental Research Longitudinal Research (synchronic)

data are collected at multiple time points andcomparisons are made across time

Cross-sectional Research (diachronic) data are collected at a single point in time

Cross-sequential Research (both) combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional

research

f. Case and Field Research Method aims to study intensively the background, current status and

environmental interactions of a given social unit

an individual, a group, an institution or a community it is a form of qualitative research that is focused on providing

a detailed account and analysis of one or more cases

g. Correlational Research Method is a form of non-experimental research in which the primary

independent variable of interest is a quantitative variable

it aims to investigate the extent to variations in one factorcorrelate with variations in one or more other factors based on

correlation coefficient

h. Causal-Comparative (ex post facto) Research Method


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is a form of non-experimental research where the primaryindependent variable of interest is categorical.

aims to investigate possible cause and effect relationships byobserving some existing consequence and looking back through

the data for plausible causal factors

i. Action Research aims to develop new skills or new approaches and to solve

problems with direct application to the classroom or other

applied setting

is a reflective process of progressive problem solving lead byindividuals working with others in terms or as part of a

community of practice to improve the way they address

issues and to solve problems

j. Observational Research Empirical Research a research method which employs observation, that is

essentially a technique for gathering data about the subjects

involved in the study

is a research that bases its findings on direct or indirectobservation as its test of reality

k. Educational Development Research or Educational Research and Development also called Research Based Development is a process used to develop and validate educational products

l. New product Development Research is a research based product development process used to

develop and validate food or commodity product for the market

2. Study Locale

refers to brief description of the specific place where a study is conducted3. Population and Sampling

includes the description and the number of samples, subjects orrespondents or research participants considered or chosen for the purpose

of the study

POPULATION means the complete set of cases


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it is the large group to which the researcher wants togeneralize the sample results

SAMPLE is the set of elements taken from a larger population a subset of cases drawn from a population

SAMPLING is the process of measuring a small portion of something and

making a general statement about the whole thing is the act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable

sample, or a representative part of a population for thepurpose of determining parameters or characteristics of thewhole population

Techniques of Samplinga. Scientific Sampling (Probability Sampling)

any sampling method in which every unit in the population hasa chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample,

and this probability can be accurately determined

the combination of this traits makes it possible to produceunbiased estimates of population totals, by weighing sampled

units according to their probability of selection

Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Sampling Systematic Sampling Multi-stage Sampling

b. Non-scientific Sampling (Non-probability Sampling) any sampling method where some elements of the population

have no chance of selection

the probability of selection cant be accurately determined involves the selection of elements based on assumptions

regarding the population of interest, which forms the criteria

for selection

non-probability sampling does not allow the estimation ofsampling errors because the selection of elements is non-random

information about the relationship between sample andpopulation is limited, making it difficult to deduce from the

sample to the population

Purposive Sampling Incidental Sampling Quota Sampling


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Census Sampling Convenience Sampling (Grab or Opportunity Sampling) Networking or Snowball Sampling Mechanical Sampling Line-intercept Sampling Panel Sampling Event Sampling

SLOVINs Formula the formula used in selecting the sample size

n = N/ (1 + Ne2 )

where: n = small sampleN = Total Population or population Sizee = desired margin of error

allowable error: 1% (0.01)5% (0.05)

10% (0.10)

4.Research Instrumentation (Data Gathering Instruments)

includes the description of the adoption, construction and administration ofinstruments

instruments include questionnaire, interview guide, documentary analysisand others

also includes discussion on the validity, reliability and usability of theinstrument

when using standardized instruments in a study mention how and why it isutilized

a standard questionnaire or any other instrument used need to be validatedwhen modifications were made and the author or owner of the instruments

should be acknowledged

Examples of Research Instrumentsa.

Questionnaire

b. Interview & Interview Guidec. Observationd. Rating Scalee. Score Cardf. the Scaled Specimeng. Opinionnaire or Attitude Scaleh. Sociometry


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i. Guess Who Techniquej. Social Distance Scalek. Psychological Tests and interventions, Mechanical Tests such as

medical, dental and surgical tests, -- the most reliable research

instruments

Types of Psychological Test and Inventories Performance Test (Paper-and-Pencil Test) Power Test versus Timed or Speed Test Non-standardized, Teacher-made Tests and Standardized

Test

Achievement Test Aptitude Test Interest Inventories Personality Test/ Measure (or Scales) Projective Devices/ Projective Tests

5. Research Procedure (Data Gathering Procedure)

includes the details of procedures followed in conducting the study also describes the techniques, devices and procedures used experimental procedure for experimental research

6. Statistical Design (Statistical Treatment of Data)

describes briefly how the data collected are to be processed it mentions statistical techniques used also called Statistical Analysis or Statistical Framework

Statistical Measures include the following:a. Central Tendency Statistics (Measures of Central Tendencies)

Mean the most stable measure of central tendency Median Mode

b. Variability/ Dispersion Statistics (Important Measures of Variability) Range Variance Mean Deviation Standard Deviation (the most stable Measure of Variability)

c. Correlation Statistics (Measures of Correlations/ Relationship) Pearson-Product-Moment Correlation


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Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient or Spearman rho Goodmans and Kruskals Gamma (G) Lambda Correlation Kendall-Rank-Order Correlation (Tau) Point-Biseral Correlation

d. Significant Difference Statistics (Measures of Significant Differences) t-Test (Independent t-Test and Dependent t-Test) One-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA-1) Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANCOVA) Sandlers A test Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) Wilcoxon Test Mann-Whitney Test Kruskal-Wallis Test Jonkheere Trend Test Friedman Test Page-S-L Trend Test

e. Association Statistics (Measures of Association) Chi-Square Test (x2) Tetrachoric Correlation Phi Correlation Rank Biserial Correlation Point Biserial Correlation

f. Agreement Statistics (Measures of Agreement) Coefficient of Concorddance

g. Confidence Statistics (Measure of Confidence) Z-test

h. Forecasting and Projection Statistics Unweighted Average Forecasting Weighted Forecasting Average Moving Average Forecasting Forecasting by the use of Exponential Smoothing Forecasting by Trend Projection

i. Validity and Reliability Statistics Validity Measures

Content Validity Face Validity (Format/ Procedure Validity) Judgemental Validity


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Construct Validity (Convergent and Discriminate orDivergent Validity)

Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity Criterion-related Validity

Reliability Measures Test-retest Method (Stability Reliability) Split-half or add even reliability (Equivalency Reliability) Parallel Forms Internal-Consistency Method Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 Steps Interrater Reliability

j. Some well-known statistical test and procedures for researchobservations are:

Students t-Test Chi-square Test Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Mann-Whitney U Regression Analysis Factor Analysis Correlation Pearson-product-moment Correlation Coefficient Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient

methods of research chapter 3

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