methods and technique of endoscopic research of ent...
TRANSCRIPT
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Methods and technique of
endoscopic research of ENT-
organs. Clinical anatomy and
physiology of auditory
analyzer
Study 1
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Auditory analyzer consists of:
Auricle
Middle ear
Inner ear
Transmitting ways
Central part
Peripheral
Part
Central Part
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Auricle
• Collects sounds
• Helps to identify the direction of sound
• Increases the high frequency sound sensibility
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External auditory passage
(canal)
• 3 cm long
• S - Form
• 1/3 cartilaginous (membranous) ц2і3цosseous
• Cerumen (Earwax) glands
• Increases sounds
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Middle ear
• Tympanic cavity
• Mastoid cells
• Auditory tube
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Middle ear anatomy
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Tympanic cavity
• Divided into 3 parts (floors)
• There are 6 walls
• There are 3 bones and 2 muscles
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External auditory passage
(canal)
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Tympanic membrane
lateral wall
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Age anatomy of tympanic membrane
In adults In children
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Tympanic membrane
• Is a thin membrane and consists of 3 layers
• Separates external auditory canal from the tympanic cavity
• Is vibrating under influence of sound waves and transmitting oscillations to osteones.
• Is the main increaser of transformational mechanism of middle ear.
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Mastoid process
• Cells of mastoid are the passive air reserve of middle ear
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Osteones
• A: malleus
• B: incus
• C: stapes
– Are the smallest bones of
human body
– Are functioning as a general
lever mechanism
– Increase the sound pressure to
the liquids of inner ear
– Defend the inner ear structures
from the loudest sounds
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Слухо тру
• Consists of membranous and osseous parts
• Does the barofunction
• Opens during swallowing and gaping
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Auditory (Eustachian) tube
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Inner ear
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Cochlea Sound waves endo- and perilymph vibration chemical reaction electric impulse
Or
T
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Spiral (Corti) organ
• The sound-perceptive
part of auditory analyzer
• The transformation of
mechanical vibration into
the electric impulse
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Hair cells Outer cells, inner cells
Outers 4 times less numerous than inners
Outer cells are more sensitive for sound vibrations (~40 dB)
Mechanic vibration leads to the affecting mediators, which correspond with reacting of nerve cells
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Age anatomy of auditory tube
Adult’s Children’s
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Frontal rhinoscopy
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Oropharyngoscopy
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Laryngoscopy
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Auricle examination
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Otoscopy
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Auditory tube examination
• Normal picture of
auditory tube ostium
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Auditory tube examination
• Adenoid vegetation
in auditory tube
ostium
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Auditory tube examination
• Enlarged posterior
end of nasal
turbinate which
coved the auditory
tube ostium
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Auditory tube examination
• Hypertrophy of
auditory tube tonsill
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Auditory tube examination
• Allergic aedema in
mucose of auditory
tube ostium
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Auditory and vestibular
analyzer research
Study 2
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Tuning fork examination
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Tuning fork examination
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Inner ear anatomy
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Auditory analyzer research
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Hear cells reaction
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+ +
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Transmitting ways of auditory analiser
First neuron – bipolar cells of spiral ganglion
second neuron– ventral and dorsal nucleus of medulla
Third neuron– olive complex
Forth neuron– medial
geniculate body
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Anatomy and physiology of vestibular analyzer
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Vestibular apparatus
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Vestibular apparatus
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Hear cells - 50-100 steriocillies one kinocillium
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Cupula
• Crista ampullaris consists from sensorial and supporting cells
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Semicircular cells in rotation
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Otolitics apparatus and gravitation
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Vestibular connections