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METHANOL IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES - AN ALTERATIVE 2014 MMSA METHANOL TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY CONGRESS3-4 DECEMBER 2014, FRANKFURT
Lennart Haraldson, Fuel Flexibility SP 4-stroke / R&D
Historic development of Methanol as motor fuel
Alcohols were actually tried in engines in early days by both Otto as well as Diesel............
The development of the market for methanol as a motor fuel worldwide started with the shortage of motor fuels during the First World War.
Likewise, the use of methanol has received attention primarily during periods when shortage of conventional fuels have been on the agenda.
Two such periods besides First World War were the second War and first oilcrisis during the 70´s.
The current only major market for methanol as motor fuel is China
Methanol as fuel compared to LFO
Fuel Methanol Diesel
Density (kg/l) 0.79 0,85
Boiling point (°C) 65 150-370
Flash point (°C) 11 min. 60
Auto ignition (°C) 464 240
Viscosity cSt at 20°C ~ 0,6 ~ 13,5
Octane RON/MON 109/89 -
Cetane No. 3 45-55
LHV (MJ/kg) 20 42
LHV (MJ/l) 16 36
Flammability Limits, Vol% 7-36 1-6
Flame Speed (cm/s) 52 37
Heat of Evaporation (kJ/kg) 1178 233
Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio 6,4 14,7
Adiabatic flame temp. (°C) 1910 2100
MeOH
Top 3 Safety Aspects•”invisible flame”• Corrosive• Toxic
Performance Aspect• LHV less than half of LFO• Heat of Evaporation
Possible Methanol Concepts for Engines
Surface Ignition
Fumigation
Mixing Concept (Emulsion)
Ignition Improvers
Pilot fuel assisted Diesel CombustionPremixed Combustion with Spark Plugor Pilot Fuel Ignition
Conclusions from using methanol in the diesel process
Sources: SAE 902160 paper, EPA-460/3-023 August 1981
Engine output and efficiency equal to the diesel engineSignificant reduced NOx and PM compared to diesel Life time of major components will be similar or better than the diesel engine No change in oil change intervals are expected
Caterpillar - Glow Plug Volvo - Diesel Pilot ignition
Wärtsilä Methanol-Diesel retrofit solution
Methanol is combusted according to the diesel process. The methanol is injected close to TDC and ignited by a small amount of diesel pilot fuel.
The methanol injection pressure is limited to below 650 bar.
Tests on Methanol – Recent testing of Wärtsilä Sulzer Z40S-MD
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ZA40_reference
Z40_reference 2003_HFO_CSZ40_reference 2014_LFO_CS
Z40_load swing_450bar pinjZ40_load swing_600bar pinj
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ZA40S_reference
Z40_reference 2014_LFO_CSZ40_reference 2003_HFO_CSZ40_load swing_450bar pinjZ40_load swing_600bar pinj
Repeated tests on Sulzer Z40S-MD show same trends as the pre-tests on Wärtilä Vasa 32:
Reduced NOx / PMReduced exhaust temperature Same (or better) efficiency
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t5 Te
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BMEP [bar]
ZA40S_reference
Z40_reference 2003_HFO_CS_normZ40_reference 2014_LFO_CS_normZ40_load swing_450bar pinj_norm
Z40_load swing_600bar pinj_norm
Stena Germanica – Conversion Scope
Transfer pump roomPump room
Engines converted for methanol combustion
Stena Germanica going to shipyard Feb 2015First ever medium speed engine operating on methanol – 20.03.2015
Double walledfuel pipes Ballast tank converted
to methanol fuel tank
Possible Future Fuel for Shipping
Methanol Potential, sum-up
Regulations Cost
Availability
CapexOpex
EmissionsFlag State
Class compliance
FuelTechnology