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7/23/2019 Methanation http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/methanation 1/24 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII One Source One Search One Solution METH N TION IN CO L G SIFIC TION PROCESSES ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION PITTSBURGH PA. PITTSBURGH ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER SEP 1975 ¸ ~ j U S Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service

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Page 1: Methanation

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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

O n e S o u r c e O n e S e a r c h O n e S o l u t i o n

METH N T ION IN C O L G S IF IC T ION PROC ESSES

ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

ADMINISTRATION PITTSBURGH PA.

PITTSBURGH ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER

SEP 1975

¸ ~ j

U S Depa r tmen t o f Com merce

N a t i o n a l T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e

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O n e S o u r c e O n e S e a r c h O n e S o l u t io n

P r o v i d i n g P e r m a n e n t , E a s y A c c e s s

t o U . S . G o v e r n m e n t I n f o r m a t i o n

Na t ional Technica l In form at ion Serv ice is the n at ion s

largest repos i tory and d isseminator of government-

ini t iated scient i f ic , technical , engineering, and related

bus iness in format ion. The NTIS col lec t ion inc ludes

a lmo s t 3 ,000 ,000 in fo rmat ion p roduc ts in a var ie ty o f

formats : e lect ronic dow nload, onl ine access, CD -

RO M, magn et ic tap e, d iske t te , m ul timedia, m icrof iche

and pap er.

Search the NTIS Database f rom 1990 forward

NTIS has upgrade d its bibl iographic database system a nd has made all entries since

1990 searchable on

www.nt is .gov.

You now have access to information on more than

60 0 000 governmen t research information products from th is web site.

Link to Ful l Text Docum ents at Governm ent Web S ites

Because many Government agencies have their m ost recent reports avai lable on the ir

own w eb site we have added l inks directly to these reports. W hen available you wil l

see a l ink on the right side of the bibliographic screen.

Download Publ icat ions 1997 - Present)

NTIS can now provides the ful l text of reports as downloadable PDF fi les. This means

that when an age ncy stops maintaining a report on the web NTIS wi ll o ffer a

down loadable version. There is a nom inal fee for e ach dow nload for most publications.

F o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n v i s i t o u r w e b s i t e :

w ww ntis gov

U.S. DEPARTMENTOF COMM ERCE

Technology Admim strat ion

Nat ional Technical Informat ion Service

Spr ingf ie ld VA 22161

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P E R C l C 7 5

I I I I [ I [ I l l i i i [ I I I I

2 E R C / i C - 7 5 / i

D i s t r i b u t i o n C a t e g o r y U C - 9 0 c

~E H~N~LTiOE iN CCL~L GASL-,~iCATiON PROC ESSE S

B y

j. P. Strakey

A. j. For ney

W P H a s ~ e s

D a t e P u b l i s h e d - S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 5

P i t t s b u r g h E n e r g y R e s e a r c h C e n t e r

E n e ~ v R e s e a r c h an d D e v e l o pm e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o m

P i t t s b u r g h , P e n n s y l v a n i a

REPRODUCED BY:

U S Dcpa i lmer l t o f Com merce

Nat iona l T o :h n i~ l I r~ fo rma l ion Serv i ce

8prin.qfJuld, ~r gl . la 22161

: J ; ' i I T 2 - ' ~ _ ,T /-'.T -S = N , ' - r iG Y R = S , _A R C H D E V E LO P r , A EI',.]T A D M i N 1 S T R A T I O i ' , ]

m V

O = T I L . = O ,= P U B L IC A F F A I R S I T E C H N 1 C A L ~ N F O R M A T IO N C E N T E R

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N O T I E

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States

Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Energy Research and

Development Administration, nor an:,, of their employees, nor any of their cont ractors.

subc ontr act ors. or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes an)

legal liability or responsibili ty for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any

information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not

infringe privately owned rights.

This report has been repro duced directly from tile best available copy.

Available from the National Technical Information Service, U. S. Department of

Comme rce, Springfield. Virginia 22161

p . , . r . ~ . . , . e u ^ , e ~ S t , , . ~ o A ~ . : .

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 ONTENTS

Page

in tr od uc ti on ..................................................... 1

Re ac ti on s- Th er mo dy na mi cs ......................................... 2

Re ac ti on Me ch an is m ............................................... 3

Ca ta ly st s ........................................................ 4

Ca ta ly st De ac ti va ti on ............................................ 5

Ne th an at io n Sy ste ms .............................................. 7

S ~ T H A N E Ho t Gas Re cy cl e (HGR) ................................... 7

SYNTSLAN£ Tu be Wa ll Re ac to r (TWR) ................................. ii

S I ~ T ? ~ Hy br id Re ac to r .......................................... ii

C o n o c o M e t h a n a t i o n - W e s t f i e l d D e m o n s t r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4

iGT Spl it Fe ed Re cy cl e Re ac to r ................................... 14

Lu rg i He th an at io n ................................................ 14

CC I Me th an at io n .................................................. 15

..... 15

C O~ A c c e p t o r P r o c e s s H e t h a n a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ 1 5

C b ~ m S y s t e m s L i q u i d P h a s e M e t h a n a t i o n . . . . . . . . . [" ..

BCR F ui di ze d Bed ~ietha natio n .................................... 15

PC ~r oc es s ........................................................ 16

Re fe re nc es ....................................................... 17

I L L U S T R A T I O N S

i. Ca rb on de po si ti on bo un da ri es ................................ 6

2 . D a t a f r o m m e t h a n a t i o n p i l o t p l a n t - R u n 1 4, U n i t 6 . . . . . . . .. . 9

3 . D a t a f r o m m e t h a n a t i o n p i l o t p l a n t - R u n 1 3 , U n i t 6 . . . . . . . . . . i 0

4. HG R me th an at or (pro toty pe) .................................. 12

5. T W K m e t h a n a t o r (pro toty pe) .................................. 13

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1

i n t r o d u c t i o n

S t u d ie s o f c a t a l y t i c m e t h a n a t i o n , t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f c a r b o n o x i d e s t o m e t h a n e ,

d a t e b a c k t o 1 9 02 . T h i s r e a c t i o n h a s b e c o m e c o m m e r c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t i n r e c e n t

y e a r s i n L he p r o d u c t i o n o f s y n t h e t i c a m m o n i a. T h e s y n t h e s i s g a s a f t e r s e v e r a l

s t a g es o f s h i f t a n d r e m o v a l o f c a r b o n d i o x i d e n o r m a l l y c o n t a i n s u p t o o n e p e r -

c e n t o f c a r b o n o ~< id es w h i c h w i l l c a u s e d e a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e a m m o n i a s y n t h e s i s

c a t al y s t . T h e y a r e t h e r ef o r e c a t a l y t i c a l l y c o n v e r t e d t o m e t h a n e w h i c h i s

i n e r t t o w a r d s t h e c a t a l y s t .

A l t h o u g h t h e m e t h a n a t i o n r e a c t i o n i s v e r y e x o t h e r m i c , t h e l o w c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f c a r b o n o x i d e s l i m i t s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e t o l e s s t h a n 7 5 ° C a n d a s i m p l e

a d i a b a t i c p a c k e d b e d r e a c t o r i s u s ed . T h e s e c o n v e r t e r s a r e n o r m a l l y d e s i g n e d

t o o p e r a t e w i t h a n e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w 4 5 0 ° C. C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c a r b o n

o x i d e s i s g e n e r a l l y r e d u c e d t O b e l o w 5 p p m. A l s o , t h e h y d r o g e n i s p r e s e n t

i n l a r g e e x c e s s = 7 4 p e r c e n t ) .

M e t h a n a t i o n J n c o a l g a s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s p r e s e n t s a c o n s i d e r a b l y d i f f e r e n t

p r o b l e m i n th a t t h e c a r b o n m o n o x i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s m u c h h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f

a n a m m o n i a s y n t h e s i s g a s .

T ~ i e a l d r y c o m p o s i t i o n s o f a r a w g a s i f i e r p r o d u c t , t h e s h i f t e d a n d p u r i f i e d

f e ed t o t h e m e t h a n a t o r s , a n d t he f i n a l m e t h a n a t o r p r o d u c t, a r e s h o w ~ b e l o w

f o r t he S Y N T H A ~ E p r o c e s s .

G a s i f ie r ~ t h a n a t o r M e t h a n a t o r

P r o d u c t F e e d P r o d u c t

H 2 23 .6 45. i i. 8

CO 15.2 14.7 0. i

CO 2 34. 9 I. 0 i. 7

CH 4 23. I 35.5 91.9

C 2H6 0.7 i. 1 --

N 2 i. 7 2.6 4.5

H 2 S 0 . 8 . . . .

T h e c o m p o s i t i o n s i n m o s t o t h e r c o a l g a s i f i c a t i o n p r o c e s s e s a r e g e n e r a l l y

T h e d i f f i c u l t y ~ i t h t h e h i g h c a r b o n m o n o x i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s t ha t i n a n

a d i a b a t i c r e a c to r , t h e h e a t o f r e a c t i o n c a u s e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e t o r i s e b y

6 0 ° C f o r e a c h o n e p e r c e n t o f C O c o n v e r t e d t o m e t h a n e ; s o, w i t h a f e e d c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 4 p e r c e n t C O, t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e w o u l d b e h i g h e n o u g h t o

c a u s e c a t a l y s t s i n t e r i n g a n d d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t m e t h a n e t o ca r b on .

N o v e l r e a c t o r c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e u s e d t o c i r c u m v e n t t h i s p r o b l e m .

i n t h e S I ]~ T~ bl NE p r o c e s s , o v e r 6 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t m e t h a n e i s m a d e i n

t h e g a s i f i e r i t se l f . T h i s r e d u c e s t h e l o a d o n t h e m e t h a n a t i o n s y s t e m an d

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2

r e d u c e s t h e s i z e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e e q u i p m e n t d o w n s t r e a m o f t h e g a s i f i e r

d u e t o t h e v o l u m e t r i c c o n t r a c t i o n .

T o b e i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e w i t h n a t u r a l g a s, a s u b s t i t u t e n a t u r a l g a s ( SN G) m u s t

s a t i s f y s e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d i t s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d b y c o m b u s t i o n

t e st s . I n 1 9 65 , t h e O f f i c e of C o al R e s e a r c h i s s u e d g u i d e l i n e o b j e c t i v e s

f o r g a s f r o m c o a l. T h e g a s s h o u l d b e p u m p a b l e a t i 0 0 0 p s i g a n d i n t e r c h a n g e -

a b l e w i t h n a t u r a l g a s a n d s h o u l d h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :

H e a t i n g v a l u e > 9 00 B t u / S C F ( h i gh e r h e a t i n g v al u e )

CO < 0.1

H 2 S < 0 . 2 5 g r / 1 0 0 S C F

T o t a l S < i 0 g r / 1 0 0 S C F

I n e r t s < 5

CO 2 < 3

W a t e r < 7 i b / m i l l i o n S C F

S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y 0 . 5 9 t o 0 . 6 2 r e c o m m e n d e d

H y d r o c a r b o n d e w p o i n t < - 4 0 ° at I 0 0 0 p s i g

N o p o i s o n o u s c o m p o u n d s o r g u m f o r m e r s

M i x t u r e s c o n t a i n i n g 1 6 p e r c e n t H 2 a n d 8 4 p e r c e n t C H w i l l h a v e a h e a t i n g

v a l u e o f 9 0 0 B t u / S CF . O t h e r s [ l _ ] c a l c ul a t e t h a t a h y d r o g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

2 5 p e r c e n t g iv e s a c c e p t a b l e b u r n i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e su l f u r r e q u i r e -

m e n t i s n o p r o b l e m s i n c e i t m u s t b e r e m o v e d t o v e r y l o w l e v e l s p r i o r t o

m e t h a n a t i o n .

R e a c t i o n s - T h e r m o d y n a m i c s

T h e p e r t i n e n t r e a c t i o n s a r e s h o w n b e l o w a l o n g w i t h t h e h e a t o f r e a c t i o n a n d

e q u i l i b r i u m c o n s t a n t a t 7 0 0 ° K.

i. CO + 3H 2 ~ CH 4 + H20

& H ( 7 0 0 K ) = - 5 2 . 6 9 k c a l / g m m o l

K ( 7 0 0 K ) = 3 , 7 2 6 . 5

2. CO + H2 0 ~ CO 2 + H 2

A H ( 7 0 0 K ) = - 9 . 0 6 4 k c a l / g m m o l

K ( 7 0 0 K ) = 9 . 0 1

3 C O 2 4 H 2 ÷

÷ CH 4 + 2H20

A H ( 7 0 0 K ) = - 4 3 . 6 3 k c a l / g m m o l

K ( 7 0 O K ) = 4 1 3 . 7

4. 2CO + 2H 2 ~ CH 4 + CO k H ( 7 0 0 K ) = - 6 1 . 7 5 k c a l / g m m o l

K ( 7 O O K ) = 3 3 , 5 6 6 .

5 (2n+l) H 2 + n C0 ÷ + n H2 0

~ C n H 2 n + 2

2n H 2 + n CO + CnH 2n + n H20

6. C2 H 6 + H 2 -~ 2C H

C3 H 8 + 2H 2 -~ 3CH 4

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R e a c t i o n ( ) i s t h e p r i m a r y m e t h a n a t i o n r e a c t i o n. A 3 / i r a t i o o f h y d r o g e n

t o c a r b o n m o n o x i d e i s n e e d e d a n d t h e g a s i f i e r p r o d u c t i s u s u a l l y a d j u s t e d

t o a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r v a l u e i n t h e s h i f t re a c t o r. T h i s r e a c t i o n i s h i g h l y

~ : o t he r m i c b y n ea r l y 5 3 k c a l / g m m o l e o f C O c o n v e rt e d l e a d i n g t o a p p r o x i -

m a t e l y a 6 0 = C t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e f o r e a c h o n e p e r c e n t C O c o n v er t e d .

E q u i l i b r i u m i s n o t a l i m i t i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n m o s t m e t h a n a t i o n p r o c e s s e s .

R e a c t i o n ( 2) i s t h e s h i f t r e a c t i o n w h i c h a l s o o c c u r s i n t h e m e t h a n a t o r . I t

i s m i l d l y e x o t h e r m i c c a u s i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y a n I i ° C t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e f o r

e a c h o n e p e r c e n t C O c o n v e r t e d . F r e q u e n t l y , a s a c a t a l y s t b e c o m e s s p e n t , t h e

C O 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t he p r o d u c t i n c r e a s e s d u e t o t h is r e a c t i o n . ~ le a su r ed

m a s s a c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e s hi f t r e a c t i o n i n t h e H o t G a s R e c y c l e r e a c -

t or o f t h e S ~ H A _ N E p r o c e s s a r e g e n e r a l l y b e l o w . 0 w h i l e t h e e q u i l i b r i u m

v a l u e a t t h e r e a c t o r e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e i s 1 . 7 .

T h e t h i r d r e a c t i o n i s th e m e t h a n a t i o n o f C 0 2. T h i s r e a c t i o n i s a l s o t h e r e -

s u l t of s u b t r a c t i n g ( 2) f r o m ( I) s o i t i s n o t a n i n d e p e n d e n t r e a c t i o n . I t

h a s b e e n f o u n d e > ~ e r i m e n t a l l y t h a t C 0 2 i s n o t m e t h a n a t e d a s l o n g a s t h e c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n o f C O i s g r e a t e r t h a n a f e w h u n d r e d p p m.

R e a c t i o n ( 4) i s t h e m e t h a n a t i o n o f C O w i t h a i / i r a t i o o f H 2 t o C O. U n d e r

t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s c a r b o n d e p o s i t i o n w i l l n o r m a l l y o c c u r s o t h i s r e a c t i o n i s

n o t u s e d .

T h e f o r m a t i o n o f h i g h e r h y d r o c a r b o n s ( t he F i s c h e r - T r o p s c h s y n t h e s i s ) a s s h o ~ m

i n r e a c t i o n (5) t ak e s p l a c e a t l o we r t e m p e r a t u r e s t h a n u s e d i n m e t h a n a t i o n

a n d a t l o w e r H 2 / C 0 r at i o s. I r o n c a ta l y s t s , w h i c h a r e u s e d f o r F i s c h e r - T r o p s c h

s ~ t h e s i s , l e a d to c a r b o n d e p o s i t i o n w h e n u s e d f o r m e t h a n a t i o n .

R e a c t i o ~ (6) i s t h e h y d r o g e n o l y s i s o f h i g h e r h y d r o c a r b o ns . T h i s t a k e s p l a c e

o v e r t h e u s u a l n i c k e l c a t a l y s t a n d a l l t h e e t h a n e m a d e i n t h e g a s i f i e r i s

c o n v e r t e d t o m e t h a n e . T h i s is u n f o r t u n a t e s i n c e a r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t i n g

v a l u e o ccu r s

R e a c t i o n M e c h a n i s m

O n e o f t he m e c h a n i ~ n s f o r m e t h a n a t i o n o n n i c k e l c a t a l y s t s t h a t s ee m s m o s t

r e a s o n a b l e w a s p r o p o s e d b y V a s e n k o a n d Y u z e f o v i c h [ 2] i n 1 9 69 . I t i s b a s e d

o n t h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d b y r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s , i n f r a r e d s p e c tr a , c o n t a c t

p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s , a n d a d s o r p t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s .

co 3H 5 c E 4 E 2 0

. [ ] + e + H 2 ÷ [H2 ]-

2. [ ] + CO ÷ [CO] + + e

3 . [ C O] + + [ H 2 ] - + [ H C O H ] + + e s l o w s t e p

4 . [ H C O H ] + + [ H 2 ] - ÷ [ C ~ ] + H 2 0 + [ ]

5. [CH 2] + [H2] - ÷ CH 4 ÷ e q- [ ]

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C02 + 4H 2 ++ CH + 2H2 0

i. 2 [ ] + 2e + H2 ~. 2 [H] -

2 2 [H]- + C02 ÷ [HCOOH] ~ 2 [ ] + c OH + 2e

~XOH

3, C~0 H tt 2 ÷ HCOH H20

- ~0 H

4. HCOH H 2 CH 2 H20

5. CH 2 H 2 CH 4

s l o w s t e p

T h e i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e r e a c t i o n s i s th a t t he m e t h a n a t i o n

o f C O t a ke s p l a c e w i t h m o l e c u l a r l y a d s o r b e d h y d r o g e n w h i l e t h e m e t h a n a t i o n

o f C O 2 r e q u i r e s h y d r o g e n a d s o r b e d i n t h e a t o m i c f o rm . C a r b o n m o n o x i d e a d -

s o r b s o n t h e s u r f a c e a n d p o i s o n s t h e s u r f a c e f o r t h e a d s o r p t i o n o f a t o m i c

h y d r o g e n . T h u s , w h e n C O i s p r e s e n t , C 0 2 i s n o t m e t h a n a t e d .

F o r m a n y h y d r o g e n a t i o n r e a c t i o n s , C O a c t s a s a s t r o n g p o i s o n b y p r e v e n t i n g

a t o m i c a d s o r p t i o n o f h y d r o ge n . A l s o, n o t e t h a t th e a d s o r b e d m e t h y l e n e r a -

d i c a l h a s a c h a n c e t o p o l y m e r i z e i n s t e p 5 o f t h e f i r s t r e a c t i o n b u t n o a d -

s o r b e d m e t h y l e n e r a d i c a l s a r e p r e s e n t i n th e C O 2 m e t h a n a t i o n . T h i s a g r e e s

w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t n o h i g h e r h y d r o c a r b o n s a r e f o r m e d i n t h e m e t h a n a t i o n o f

CO 2.

C a t a l y s t s

C a t a l y s t s a r e c o v e r e d i n d e t a i l i n a n e x c e l l e n t r e v i e w a r t i c l e b y M i l l s a n d

S t e f f g e n [ ~ ] . T h e o r d e r o f a c t i v i t y h a s b e e n f o u n d t o b e:

Ru > Ir > Rh > Ni > Co > Os > Pt ~ Fe > Mo > Pd > Ag

o f w h i c h o n l y R u, N i , C o , F e, a n d M o c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d c o m m e r c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t .

R u i s us e d i n s o m e a m m o n i a p l a n t s a s a c l e a n u p m e t h a n a t i o n c a t a l y s t b u t i t s

a v a i l a b i l i t y i s l i m i t e d a n d t h e t o n n a g e s r e q u i r e d f o r c o a l - t o - g a s p l a n t s

w o u l d n o t b e a v a i l a b l e . N i c k e l i s c h e a p , v e r y a c t i v e , a n d v e r y s e l e c t i v e

t o CII . T h u s a l m o s t a l l c o m m e r c i a l c a t a l y s t s a r e n i c k e l b a s e d . C o b a l t i s

l e s s a c t i v e a n d l e s s s e l e c t i v e . I r o n is l e s s a c t i v e a nd f o r m s c a r b o n r e a d i l y .

M o l y b d e n u m i s of v e r y l o w a c t i v i t y a n d f a i r l y s e l e c t i v e b u t i t h as t h e a d -

v a n t a g e o f b e i n g s u l f u r r e s i s t a n t .

C o m m e r c i a l n i c k e l m e t h a n a t i o n c a t a l y s t s c o n t a i n 2 5 to 70 p e r c e n t N i on an

a l u m i n a or k i e s e l g u h r b as e , an d a r e p e l l e t e d . P r e c i p i t a t e d c a t a l y s t s a r e

m o r e a c t i v e t h a n i m p r e g n a t e d o n e s . P r i c e s v a r y f r o m a b o u t $ i 0 0 t o $ 1 3 0 / ft 3

f o r t h e l o w n i c k e l c a t a l y s t s t o $ 2 0 7 t o $ 2 3 5 / f t 3 f or t h e h i g h n i c k e l c a t a -

l y s t s. M o s t c a t a l y s t s r e q u i r e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e N i 0 w i t h H 2 b e f o r e s e r v i c e .

A r e d u c e d a n d s t a b i l i z e d v e r s i o n i s a v a i l a b l e w h i c h c a n b e p u t i n t o m e t h a -

n a t i o n s e r v i c e w i t h o u t f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n . I t c o s t s a b o u t $ 5 5 / f t 3 m o r e .

I n t h e S Y N T ½ h N E p r o c e s s , a R a n e y n i c k e l c a t a l y s t i s u s e d . T h i s i s a n a l l o y

c o n t a i n i n g 4 2 p e r c e n t N i a n d 5 8 p e r c e n t A I. I t i s a c t i v a t e d b y l e a c h i n g w i t h

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s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e a c c o r d i n g t o th e f o l l o w i n g r e a c t i on s :

2 Ai + 2 Na 0H +21120 + 2 Na AI 02 + 3II

2 A + N a 0 K + 4 H 2 0 + N a A I 0 2 + A ( 0H ) 3 + 3 H

2 A + 3H 20 ÷ AI 20 3 + 31-I

T h e r e a c t i o n i s c o n t i n u e d u n t i l 7 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e a l u m i n u m i s r e m o v e d , a s

d e t e r m i n e d b y h y d r o g e n e v o l ut i o n , t h e n t h e c a t a l y s t i s r i n s e d w i t h d e m i n e r a -

i z e d w a t e r u n t i l t h e p H o f t h e e f f l u e n t i s c l o s e t o t h a t o f t h e r i n s e w a t e r .

T h i s l e a v e s a s p o n g y s k e l e t a l N i c a t a l y s t t h a t i s v e r y a c t i v e i n m e t h a n a t i o n .

T h e a c t i v a t e d c a t a l y s t i s t h e n p l a c e d i n s e r v i c e.

C a t a l y s t D e a c t i v a t i o n

S e v e r a l m e c h a n i sm s f o r c a t a l y s t d e a c t i v a t i o n a r e p o s s i b l e a n d a r e s h o w n

b ~ o ~ q :

i. Ni + H2S ÷ NiS + }{2

2 . T S + l O O O

3. 2 CO ~ C + C02

CH ~ C + 2H2

-->

4. 3 Ni + 2 CO ÷ Ni3 C + C02

3 Ni + CH4 ~ Ni3 C + 2H

5. Ni + 4 C O ~- Ni( C0) 4

6. Fe(C 0) 5 ~ Fe + 5 CO

S u l fu r r a p i d l y p o i s o n s m e t h a n a t i o n c a t a l y s t s v i a r e a c t i o n ( i ) . T h e e f f e c t

o f i n c r e a s i n g s u l f u r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o n c a t a l y s t l i f e h a s b e e n s h o w n [ ~ ] .

W e t r ~ t o k e e p s u l f u r c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e l o w 0 . i p p m t o p r e v e n t s u l f ur p o i s o n -

i ng ~ a p o i s o n i n g w h i c h a p p e a r s t o b e i r r e v e r s i b l e .

R e a c t i o n ( 2 ) d e p i c ts t h e s i n t e r i n g e f f ec t . N i c k e l c r y s t a l i t e s g r o w i n

s i z e a n d a l o s s o f s u r f a c e a r e a ~ e s u l t s . B ~ E ~T . s u r f a c e a r e a s o f s p e n t

R a n e y n i c k e l c a t a l y s t d e c r e a s e s t o a b o u t o n e - h a l f t h a t of t h e f r e s h l y

a c t i v a t e d c a t a l y s t ( as h i g h a s 6 4 m 2 / g m ) .

C a r b o n d e p o s i t i o n i s a n o t h e r r e a s o n f o r c a t a l y s t d ea c t i v a t i on . D e c o m p o s i -

t i o n o f c ar b o n m o n o x i d e i s f a v o r e d b y l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s w h i l e d e c o m p o s i -

t i o n o f m e t h a n e i n c r e a s e s w i t h t e m p e ra t u r e . C a r b o n d e p o s i t i o n b o u n d a r i e s

h a v e b e e n c a l c u l a t e d b y G r e y s o n e t a l [ 5] a n d a r e s h o ~ cn i n f i g u r e i .

T e r n a r y e q u i l i b r i u m d i a g r a m s a r e g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e [ 6 ].

N i c k e l c a r b i d e c a n f o r m a c c o r d i n g t o r e a c t i o n ( 4) . W e f i n d t h a t n i c k e l

c a r b i d e i s c a t a l y t i c a l l y i n a c t i v e b u t t h e c a r b i d in g c a n b e r e v e r s e d b y

t r e a t m e n t w i t h h y d r o g e n a b o v e a b o u t 2 5 0 ° C t o g i v e a n a c t i v e c a t a l y s t .

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5 . 0 0 0

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TEMPERATURE oK.

F i g u r e I - Carbon deposit ion boundaries { . ~ )

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7

W e h a v e , h o w e v e r , d e t e c t e d n i c k e l c a r b i d e i n s e v e r a l s a m p l e s o f s p e n t

c a t a l y s t . F o r m a t i o n o f N i 3 C c a n a l s o c a u s e s p a l l i n g o f f l a m e s p r a y e d

R a n e y n i c k e l c a t a l y s t s .

N i c k e l c a r b o n y c a n f o r m v i a r e a c t i o n (5 ) a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d c a u s e l o s s

o f t h e n i c k e l c a t a l y s t . I t i s e a s i l y a v o i d e d b y o n l y c o n t a c t i n g t h e c a t a -

l y s t w i t h s y n t h e s i s g a s a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e ( T > 2 75 ° C ). T h e m a x i m u m a l l o w -

a b l e e x p o s u r e t o N i ( C O ) 4 h a s b e e n s e t b y O S H A a t p p b a n d c a r e s h o u l d b e

t a k e n t o a v o i d o p e n i n g r e a c t o r s t h a t h a v e b e e n e x p o s e d t o l o w t e m p e r a t u r e

syngas.

I r o n c a r b o ny l c a n f o r m b y r e a c t i o n o f C O a t h i g h p r e s s u r e a n d l o w t e m p e r a -

t u r e ( 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 ° C ) w i t h c a r b o n s t e e l p i p in g . T h e c a r b o n y l i s c a r r i e d i n t o

t h e h o t r e a c t o r w h e r e i t d e c o m p o s e s a c c o r d i n g t o r e a c t i o n (6) a n d d e p o s i t s

o n t h e n i c k e l c a t a l y s t c r e a t i n g a n i r o n c a t al y s t . A t m e t h a n a t i o n t e m p e r a -

t u r es ~ c a r b o n d e p o s i t i o n o c c u r s o n t h e i r o n a n d f o u l s t h e c a t a l y s t . W e

h a v e d e t e c t e d i r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s h i g h a s 2 2 p e r c e n t i n th e c a t a l y s t a t

t h e r e a c t o r i n le t . T h i s w a s a c c o m p a n i e d b y h i g h c a r b o n c o nt e n t . W e h a v e

t a k e n s t e p s t o r e p l a c e a l l c a r b o n s t e e l p i p i n g w i t h s t a i n l e s s s t e e l i n t h e

pilot plant.

M e t h a n a t i o n S y s t e m s

F ~: is ti ng m e t h a n a t i o n s y s t e m s g e n e r a l l y u s e e i t h e r h e a t e x t r a c t i o n o r d i l u -

t i o n t o co n t r o l t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e c r e a t e d b y t h e h i g h e x o t h e r m i c h e a t

o f r e a ct i o n . W e h a v e d e v e l o p ed m e t h a n a t i o n s y s t e m s u s i n g b o t h p r i n c i p l es .

B o t h o f t h e s e s y s t e m s w i l l b e t e s t e d i n t h e S Y N T H A N E p i l o t p l a n t .

SYN%_KA_NE_Hot Gas Re cy cl e (HGR)

T h e s i m p l e s t s y s t e m is t h e H o t G a s R e c y c l e r e a c t o r . P r o d u c t g a s i s r e -

c y c l e d b a c k t o t h e i n l e t o f t h e r e a c t o r t o d i l u t e t h e f e e d a n d r e d u c e t h e

C O c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o t h a t a c o n v e r s i o n o f a b o u t 2 p e r c e n t C O i s o b t a i n e d

i ~ th e r e a c t o r . T h u s , w i t h a n i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f 3 0 0 ° C , t h e e x i t t e m -

p e r a t u r e d o e s n o t e x c e e d 4 0 0 ° C . T h e s e l i m i t s a p p l y t o t h e R a n e y n i c k e l

c a t a v s t . O t h e r c a t a l y s t s a r e c l a i m e d t o o p e r a t e a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s .

i n o u r s m a l l p i l o t p l a n t w e u s e a f e e d g a s c o n t a i n i n g a b o u t 2 3 p e r c e n t C O

w i t h a H 2 / C 0 r a t i o s l i g h t l y i n e x c es s o f 3 / 1 fo r w h i c h t h e r e q u i r e d r e -

c y c l e v o l u m e i s i 0 t i m e s t h e f e e d v o l u m e ( i0 /i ). I f a l l t h i s r e c y c l e w e r e

r e t u r n e d h o t s o t h a t no m o i s t u r e w a s r e m o v e d , t h e s t e a m c o n c e n t r a t i o n

w o u l d a p p r o a c h 5 0 p e r c e n t w h i c h i s u n d e s i r a b l e f r o m a n e q u i l i b r i u m s t a n d -

p o i n t a n d m a y c a u s e c a t a l y s t o x i d a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , 3 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e r e -

c y c l e s t r e a m i s c o o l e d t o r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d w a t e r i s c o n d e n s e d . T h u s

w e u s e a 7 / 1 h o t r e c y c l e r a t i o a n d a 3 / 1 c o l d r e c y c l e r a t i o .

P r e s s u r e d r o p i s a n i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e s e sy s t e m s , i f t h e h o t

,~as r e c y c l e r e a c t o r i s u s e d w i t h p e l l e t e d c a t a l y s t s , p r e s s u r e d r o p c a n b e

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q u i t e h i g h as t he f o l l o w i n g c a l c u l a t e d p r e s s u r e d r o p s s h ow :

P r e s s u r e D r o p s - P s i

20 ft bed i0 ft bed

H G R 0 . 2 3 0 . 0 3 5

P e l l e t s 8 5 . 5 1 0 . 8

T h i s i s f o r a 2 0 0 0 s p a c e v e l o c i t y b a s e d o n f r e s h f e e d , i 0 / i r e c y c l e , i 0 0 0

p s i o p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e . A t t h i s p o i n t i n t h e p r o c e s s a f u l l s c a l e p l a n t

w i l l b e c i r c u l a t i n g u p t o 5 x 1 0 9 S C F D .

T h e l o w p r e s s u r e d r o p i s a r e s u l t o f a p p l y i n g t h e c a t a l y s t t o f l a t p l a t e s

w h i c h a r e a r r a n g e d i n p a r a l l e l a n d s t a c k e d i n b u n d l e s i n t h e H GR . F l a m e

s p r a y i n g o r m e t a l l i z i n g i s t h e p r o c e s s u s e d t o d e p o s i t t h e c a t a l y s t . F o r

t h e H G R p l a t e s R a n e y n i c k e l a l l o y p o w d e r ( 8 0 - 2 00 m e s h ) i s f e d t h r o u g h a

i l y d ro g e n -o x y g en f l a m e w h e r e i t p a r t i a l l y m e l t s a n d s o l i d i f i e s o n th e s u r -

f a c e o f t h e f l a t p l a t e. T h i s p r o c e s s i s n o r m a l l y u s e d t o a p p l y c o r r o s i o n

r e s i s t a n t c o a t i n g s , f o r h a r d - f a c i n g s o f t m e t a l s w i t h h a r d c o a t i n g s , a n d

f o r b u i l d i n g u p w o r n j o u r n a l s . A b o n d c o a t , . 00 6 t h i c k , c o n t a i n i n g 9 5

p e r c e n t E i a n d 5 p e r c e n t A 1 i s f i r s t a p p l i e d t o t h e s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s u b -

s t r a t e t o i m p r o v e a d h e s i o n , t h e n a c o a t i n g o f R a n e y n i c k e l , 0 . 0 1 9 t h i c k ,

i s s p r a y e d o n t o t h e p l a t e . I t i s t h e n a c t i v a t e d b y l e a c h i n g a n d k e p t u n -

d e r h y d r o g e n u n t i l c o n t a c t i n g t h e S Y N G A S a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e .

D e t a i l s o f t h e H G R r u n s h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d [ ~ ] . R e l a t i v e l y h i g h s p a c e

v e l o c i t i e s o f 2 0 0 0 t o 3 0 0 0 b a s e d o n f r e s h f e e d h a v e b e e n u s e d w h i c h c o r -

r e s p o n d t o a t o t a l f e e d s p a c e v e l o c i t y o f 2 2 , 0 0 0 t o 3 3 , 0 0 0 . R a n e y n i c k e l

c a t a l y s t o n p a r a l l e l p l a t e s h a s b e e n c o m p a r e d t o a c o m m e r c i a l p e l l e t e d

m e t h a n a t i o n c a t a l y s t i n a 3 - i n c h d i a m e t e r b y 2 - f oo t d e e p b e d a n d r e s u l t s

a r e s h o w n i n f i g u r e s 2 a n d 3 .

S p a c e v e l o c i t y f o l l o w e d t h e s a m e p r o g r a m w i t h a 2 0 0 0 f r e s h f e e d s p a c e

v e l o c i t y a n d o n e p e r i o d a t 3 0 00 . T h e b e d o f p a r a l l e l p l a t e s c o a t e d w i t h

R a n e y n i c k e l w a s m u c h m o r e r e a c t i v e a s s h o w n b y t h e l o w e r c a r b o n m o n o x i d e

i n t h e o u t l e t g a s. C a t a l y s t l i f e fo r t he p a r a l l e l p l a t e s w a s 2 3 0 7 h o u r s

w h i l e t h e p r e c i p i t a t e d c a t a l y s t h a d a l i f e o f 1 3 6 8 h o u r s . P r o d u c t i v i t y ,

m e a s u r e d b y f t 3 o f m e t h a n e p r o d u c e d / i b o f c a ta l y s t , w a s h i g h e r f o r t h e

p a r a l l e l p l a t e s ( 3 2 . 0 v s 1 1 . 5 m s c f / i b ) . A h i g h e r d e a c t i v a t i o n r a t e is

e x p e r i e n c e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d a t t h e h i g h e r s p a c e v e l o c i t y a s s h o w n b y

t h e s l o p e o f t h e p l o t s. O t h e r p r e c i p i t a t e d c a t a l y s t s w h i c h a r e r e p u t e d l y

s u p e r i o r t o t h i s o ne h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d r e c e n t l y a s w e l l a s o t h e r f o r m s

o f R a n e y n i c k e l . T h e s e c a t a l y s t s w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e.

T h e H G R w i l l a l s o b e t e s t e d i n t h e 7 5 t o n / d a y $ Y N T H A N E p i l o t p l a nt . I t

i s d e s i g n e d t o h a n d l e a b o u t 1 / 8 o f t h e g a s p r o d u c e d i n t h e g a s i f i e r . T h e

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G e o m e t r i c C a t a l y s t A r e a = 1 1 . 4 f t 2

V o i d F r a c t i o n = 0 . 5 1 5

B e d H e l g h t = 2 f t

i T o t a l R e c y c l e R a t i o I = 1 0 / 1

I T ~ m pe r a tu r e i ~ 1 3 0 0 0 C -

O U T 4 0 0 ~ C

I I

I I

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4 0 0 8 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 6 0 0 2 0 0 0

H o u r s o n S t r e a m - H G R 1 4

F I G U R E 2 . - D a t a F r o m ~ e t h a n a t i o n P i l o t P l a n t - R u n 1 4 , U n i t 6

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10

l o . o 1 / 4 " ~ i , l i , ~ , ~ - i ~ l l r , ~ l l e , : ~ , 1 ; 6 5 c . ~ , ~ $ . ~ , : I I

| S y s te m P r e s s u r e

=

3 0 0 p s i 8 r l ~ I I ~ P , |

I G e o m e t r i c C a t a l y s t A r e a - 1 8 .5 8 f t 2 , . . , - ~ 1 i

o 7 | V o i d F r a c t i o n = 0 . 3 7 0 ~

u

~ - - B e d H e i g h t = 2 ft --~

T ° t a l R e c y c l e ~ t i ° = 1 0 ' 1

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3 0 0 C

s o / ~ ~ s . /

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1 8 0 . 1

I F

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0 . 8

0./

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 I 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 4 0 0

H o u r s o n S t r e a ~ - I IG R # 1 3

F I CD R E 3: - D a t a F r o m H e t h a n a t i o ~ P i l o t P l a n t - R u n 1 3 . U n i l 6

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p a r a l l e l p l a t e s a r e 3 / 1 6 " t h i c k w i t h a 3 / 1 6" s p a c i n g b e t w e e n p l a t es . T h e

p l a t e s a r e c u t i n t o 2 f o o t l o n g g r i d a s s e m b l i e s w h i c h w i l l b e s t a c k e d i n

t h e r e a c t o r . A f l o w s h e e t i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 4 . A t p r e s e n t , a n e d u c t o r

i s i n s ta l l e d t o c i r c u l a t e t h e h o t r e c y c l e g a s w h i l e c o l d r e c y c l e g a s

p a s s e s t h r o u g h a r e c r i p r o c a t i n g c o m p r es s o r . T h e e d u c to r is n o t v e r y

e f f i c ie n t o r f l e x i b l e s o a c e n t r i f u g a l c o m p r e s s o r h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d a n d

b u i l t f o r t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n a n d s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d b e f o r e t h e f i r s t r u n .

A c l e a n - u p m e t h a n a t i o n r e a c t o r i s u s e d t o r e d u c e C O c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e

e f f l u e n t f r o m t h e H G R t o b e l o w 0 . p e r c e n t C O. T h i s r e a c t o r i s a s i m p l e

p a c k e d b e d a n d n o r e c y c l e i s n e e d e d b e c a u s e t h e C 0 c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e

i n l e t w i l l a l w a y s b e b e l o w a f e w p er c e n t . T h e b e d i s i f o o t i n d i a m e t e r

b y 2 . 5 f t. i on ~. I t w i l l b e f i l l e d i n i t i a y w i t h G i r d l e r M o d i f i e d G - 8 7

c a t al y s t. T h e r e i s p r o v i s i o n f o r r e m o v a l of w a t e r b e f o r e t h i s r e a c t o r i f

desired.

S Y ~ q H ~ N E T u b e W a l l R e a c t o r ( TW R)

T h i s i s a n i s o t h e r m a l r e a c t o r u s i n g t h e h e a t e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d t o c o n t r o l

t h e h e a t o f r e a c t i o n . I t c a n o p e r a t e w i t h n o r e c y c l e g a s. R a n e y n i c k e l

c a t a l y s t i s a p p l i e d t o t h e i n s i d e w a l l o f 2 - i n c h t u b e s i n a h e a t e x c h a n g e r

b u nd l e. H e a t o f r e a c t i o n i s t r a n s f e r r e d t h r o u g h t h e t u b e w a l l t o b o i l i n g

D o ~ h e r m A o n t he s h el l s id e. T h e b o i li n g D o w t h e r m g e n e r a t e s h i g h p r e s s -

u r e s t e am . R e a c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s f a i r l y h i gh , a b o u t 3 9 0 ° C . T h i s i s

a b o u t t h e u p p e r t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t o f t h e D o% rt he rm .

W e ha v e o p e r a te d a r ea c t o r w i t h 7 e x t e r n a l l y c o a t e d 2 i n c h d i am . t u b e s

i n a b u n d l e , 2 7 " l o n g, w i t h b a f f l e s i n t h e g a s s p a c e a n d, m o r e r e c e n t l y ,

a s i n g l e i n t e r n a l l y c o a t e d t u b e w h i c h i s 2 i nc h e s i n d i a m e t e r b y 1 4 f e e t

l o nE . C o a t i n g t h e i n s i d e s u r f a c e of a t u b e r e q u i r e d a n e s p e c i a l l y d e -

s i g n e d s p r a y g u n a n d a w i r e t h a t c a n b e f e d d o w n t h e l o n g b a r r e l . R a n e y

n i c k e l i s b r i t t l e a n d c a n ' t b e e x t r u d e d i n to a w i r e f o r m s o w e u s e R a n e y

n i c k e l p o w d e r h e l d t o g e t h e r i n a w l r e b y a p l a s t i c b i n d e r ( 20 %) . M e a s u r e d

c a t a l y s t l i f e h a s b e e n i n e x c e s s o f 4 m o n t h s w i t h a h i g h p r o d u c t i v i t y o f

1 7 7 m s c f / b c a t a l ys t . T h e h i g h e r o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e

i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i v i t y . I n s m a l l e r b e n c h - s c a l e r e a c t o r s , c a t a l y s t l i f e

h a s b e e n o v e r 6 m o n t h s .

T h E S I ~ q N E 7 5 t o n / d a y p i l o t p l a n t a ls o h a s a T W R . T h e d e s i g n w a s d e v e -

l o p e d ~ t h t h e h e l p o f a m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l [ _8 ]. T h e b u n d l e c o n t a i n s 2 2

t u be s ~ 2 i n c h i n d i a m e t e r a n d 2 0 f t l o n g i n a 2 - p a s s a r r a n g e m e n t s o t h e

g a s p a s s e s t h r o u g h i i t u b e s i n p a r a l l e l . T h e T W P~ i s a l s o d e s i g n e d t o

m e t h a n a t e 1 / 8 o f t h e g a s f i e f o u t p u t . I t, t o o , i s f o l o ~ e d b y a c l e a n -

u p m e t h a n ~ t o r . A f l o w s h e e t i s s h o w n i n f i g u r e 5. A r e c y c l e c o m p r e s s o r

i s i n c l u d e d b u t p r o b a b l y w i l l n o t b e n e e d e d .

S ~ ] ~ % N ~ H y b ri d R e a c t o r

W e h a v e r e c e n t l y d e v e l o p e d a " h y b r i d r e a c t o r" w h i c h u s e s a c o m b i n a t i o n o f

d i l u t i o n a n d h e a t e x t r a c t i o n f o r h e a t r e m o v a l . X - s h a p e d i n s e r t s a r e c o a t e d

% ~ t h R a n e y n i c k e l c a t a l y s t a n d p l a c e d i n t h e u n c o a t e d t u b e w a l l r e a c t or .

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H o t g a s r e c y c l e

m e f h a n o t o r

P r o d u c t C J o s

P r

~ ~ s t e c ~ m

d u c t o r

Pu ~ri f ied CJos -

H o t g o s r e c y c l e

c j o s c o m p r e s s o r

w

F ic ju r e 4 - H G R m e t h o n o t o r . P r o t o t y p e )

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Y L

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t

P u r i f i e d

qos

Tub e wa l l |

r e a c t o r _ l . H P

s t e a m

~ ste m

P r o d u c t g a s

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m e t h a n o t o r r e c y c l e

compressor

F i g u r e 5 - - T W R m e t h o n a t o r . P r o to t y p e )

L O

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14

T h e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i s 3 0 0 ° C an d t h e D o w t h e r m t e m p e r a t u r e i s a l s o 3 0 0 ° C.

R e c y c l e i s a d d e d t o c o n t r o l t h e m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e o r h o t s p o t a t 4 0 0 ° C.

W i t h t h i s s y s t e m , a b o u t 6 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e h e a t i s r e m o v e d b y t he D o w t h e r m

a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r b y t h e s e n s i b l e h e a t o f th e g as . R e c y c l e c a n b e r e d u c e d

f r o m t h e n o r m a l i 0 / I d o w n t o a b o u t 8 . 5 / 1 . T h e p r i n c i p a l a d v a n t a g e i s t h a t

t h e X - s h a p e d i n s e r t s c a n b e e a s i l y r e p l a c e d . T h e s e i n s e r t s h a v e a s u r f a c e

a r e a a b o u t 1 5 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n t h e T W R a n d a r e a c a n b e i n c r e a s e d e v e n

f u r t h e r b y u s i n g i n s e r t s w i t h m o r e f i n s .

C o n o c o M e t h a n a t i o n - W e s t f i e l d D e m o n s t r a t i o n

C o m m e r c i a l s c a l e m e t h a n a t i o n w a s r e c e n t l y d e m o n s t r a t e d b y C o n t i n e n t a l O i l

C o m p a n y a l o n g w i t h 1 6 o t h e r A m e r i c a n c o m p a n i e s i n a $6 m i l l i o n d e m o n s t r a -

t i o n p r o j e c t a t t h e W e s t f i e l d C o a l G a s i f i c a t i o n p l a n t i n S c o t l a n d [ 9] . A

m e t h a n a t i o n s y s t e m w a s a d d e d t o a n e x i s t i n g L u r g i g a s if i e r . T h e R e c t i s o l

p u r i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m w a s u s e d f o r p u r i f i c a t i o n p r i o r t o m e t h a n a t i o n . A

f i x e d - b e d , g as r e c y c l e , a d i a b a t i c m e t h a n a t i o n r e a c t o r w a s u s ed . T h e

p r o d u c t w a s f e d i nt o t h e l o c a l ga s g r id . E x p e r i m e n t a l d e t a i l s a n d f l o w

s h e e t s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e .

~ G ] S p l i t F e e d R e c y c l e R e a c t o r

A s p l it f e e d r e c y c l e r e a c t o r i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d b y t h e I n s t i t u t e o f G a s

% e c h n o l o g y ( I GT ) [ I O] . I n t h i s s y s t e m , t w o o r m o r e p a c k e d b e d a d i a b a t i c

r e a c t o r s a r e u s e d i n s e r i e s w i t h a d d i t i o n o f f r e s h f e e d a t t h e i n l e t a nd

b e t w e e n be d s. T h e p r o d u c t g a s, c o n s i s t i n g p r i m a r i l y o f m e t h a n e , f r o m t h e

f i r s t s t a g e a c t s a s t h e d i l u e n t f o r t h e s e c o n d s t a g e . I n t h i s w a y t h e o v e r -

a l l r e c y c l e r a t i o a n d p r e s s u r e d r o p c a n b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d . E a c h

s t a g e b e c o m e s p r o g r e s s i v e l y l a r g e r to a c c o m o d a t e t h e i n c r e a s e d f l o w. A d d i -

t i o n o f f r e s h f e ed a n d c o ld r e c y c l e b e t w e e n s t a g e s a l s o c o o l s t h e p r o d u c t

f r o m t he p r e v i o u s s t a g e w h i c h r e d u c e s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r h e a t e x c h a n g e

e q u i p m e n t .

T h e r e a c t o r s i n I G T ' s H Y G A S p i l o t p l a n t a r e 1 5 . 7 a n d 3 1 . 4 f t 3 i n v o l u m e

a n d a r e p a c k e d w i t h a H a r s h a w p e l l e t e d n i c k e l - o n - k i e s e l g u h r c a t a l y s t . C O

c o n c e n t r a t i o n b e f o r e e a c h s t a g e i s a b o u t 4 p e r c e n t w i t h i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e s

o f 2 8 8 ° C ( 5 5 0 ° F) a n d e x i t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f 4 8 2 ° C ( 9 0 0 ° F) . O v e r a l l r e -

c y c l e r a t i o i s b e l o w 1 .5 / 1 . R e l a t i v e l y l o w s p a c e v e l o c i t i e s o f 3 2 0 0 - 4 4 0 0

a r e u s e d w i t h a n e s s e n t i a l l y s u l f u r f r e e f e ed g as . T h i s s y s t e m h a s b e e n

s u c c e s s f u l l y o p e r a t e d f o r o v e r 5 0 0 h r s w i t h n o e v i d e n c e o f c a t a l y s t d e a c t i -

v a t i o n . C a r b o n m o n o x i d e c o n v e r s i o n h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e .

L u r g i M e t h a n a t i o n

L u r g i h a s o p e r a t e d t w o s e m i c o m m e r c i a l p i l o t p l a n t s t o d e m o n s t r a t e m e t h a n a -

t i o n [ ii ]. I n S c h w e c h a t , A u s t r i a , s y n t h e s i s g a s f r o m n a p t h a w a s m e t h a n a t e d .

T h e o t h e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n w a s o n a s i d e s t r e a m f r o m t he S A S O L F i s c h e r - T r o p s c h

p l a n t i n S a s o l b u r g , S o u t h A f r i c a . T h i s p l a n t p r o d u c e s a s y n t h e s i s g a s f r o m

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15

c o a l i n L u r g i g a s i f i e r s . I n b o t h c a s e s a B A S F c a t a l y s t w a s u s e d i n a f i xe d

b e d r e c v c e m e t h a n a t o r f o l l o w e d b y a c l e a n - u p m e t h a n a t o r . B a s e d o n t h e

pilot plant e:¢perience, a cata lyst l ife of 16,00 0 hrs is expected. Lur gi

f l o w s h e e t s f o r a c o m m e r c i a l p l a n t s h o w a s p l i t f e e d r e c y c l e s y s t e m ~ , ~ t h t w o

o r t h r e e b e ds i n s e r i e s a n d a l l r e c y c l e i n t r o d u c e d b e f o r e t h e f i r s t be d .

CCi ~lethanation

C a t a l y s t s a n d C h e m i c a l s I nc . ( CC I) i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h E 1 P a s o N a t u r a l G a s

C o m p a n y a n d , l at e r , W e s t e r n G a s i f i c a t i o n C o m p a n y a n d C O G A S D e v e l o p m e n t C o . ,

o p e r a t e d a m e t h a n a t i o n p i l o t p l a n t f r o m 1 9 7 1 t o 1 9 74 . I t u s e d t h e s p l i t

f e e d r e c y c l e s y s t e m w i t h t w o p r i m a r y b e d s o f i t o 5 f t 3 i n v o l u m e f o l l o w e d

b y a f i n a l m e t h a n a t o r . T h e f e e d w a s a s y n g a s m a d e b y r e f o r m i n g. T h e y

t e s t e d a C C i c a t a l y s t f o r 4 0 0 0 h o u r s a n d e x t r a p o l a t e a c a t a l y s t l i f e o f

over 2 years.

C 0 2 A e ce p t o r P r o c e s s M e t h a n a t i o n

A m e t h a n a t i o n s y s t e m w as r e c e n t l y i n s t a l l e d a t t h e C0 2 A c c e p t o r P r o c e s s

p i l o t p l a n t i n R a p i d C i t y , S . D . T h e h e a t e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d i s u s e d b y

p a c k i n g h e a t e x c h a n g e r t u b e s w i t h c at a l y s t . B o i l i n g D o w t h e r m o n t h e s h e l l

s i d e r e m o v e s t h e h e a t a n d i s u s e d t o r a i s e h i g h p r e s s u r e s t e am . N o r e s u l t s

a r e a v a i l a b l e a t pr e s e n t .

C h e m S y s t e m s L i q u i d P h a s e M e t h a n a t i o n

A t h r e e - p h a s e f l u i d i z e d b e d i s u s e d w i t h g a s b u b b l i n g u p t h r o u g h a f l u i d

s u c h as a m i n e r a l o i l ( C 1 5- C 2 1 ) w i t h c a t a l y s t s u s p e n d e d i n t h e o i l [ 1 2] .

T h e o i l a b s o r b s t h e h e a t o f r e a c t i o n a n d i s c o o l e d e x t e r n a l l y i n a h e a t

e x c h a n g e r w h e r e h i g h p r e s s u r e s t e a m i s g e n e r at e d . C o m m e r c i a l m e t h a n a t i o n

c a t a l y s t s f r o m 1 / 1 6 t o 1 / 4 i n c h a r e u s e d . N o r e c y c l e g a s is n e e d e d. C h e m

Systems has oper ated ben ch scal e units and a PDU (4.5" O.D. X 84"). The

P D U h a s b e e n r u n f o r 5 8 0 h o u r s i n o n e t e s t a n d a c a t a l y s t l i f e o f 8 0 0 0 hr s .

h a s b e e n e x t r a p o l a t e d . A p i l o t p l a n t w i t h a 2 ' d i a m e t e r b y 15 ' l o n g r e a c t o r

h a s b e e n b u i l t a n d ~¢ ii p r o b a b l y b e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e H Y G A S o r C 0 2 - A c c e p t o r

P r o c e a s p i l o t p l an t . I t i s d e s i g n e d t o h a n d l e a f e e d o f 2 M M S C F D o f f e e d

gas at i 000 psig.

B C R F i ui d i z e d B e d M e t h a n a t i o n

B i t u m i n o u s C o a l R e s e a r c h ( BC R) h a s d e v e l o p e d a f l u i d i z e d b e d m e t h a n a t i o n

r e a c t o r. P r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o f t e s t s o n a 6" I .D . X i 0 f t r e a c t i o n z o n e

P ~ U h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d [ 13 ]. H e a t i s r e m o v e d b y c o o l i n g c o i l s c o n t a i n i n g

D o w t h e r m G . R e c y c l e g a s c a n b e p r o v i d e d . T h e b e d c o n t a i n s a b o u t i f t 3 o f

c a t a l y s t a n d i s d e s i g n e d t o o p e r a t e w i t h u p t o 6 0 0 0 s c f h o f f e e d g a s p r o -

d u c e d b y n a t u r a l g a s r e f o r m i n g . A c t u a l s p a c e v e l o c i t i e s o f 1 2 0 0 t o 3 2 0 0

h a v e b e e n u s e d a t a b o u t i 0 0 0 p s i g. A v e r a g e c a t a l y s t s i z e i s 2 3 0 m e s h . U s e -

f u l c o n v e r s i o n h a s b e e n f r o m 5 0 t o 9 3 p e r c e n t . S t e a d y s t a t e a t t r i t i o n a n d

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16

a n d c a t a l y s t l i f e d a t a a r e n o t y e t a v a il a b l e . T h e f l u i d i z ed b e d m e t h a n a -

t l o n i n t h e B I - G a s p i l o t p l a n t r e p r e s e n t s a s c a l e - u p b y ab o u t a f a ct o r o f

50.

R P r o c e s s

T h e R a l p h M . P a r s o n s C o. h a s d e v e l o p e d a u n i q u e m e t h a n a t i o n s y s t e m [ 6 ].

S h i f t a n d m e t h a n a t i o n a r e a c c o m p l i s h e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n a s e r i e s of s i x

a d i a b a t i c f i x e d b e d r e a c t o r s o p e r a t i n g at v e r y h i g h t e m p e r a t u re s . T h e

s y n g a s fe e d i s s p l i t b e t w e e n t h e f i r s t t h r e e r e a c t o r s a n d s t e a m i s a d d e d

t o p r e v e n t c a r b o n d e p o s i t i o n a n d f or t h e s h i f t r e a c t io n . I n l e t t e m p e r a -

tures to the reac tors are ab out 900 ° i000 ° i000 ° i000 ° 600 ° 500 ° F.

E x i t t e m p e r a t u r e s c a n e x c e e d 1 4 0 0 ° F . O n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l a d v a n t a g e s

i s t h a t 1 5 0 0 p s i s t e a m c a n b e r a i s e d b e t w e e n b e d s a b o u t 1 / 3 o f w h i c h i s

u s e d i n t h e p r o c e ss . A p i l o t p l a n t h a s b e e n o p e r a t e d b u t t e s t d e t a i l s

have not yet been presented.

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17

.

.

.

.

.

i0.

i.

12.

13.

R E F E R E N C E S C I T E D

; ~ - - a

G r u me r , J ., H a r r i s, M . E . ~ x c n n g e a b i l i t y o f S y n t h e t i c G a s e s f r o m

S o l i d F u e l s w i t h P i p e l i n e N a t u r a l G a s , " B u ~ i n e s R i 6 6 2 9 , 1 9 65 .

V i a s e n k o , V : M . , Y u z e f o v i c h , G . E. " M e c h a n i s m o f t h e C a t a l y t i c H y -

d r o g e n a t i o n o f O x i d e s o f C a r b o n t o M e t h a n e , " R u s s i a n C h e m i c a l

R e v i e w s 3 8 ( 9 ) , 7 2 8 - 7 3 9 ( 19 69 ).

~ i l s , G . A . , S t e f f g e n , F . W ,

Rev iew s 8 (2), 159 -2 0 (1973).

" C a t a l y t i c M e t h a n a t i o n , " C a t a l y s i s

W a i n w r i g h t , H . W . , E g l e s o n , G . C . , B r o c k , C . M . " L a b o r a t o r y - S c a l e

I n v e s t ig a t i o n o f C a t a l y ti c C o n v e r s i o n o f S y n t h e s i s G a s t o M e t h a ne , "

B u r e a u o f M i n e s R . i . 5 0 46 , 1 9 5 4.

Greyson, M., Demet er, J. J., Schle singe r, M. D., Johnso n, G. E.,

J o n a k i n , J . , M y e r s , J. W . " S y n t h e s i s o f M e t h a n e , " B u ~ i ~ e s R 5 1 3 7,

1955.

W ~ i t e , G. A . , R o s z k o w s k i , T . R . , S t a n b r i d g e , D. W . " T h e P @ ~ r o c e s s , "

A . C . S . F u e l s D i v P r e p r i n t s 1 9 ( 3 ) , 5 7 - 6 9 ( 19 74 ).

Eaynes, W. P., Forney, A. J., Elliott, J. J., Pennline, H. W.

" S y n t h e s i s o f M e t h a n e i n H o t G a s R e c y c l e R e a c t o r - - P i l o t P l a n t T e s t s , "

A . C . S . F u e l s D i v . P r e p r i n t s 1 9 ( 3 ) , 1 0 - 4 2 ( 19 74 ).

W e i , V . T . , C h e n, J . " T u b e W a l l M e t h a n a t o r S c a l e - u p f o r t h e B u r e a u

o f M i n e s S Y N T H A N E C o a l G a s i f i c a t i o n P r o t o t y p e P l a n t , " p r e s e n t e d a t

t h e F o u r t h J o i n t C h em . E n g . C o n f . , V a n c o u v e r , B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ,

Canada, Sept. 0, 1973.

L a n d e r s, J . E. " R e v i e w o f M e t h a n a t i o n D e m o n s t r a t i o n a t W e s t f i e ld ,

S c o t l a n d , " S i x t h S y n t h e t i c P i p e l i n e G a s S y m p o s i u m , C h i c a g o , i i . ,

Oct. 28-30, 1974.

B a it , W . G . " O p e r a t i n g L x p e r i e n c e w i t h t h e M e t h a n a t i o n U n i t s i n

t h e E Y G A S P i l o t P l a n t , " 1 6 8 t h N a t i o n a l M e e t i n g , A . C .S . , A t l a n t i c

City, N. J., Sept. 8-1 3, 1974.

E i s e n o h r , K . - H . , M o e l e r , F . W . , Dr y , M . " i n f l u e n c e o f C e r t a i n

~ R e ac t i on P a r a m e t e r s o n M e t h a n a t i o n o f C o a l G a s t o S N G , " A . C . S . F u e l s

Div. Prepr int s 19(3), 1-9 (1974).

B lu ~n , D . B . " L i q u i d P h a s e M e t h a n a t i o n P D U R e s u l t s , " S i x t h S y n t h e t i c

Pipe lin e Gas Symposium, Chicag o, ii ., Oct. 28-30, 1974.

D i e h , E. K . " P r o g r e s s i n F l u i d i z e d - B e d M e t h a n a t i o n , " S i x t h S N ~ t h e t i c

P i p e l i n e G a s S y m p o s i u m , C h i c a g o , E l l ., O c t . 2 8 - 3 0 , 1 9 7 4 .

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