meteorology ppl met

7/30/2019 Meteorology PPL MET

1/18

FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE

SOUTHAFRICAN

CIVIL AVIATION

AUTHORITY

METEOROLOGY

MANUAL

Please! Do not mark or damage this manual in any way


2/18

PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE

METEOROLOGY MANUAL

CONTENTS

PAGE

1. Synoptic Symbols2. Present Weather Synoptic Symbols - 13. Present Weather Synoptic Symbols - 24 Present Weather Synoptic Symbols - 35. Synoptic Weather Station Models - 1

6. Synoptic Weather Station Models - 17. Significant Present Weather8. TAF - Aerodrome Forecast9. METARs - Aerodrome Actuals10. Significant Weather Symbols - 111. Significant Weather Symbols - 212. Forecast Weather Abbreviations13. Significant Weather Chart - 114. Significant Weather Chart - 215. Significant Weather Chart - 316. Upper Winds and Temperatures


3/18

SYNOPTIC SYMBOLS

Page 1

Cu Small cumulus

Cu Moderate or largeCumulus

Cb Cumulonimbuswithout anvil

Sc formed by thespreading out of Cu

Sc Stratocumulus

St Stratus

Fs Fractus stratus

Cu and Sc with bases atdifferent levels

Cb With anvil

As Thin

As Thick or Ns

Ac Thin at one level

Ac Thin patches at morethan one level

Ac In bands and inincreasing amounts

Ac Formed fromspreading Cu

Ac Layered or withAs and/or Ns

Ac Castellanus

Ac Several layers in a

chaotic sky

Ci Strands, not increasing

Ci Dense

Ci Dense, anvil shapedfrom Cb

Ci Hooked, increasingamounts

Ci and/or Cs, below 45,thickening

Ci and/or Cs above 45thickening

Cs Covering entire sky

Cs Not increasing

Cc Cirrocumulus

CL LOW CLOUD CM CHMEDIUM CLOUD HIGH CLOUD

h HEIGHT IN FEET(Rounded off)SKY COVERAGE

(Total amount)

0

12

3

4

No Clouds

One okta or less

Two oktas

Three oktas

Four oktas

0 - 149

150 - 299

300 - 599

600 - 999

1 000 - 1 999

5

67

8

9

Five oktas

Six oktas

Seven oktas or morebut not overcast

Completely overcast

Sky obscured

2 000 - 3 499

3 500 - 4 999

5 000 - 6 499

6 500 - 7 999

8 000 or moreor no clouds

HEIGHT IN FEET(Rounded off)

SKY COVERAGE(Total amount)

TOTAL CLOUD COVER

LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH CLOUD


4/18

PRESENT WEATHER SYNPOTIC SYMBOLS - 1

Page 2

Rising, then falling. Rising, then steady.

Rising steadily. Falling then rising,

Steady. Falling, then rising.

Falling, then steady. Falling steadily.

Rising, then falling.

CodeNumber

PRESSURE TENDENCY - PREVIOUS 3 HOURSa

0 1

2 34 56 78

MeaningCode

Number Meaning

PAST WEATHER

Duststorm/Sandstorm

Fog

Rain

Shower (s)

Storm of drifting snow

Drizzle

Snow

Thunderstorms

Hail

VV VISIBILITY CODE

00 to 50 = metres x 100 (e.g. 03 = 300 m)

56 to 80 = subtract 50, visibility in km (e.g. 58 = 8 km)

81 to 89 = subtract 80, then multiply by 5 and add 30(e.g. 83 - 80 = 3 x 5 = 15 + 30 = 45 km)


5/18


Page 3

Smoke Haze

Duststorm or Sandstorm

Widespread dust in suspension

Fog within sight

Fog patchesFog, sky visible,thinned in last hour

Fog, sky visible,nochange in last hour

Fog, sky visible,thickened in last hour

Drizzle, intermittentSlight

Drizzle, intermittentModerate

Drizzle, intermittentHeavy

Rain, intermittentSlight

Rain, intermittentModerate

Rain, intermittentHeavy

Slight rain,freezing

Slight drizzle,freezing

Drizzle, continuousSlight

Drizzle, continuousModerate

Drizzle, continuousHeavy

Rain, continuousSlight

Rain, continuousModerate

Rain, continuous

Heavy

Heavy rain,freezing

Heavy drizzle,freezing

MistFog, no change inlast hour

Fog, thinnedin last hour

Fog, thickenedin last hour

Rain and drizzle,

slight

Drizzle and rain,

heavy

Snow, intermittentSlight

Snow, intermittentModerate

Snow, intermittentHeavy

Snow, continuousSlight

Snow, continuousModerate

Snow, continuousHeavy

Rain, shower (s)Slight

Showers of rainand snow - Slight

Snow showersSlight

Showers of hailSlight

Rain, shower (s)Heavy

Showers of rainand snow - Heavy

Snow showersHeavy

Showers of hailHeavy

Thunderstorm withrain - Slight

Thunderstorm withhail - Slight

Thunderstorm withsnow -Slight

Thunderstorm withrain - Heavy

Thunderstorm withhail - Heavy

Thunderstorm withsnow - Heavy

Ice pellets ( ) Thunderstorm,no precipitation

Lightning visible, butno thunder heard

ww PRESENT WEATHER


6/18


Page 4

Drizzle in the last hour

Rain in the last hour Snow in the last hour

Showers of snowin the last hour

Fog in the last hour

Rain and snow in the last hour Freezing rain or drizzle inthe last hour

Showers of rainin the last hour

Showers of hailin the last hour

Thunderstorm in the last hour

ww PRESENT WEATHER

Weather during the past hourand not at the time of observation

SURFACE WIND

Calm

5 kt

10 kt

15 kt

20 kt

25 kt

50 kt

65 kt


7/18

SYNOPTIC WEATHER STATION MODELS - 1

Page 5

220

10

16 4

3

50

25

STATION 1 STATION 2

21 140

30 15

27 5

STATION 3 STATION 4

28 280

80 13

2

23 200

60 12

4 5

4

STATION 5 STATION 6

20 150

01 8

28

15 5

25 200

STATION 7 STATION 8

22 230

60 10

3 18

10 160

01 08

10

13

02 30


8/18

SYNOPTIC WEATHER STATION MODELS - 2

30 170

15

9

80

STATION 9 STATION 10

18 170

35 10

4

12 8


15 160

40 20

4

17 230

02 15

15


35 10

05 6

75 10

8 4

31 195


27 180

75 15

12 5

2

06 120

20 17

2 8

1

2

5

-5

12 7

30 220

( (

Page 6


9/18

SIGNIFICANT PRESENT WEATHER

Page 7

QUALIFIER WEATHER PHENOMENA

INTENSITY OF DESCRIPTOR PRECIPITATION OBSCURATION OTHERPROXIMITY

1 2 3 4 5Light Shallow Drizzle Mist Well-developedMI DZ BR PO

MODERATE Patches Rain Fog Squalls

(no qualifier)

BC RA FG SQ

Drifting Snow Smoke Funnel cloudDR SN FU FC

dust/sand whirls

(tornado orwaterspout)

Blowing Snow grains Volcanic ashBL SG VA

SH IC DUShower(s) Diamond dust Widespread(Ice crystal) dust

SS Sandstorm

TS PE SAThunderstorm Ice pellets Sand DS Duststorm

FZ GR HZSupercooled Hail Haze

PR GSPartial Small hail and/orcovering part of

the aerodrome

snow pellets

+

[well-developedin the case ofdust/sand whirls

(dust devils) andfunnel clouds]

vicinity

VC In the

Heavy

The significant present and forecast weather groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5in the table above in sequence, that is intensity, followed by description, followed by weather phenomena.

An example could be: +SHRA (heavy shower (s) of rain).


10/18

TAF (Aerodrome Forecasts)

WESTERN CAPEFACT 200600Z 200718 21010KT 9999 BKN035 FM0900 21020G30KT 9999 FEW035

TX28/12ZTN19/07Z=FAGG 200600Z 200718 25015KT 5000 -RA OVC015 TEMPO 1018 2000 +RA OVC008

TX18/12ZTN14/18Z=

EASTERN CAPEFAEL 200600Z 200718 25015G25KT 9999 SCT030 SCT040 TEMPO 0710 5000 -RA

BKN015 BKN025 BECMG 0809 240G30KT TX20/12ZTN16/18Z=FAPE 200600Z 200718 21015KT 9000 HZ SCT010 BKN020 PROB30 TEMPO 0710 4000

-DZRA BKN008 BECMG 1113 9999 SCT015 BKN035 PROB30 TEMPO 1618BKN015 TX26/12ZTN22/18Z=

FAUT 200600Z 200718 24008KT 9999 OVC008 TEMPO 5000 RA OVC005TX19/12ZTN15/18Z=

KWAZULU-NATALFADN 200600Z 200718 04007KT CAVOK BECMG 0810 04012KT TEMPO 1518 SCT018

BECMG 1618 14012KT TX34/11ZTN27/18Z=FAPM 200600Z 200718 03010KT 9999 FEW015 SCT025 TEMPO 1618 5000 TSRA

BKN012 SCT040CB TX32/12ZTN23/18Z=

NORTHERN CAPEFAKM 200600Z 200718 20005KT CAVOK TX21/13ZTN14/18Z=FAUP 200600Z 200718 20005KT CAVOK TX22/13ZTN16/18Z=

FREESTATEFABL 200600Z 200718 350107KT CAVOK BECMG 0911 9999 SCT050 PROB40 TEMPO

1218 5000 TSRA FEW055CB TX34/13ZTN20/07Z=

NORTH WEST PROVINCEFAMM 200600Z 200718 23010KT CAVOK TX29/12ZTN15/18Z=FAPN 200600Z 200718 32006KT 9999 SCT040 BECMG 1618 21010KT CAVOK

TX34/12ZTN25/18Z=

GAUTENG

FAJS FAJS 200600Z 200718 06008KT CAVOK BECMG 0709 06012KTTX31/12ZTN23/07Z=

FAWB 200600Z 200718 29010KT 9999 SCT045 BECMG 1618 23010KT CAVOKTX33/12ZTN27/18Z=

MPUMALANGAFAKN 200600Z 200718 06007KT 9999 SCT035 BECMG 1113 FEW035CB SCT040

TEMPO 1318 5000 TSRA BKN040 TX32/12ZTN24/18Z=FAEO 200600Z 200718 34010KT 9999 BKN020 BECMG 1012 FEW035CB SCT040

PROB40 TEMPO 1218 5000 TSRA BKN050 TX29/12ZTN18/18Z=

Page 8


11/18

METAR (Aerodrome Actuals)

WESTERN CAPEFACT 200700Z 16016KT 9999 SCT030 21/11 Q1022 NOSIG=FAGG 200700Z 00000KT 1000 VCFG FEW000 BKN025 16/15 Q1022=FALW 200700Z AUTO 16009KT //// // ////// 21/10 Q1020=

EASTERN CAPEFAEL 200700Z 25007KT 9999 FEW020 SCT100 21/13 Q1012=FAPE 200700Z 30022G33KT 9999 SCT019 BKN040 19/13 Q1008 NOSIG=FAUT 200700Z 06002KT 9999 FEW008 BKN015 19/16 Q1015=

KWAZULU-NATALFADN 200700Z 10010KT 9999 FEW018 27/23 Q1010 NOSIG=FARB 200700Z 36008KT 9999 SCT025 32/21 Q1010=

NORTHERN CAPEFAUP 200700Z 21005KT CAVOK 21/M01 Q1019=FAKM 200700Z 27004KT 9999 FEW045 17/05 Q1021=

FREESTATEFABL 200700Z 24005KT 200V270 9999 FEW020 17/06 Q1021 NOSIG=

FABM 200700Z 28005KT 9999 BKN012 22/16 Q1020=

NORTH WEST PROVINCEFAMM 200700Z 21005KT 9999 FEW030 24/M00 Q1019=FAPN 200700Z 00000KT CAVOK 31/14 Q1016=

GAUTENGFAJS 200730Z 02008KT 350V070 CAVOK 26/M02 Q1025 NOSIG=FALA 200730Z 06011KT 9999 BKN018 20/16 Q1023=FAGM 200730Z 07010KT 6000BR+ BKN050 OVC020 16/15 Q1025=

MPUMALANGAFAKN 200700Z 09006KT 9999 FEW030 27/14 Q1019=FAEO 200700Z 33007KT 9999 BKN020 SCT100 22/13 Q1021=

LIMPOPO PROVINCEFAPP 200700Z 35005KT 9999 FEW040 29/13 Q1017=FAHS 200700Z AUTO 08004KT //// // ////// 29/17 Q1013=

Page 9


12/18

SIGNIFICANT WEATHER SYMBOLS - 1

v v

* In flight documentation for flights operating up to FL 100, this symbolrefers to "line squall".

** This symbol does not refer to icing due to precipitation coming into

contact with an aircraft which is at a very low temperature.

NOTE: Height indications between which phenomena are expected,top above base, as per chart legend.

Thunderstorms

Tropical cyclone

Severe line squall*

Moderate turbulence

Severe turbulence

Mountain waves

Slight aircraft icing

Moderate aircraft icing

Heavy aircraft icing

Widespread fog

Hail

Drizzle

Rain

Snow

Shower

Widespread blowing snow

Severe sand or dust haze

Widespread sandstormor duststorm

Widespread haze

Widespread mist

Widespread smoke

Freezing precipitation**

SYMBOLS FOR SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHARTS

SIGNIFICANT WEATHER - LOW CHARTS (BELOW FL180)

Scalloped lines = Used to demarcate significant cloud boundaries

X = position of pressure centres given in hPa

XXX

XXX = Indicates cloud base or tops which are outside the parametersof specific SIG WX charts

Page 10


13/18

SIGNIFICANT WEATHER SYMBOLS - 2

FL310

FL 340

The double bar denotes changes of level by 3 000 ft or less and/or

wind speeds by 37 km/h - 20 kts. In the example, at the double bar thewind speed is 225 km/h - 120 kts.

The heavy line delineating the jet axis begins/ends at the points

where a wind speed of 150 km/h - 80 kts is forecast.

0 = 090

Cold front at the

surface

Warm front at the

surface

Occluded front at

the surface

Quasi-stationaryfront at the surface

270L

460H Tropopause high

Tropopause low300 Tropopause level

Position, speed andlevel of maximum wind

Convergence line

Freezing level

Intertropicalconvergence zone

Volcanic eruption

Cold front above

the surface

Warm front above

the surface

Occluded front above

the surface

Quasi-stationary front

above the surface

20 12Isotherm (C)Temperature at selected

points (C)

Wind at selected points (half a barb = 5 knots,full barb = 10 knots and a triangle 50 knots)

Zone of maximum

windCloud border Cloud tops

030

005

HCentre of high altitudeof the isobaric surface L

Centre of low altitudeof the isobaric surface

SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHARTS - SYMBOLS

ISOL CB OCNL CB FRQ CB

EMBD LYR NSC NSW

: Individual Cells : Well separated Cells : Little or No Separation

: Embedded in Cloud and Haze : Layered Cloud : No SIg Cloud : No Sig Weather

Page 11


14/18

FORECAST WEATHER ABBREVIATIONS

VISIBILITY

BR Mist FG Fog BCFG Fog patches

MIFG Shallow fog VCFG Vicinity fog PRFG Partial Fog

FU Smoke HZ Dust haze SA Dust or Sandstorm

PRECIPITATION

DZ* Drizzle RA* Rain RASH Showers

FZDZ* Freezing drizzle FZRA* Freezing rain GR* Hail

XXSH Heavy showers SN* Snow

THUNDERSTORMS

TS* Thunderstorm TSGR* Thunderstorm with hail

ISOL Isolated OCNL Occasional FRQ Frequent

EMBD Embedded LSQ Line Squall

TURBULENCE

MTW Mountain Wave TURB Turbulence WS Wind Shear

REGIONS

LOC Local MON Over mountains ESC Along escarpment

CIT Urban areas VAL In valleys HIV On Highveld

LOV Over Lowveld MAR Maritime COT Coastal

CLOUD COVER

LYR Layer FEW 1 - 2 Oktas SCT 3 - 4 Oktas

BKN 5 - 7 Oktas OVC Overcast

NOTE: Those items which are marked with an asterisk (*) may be preceded by XX, which meansHEAVY.

Page 12


15/18

SIGNIFICANT WEATHER - CHART 1

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

15

20

25

30

35

20

25 3

035

20

25

30

35

35

30

25

15

PE

DN

UP

EL

BKN

SC

040

010

BKN

SC

100

080

0

=100

BKN

SC

LYR

120

070

BKN

CU

XXX

030

0=

070

L

0=110

0=110

0=140

0=130

P

PR

JS

NS

SIGNIFICANT WX

FIXED TIME PROGNOSTIC CHART VALID -

COMPILED BY GS. - ISSUED AT 09H00 UT 2000/04/23

LOW (MSL - FL180) All heights above MSL12H00 UT 2000/04/23

Symbols and CB imply moderate or severe turbulence, icing and hail.

KM

BL

CT

20

SCTA

C

XXX

100

0=130

MA

WH

KT

HA

FA

BR

AB

ISOL

EMBD

CB

XXX

070

BKN

SC

090

060

G

OVC

SC

090

020

BKN

SC

040

020

4000M

2000M

Page 13


16/18


+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

15

20

25

30

35

20

25 3

035

20

25

30

35

35

30

25

15

PE

DN

UP

EL

BKN

SC

060

020

BKNSC

LYR

XXX

050

BKN

SC

070

030

L

BKN

SC

100

070

0

=110

0

=110

0

=140

0

=130

P

PR

JS

NS

SIGNIFICANT WX





KM

BL

CT

20

OCNL

EMBD

CB

XXX

070

FRE

Q

EMBD

CB

XXX

080

BKN

ST

030

050

MA

BKN

SC

100

070

ADDITIONALINFORMATION

FA

HA

BR

WH

KT

AB

0

=1

00

0

=1

00

1000M

OV

C

SC

030

006

0

=130

3000M

OVC

SC

030

008

3000M

Page 14


17/18


+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

15

20

25

30

35

20

25 3

035

20

25

30

35

35

30

25

15

PE

DN

UP

EL

BKN

SC

080

040

0

=100

BKN

SC

120

070

BKN

SC

070

020

L

SCTA

C

XXX

120

0=110

0=140

0=160

P

PR

JS

NS

SIGNIFICANT WX





KM

BL

CT

20

MA

B

KN

SC

080

040

ADDITIONALINFORMATION

FA

HA

BR

WH

KT

AB

LOCE

SC

2000M

0=

140

4000M

0=140

OV

C

SC

080

007

BKN

ST

025

007

2000MIS

OL

EMBD

CB

XXX

080

BKN

AC

XXX

100

2500M

OV

C

SC

070

020

5000M

Page 15


18/18

UPPER WINDS AND TEMPERATURES

BOXESREFERTOSPOT

WINDSDEG

REES

TRUEANDKNOTSAT

INTERSECTION

SOF

THELAT/LONGLINESCOVEREDBYT

HE

BOX

,TEMPERATURESDEGREESC

,

HEIGHTSABOVEMSL

(THOUSANDSOF

FEET)

UPPERWINDS

,T

EMPERAT

URES

FIXEDTIMEPROGNOSTICCHART

VALID:

2006030412UTC

BASEDON:

20060304

00UT

C

NEXT

ISSUE:

2006030418U

TC

24

330

52-2

0

21

330

48-1

5

17

330

43

-7

15

330

40

-3

13

330

38

1

10

320

35

7

7

310

30

11

5

290

26

13

3

295

29

15

1

275

18

19

24

340

64-2

0

21

330

58-1

6

17

325

52-1

2

15

320

48-

7

13

315

42-

3

10

306

33

1

7

294

25

7

5

280

2813

3

285

2314

1

255

1718

2433536-2

0

2134038-1

7

1734540

-6

1533836

-1

1332028

4

1031022

10

731017

20

2433046-2

0

2132543-1

7

1731540

-6

1531736

-1

1332040

6

10335351

0

7310261

5

24

310

50-2

1

21

310

45-1

8

17

300

41-1

1

15

295

38

-7

13

290

36

1

10

285

32

5

7

265

27

9

5

250

18

12

3

270

23

17

1

263

18

19

24

1016-1

7

21

1713-1

2

17

35

8

-4

15

50

5

-1

13

85

4

3

10120

3

9

7236

3

19

2435020-1

7

21

1018-1

2

17

1615

-4

15

2513

1

13

4510

6

10

3512

10

7

3512

22

2430026-1

6

2131525-1

2

1733528

-4

1533023

0

1332518

6

1032014

11

731512

19

24

290

30-1

8

21

280

28-1

2

17

285

27

-4

15

278

23

1

13

256

20

4

10

230

14

12

7

218

10

16

5

196

12

19

3

246

10

20

1

200

7

20

24

60

8-1

4

21

65

8

-9

17

85

9

-2

151

0510

3

131

2512

5

101

5016

10

71

45

9

16

51

00

5

19

31

3011

22

11

40

8

25

24

1512-1

2

21

50

8

-8

17105

6

-1

15158

5

1

1323514

10

1025016

10

722512

16

5190

8

16

3210

6

23

1155

4

25

24

6012

-13

21

56

9

-8

17

50

5

-2

15

45

2

1

13346

4

6

10300

7

12

7215

8

16

243308-1

4

213506

-9

17

369

-2

15

449

2

13

528

6

10

608

12

7

556

21

24

40

9-1

4

21

5013-1

0

17

6315

-3

15

5512

2

13

5015

6

10

4518

12

7

4016

16

24

31010-1

5

21

292

6-1

0

17

220

5

-3

15

210

5

1

13

200

7

6

10

193

8

10

7

210

1018

2433020-1

7

2132514-1

2

17320

9

-6

15306

5

0

13296

5

4

10275

3

12

7280

3

22

24

330

42

-21

21

330

40

-18

17

320

37

-6

15

330

33

-1

13

335

30

3

10

340

2710

7

350

2516

5

355

1719

3

5

1524

1

8

1226

SECOAST

2426012-1

7

21272

8-1

2

17280

5

-3

15250

6

3

13195

8

7

1018510

12

7142

7

15

5115

5

21

3133

3

23

1105

8

26

NATAL

N.COAST

15

E

20

E

25

E

30

E

35

E

20

S

25

S

30

S

35

S

Page 16

meteorology ppl met

Documents