metals : left side of table; form cations
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lustrous (shiny). malleable (can hammer into shape). ductile (can pull into wire). good conductors (heat and electricity). Regions of the Table. metals : left side of Table; form cations. properties: . -- Because of their low ionization energies, they are - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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metals: left side of Table; form cationsproperties:
Regions of the Table
ductile(can pullinto wire)
malleable(can hammerinto shape)
lustrous(shiny)
good conductors(heat and electricity)
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(i.e., they lose e–)-- Because of their low ionization energies, they are often oxidized in reactions.
-- Metallic character of the elements increases as we go down-and-to-the-left.
increasing metallic character
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nonmetals: right side of Table; form anions
properties: good insulators; gases or brittle solids
Br2I2S8Nebromineiodinesulfurneon
Regions of the Table (cont.)
-- memorize the HOBrFINCl twins(or…Hans and Franz, the ClOBrHIFN twins)
“Wer sind sie?”“Die ClOBrHIFN Zwillinge!”
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computer chips
metalloids (semimetals): “stair” between metalsand nonmetals
properties: in-between those of metalsand nonmetals; “semiconductors”
(B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At)
Si and Ge
metals
nonmetals
Regions of the Table (cont.)
computer chips
Si and Ge
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Reactivity Trends
metal oxide + water metal hydroxide MgO(s) + H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq)
metal oxide + acid salt + water
CaO(s) + 2 HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
metal + nonmetal salt
2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(l) 2 AlBr3(s)
(i.e., a“basic”oxide)
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Reactivity Trends (cont.)
nonmetal oxide + water acid CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
(i.e., an“acidic”oxide)
nonmetal oxide + base salt + water
CO2(g) + 2 KOH(aq) K2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
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Group TrendsAlkali Metals
-- the most reactive metals (one e– to lose) -- obtained by electrolysis of a molten salt
e.g., chloride ion is oxidized and sodium ion is reduced
2 NaCl(l)
2 Na(l) + Cl2(g)
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-- react with hydrogen to form metal hydrides:
-- react with water to form metal hydroxides:
-- react w/O2: Li yields Li2O, others yield (mostly) peroxides (M2O2)
2 M(s) + H2(g) 2 MH(s)
2 M(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 MOH(aq) + H2(g)
2 M(s) + O2(g) M2O2(s)
Potassium in water, forming flammable hydrogenand soluble potassium hydroxide.
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Alkaline-Earths
-- not as reactive as alkalis (two e– to lose)
-- Ca and heavier ones react w/H2O to form metal hydroxides
-- MgO is a protective oxide coating around substrate Mg
Ca(s) + 2 H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
compared to alkalis: harder, denser, higher MPs
Mg ribbon MgO
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The Hindenburg
Hydrogen
-- a nonmetal, but belongs to no family
-- reacts w/other nonmetals to form molecular (i.e., covalent) compounds
(She was scuttled inJune 1919, along
with 71 otherGerman ships.)
(She burned upin May 1937,
killing36 passengers.)
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Halogens
-- At isn’t considered to be a halogen; little is known about it -- at 25oC, F2 and Cl2 are gases, Br2 is a liquid, I2 is a solid
-- their exo. reactivity is dominated by their tendency to gain e–
-- Cl2 is added to water; the HOCl produced acts as a disinfectant -- HF(aq) = weak acid; HCl(aq) HBr(aq) HI(aq)
= strong acids
A small amount of ahalogen is mixed with anoble gas to fill halogenlamps. The halogen setsup an equilibrium withthe tungsten filamentto prevent the heatedtungsten from being
deposited on theinside of the bulb.
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professional-gradeRn detector
Noble Gases
-- all are monatomic; have completely-filled s and p orbitals -- He, Ne, and Ar have no known compounds; Rn is radioactive -- Kr has one known compoud (KrF2); Xe has a few (XeF2, XeF4, XeF6)
Fan forRn mitigation
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Ca atom Ca2+ ion Cl atom Cl– ion 20 p+ 20 e–
20 p+ 18 e–
17 p+ 17 e–
17 p+ 18 e–
Ca Ca2+ Cl Cl–
Ionic RadiusCations are _______ than parent atoms;anions are ______ than parent atoms.
EX. Compare the sizes of Fe, Fe2+, and Fe3+.
Then compare Br with Br–.
smallerlarger
Fe > Fe2+ > Fe3+
Br– > Br
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electronegativity: the tendency fora bonded atom toattract e– to itself
up and to-the-right.
electronegativity increases
Electronegativity
Electronegativity increases going...
Most electronegative element is... fluorine (F).
Linus Paulingquantified the
electronegativityscale.
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“Oh, man… I forgot which ones themost electronegative elements are.”
“Shee-oot… Ow teh ye…
FO’ NCl.”
F = 4.0O = 3.5
N = Cl = 3.0
C = 2.5 H = 2.1Others: