metaphor analysis in social science: the problem lynne cameron and rob maslen
TRANSCRIPT
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Metaphor Analysis in Social Science: The problem
Lynne Cameron and Rob Maslen
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Outline of talk
1. Introduction2. The PCTR Project 3. Identifying metaphor: process and
issues 4. Grouping metaphors into
systematic sets: process and issues
5. Visualising metaphors
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Metaphor analysis
involves investigating the linguistic metaphors used by people to conceptualise and interpret situations. Metaphors offer speakers ‘discourse spaces’ in which to explore experiences, ideas and feelings, and ‘cognitive frames’ to describe and label themes and topics. They provide a basis for understanding and for determining action, and structure emotions and feelings…
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In metaphor analysis, the emotional and ideational content of systematic sets of metaphors are identified, together with variation across different situations and social groups.
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Identifying the different metaphors used in focus group talk about security and terrorism issues, and their affective value, will reveal cognitive frames and the attitudes and values associated with them, and how these vary across groups.
(PCTR project proposal)
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in other words
They talked about X in terms of Y
therefore
They think about X in terms of Y’
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The Leeds University
Perception and Communication of Terrorist RiskProject
ESRC New Security Challenges Programme
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Multi-disciplinary project
Institute of Psychological Sciences Schools of Business, Education and
Law
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Aims To investigate the effects of background
terrorist threat from different psychological and linguistic perspectives
To investigate how the public would like to be informed about particular risks associated with terrorism, and the consequences of particular communication strategies
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Research Questions
How do people conceptualise and assess the background threat of terrorism?
Is there variation across groups differentiated according to social class, gender and religion?
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Data
Focus Groups with members of the public
Interviews with experts: Media Threat managers (police, emergency
management, intelligence)
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Methods of Analysis
Metaphor Causal Attributions Thematic qualitative analysis Social Amplification of Risk
Framework (SARF) (Pigeon et al, 2003)
*THIS IS NOT A METAPHOR PROJECT*
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3 Identifying Metaphor: process and issues
The central identifying feature of a linguistic metaphor is the use of a lexical item that can be seen as incongruous with the topic of the on-going talk – the Vehicle term of a metaphor.
The ‘other meaning’ of the Vehicle can be used to make sense of its use in the discourse context.
The Vehicle term can be a single word raising or a phrase bring …together.
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Choices made already
metaphor as a family-resemblance category rather than a classical category with necessary and sufficient conditions. Identify through comparison with central
exemplars, exclude, place boundaries through explicit decisions (Cameron, 1999)
work with Vehicle terms rather than metaphorically-used words.
work with linguistic metaphors, rather than trying to identify all linguistic manifestations of conceptual metaphors.
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Practical decisions in identification
personification delexicalized verbs and nouns prepositions etymology similes …
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Doing better metaphor identification
Record explicit decisions. Be consistent across data and
researchers e.g. use word search …
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Metaphor Identification sources
Cameron, 2003, Ch 3. MIP (Metaphor Identification
Procedure) – the pragglejaz group …
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4 Grouping metaphors into systematic sets
list Vehicles move them around into connected
groupings construct a label for each grouping sort each group by connected
Topics these are ‘systematic metaphors’
not conceptual metaphors
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Constructing systematic metaphors
spark a conversation heated debates hype that is generated power of the media
HEATELECTRICITYGENERATING HEAT / ELECTRICITY
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Emerging groupings from the data
ftp://ftp.home.leeds.ac.uk/workdisk/papers06/Vehicle%20groups.rtf
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Not UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING
you saw this as a journeydid you see it as the big political picture?
lose sight of the other’s humanityget a glimpsea distorted pictureuntil we do see each other in our true light.. we’re always going to be dealing with some reduction or caricature
RECONCILIATION IS CHANGING A DISTORTED IMAGE OF THE OTHER
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in other words
They talked about T in terms of V1,
V2, V3, V4… in discourse context D
therefore
They think about T in terms of V1, V2, V3, V4…
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Principles in constructing systematic metaphors
keep groupings flexible as data is explored: keep alternatives alive be ready to re-group or sub-divide
try for best fit, using your understanding of the talk
don’t over-interpret or construct find evidence for interpretations
keep dated lists and notes to track decisions
In choosing a label, keep close to the language and word form
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Choices made
to extract metaphors from their local context of use
to be mainly inductive, with conceptual metaphors as “sensitizing concepts” (Charmaz, 2001: 515)
to start from Vehicles rather than Topics level of groupings and labels - specific
rather than general
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We could…
group in several ways and/or at different levels of generalisation and abstraction and see what this suggests.
try to find more valid and reliable ways of grouping (pile sort; stats; cluster analysis; personal construct theory)
undertake grouping collaboratively as a project team
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Vehicle groupings
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5 Visualising metaphors
Cumulative frequency graph
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Distribution of metaphors
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Metaphor in local discourse context
metaphor-led discourse analysis metaphor at critical points in talk how metaphors are negotiated,
adapted and shifted how metaphors are understood
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in other words
They talked about T in terms of V1,
V2, V3, V4… in discourse context D
therefore
They think about T in terms of V1, V2, V3, V4…
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Choices and problems in metaphor analysis
What is being identified in discourse data? How? How are individual linguistic metaphors
condensed into larger units of analysis? What do these larger units represent? How do we move between local and
global?