metafile for interactive documents - dtic · 5.2 transitions & links 5 5.3 controls 6 5.4 data...

Metafile for Interactive DocumentsVersion 2.0

Application Guide andDraft Performance Specification for the

Encoding of Interactive Documents

March 1996

Prepared by ~

Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division St. Inigoes

Information Technology Branch (Code 4.5.8.6)

St. Inigoes, Maryland

Approvedfor public release; distribution is unlimited.

19970103 112

Carderock DivisionNaval Surface Warfare CenterBethesda, Maryland 20084-5000

METAFILE FOR INTERACTIVE DOCUMENTS, VERSION 2

Application Guide and Draft Performance Specificationfor the Encoding of Interactive Documents - MID-2 (3/96)

March 1996

Eric L. Jorgensen, Research and Technology RepresentativeNavy Technical Manual Working Group

Prepared by the MID-2 Design and Development Team:Darlene Janiszewski, NAWC-AD, Project ManagerL. John Junod, NSWC-CDMichael Anderson, Antech Systems, Editor and Team ChairmanDavid Cooper, Antech Systems

Note: This final draft of the MID-2 (3/96) Specification and Application Guide has been prepared bythe U. S. Navy for purposes of review and comment by the general Navy, DoD, National, andInternational technical community interested in standards for Interactive Electronic Documentswhich require a mechanism (i.e., script) for controlling the presentation of text, graphics, and othermultimedia information developed for electronic display. It is written as an application of ISO 8879SGML and utilizes portions of ISO 10744 HYTIME. While it was initiated by the Navy for purposesof developing a run-time standard for DoD Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals (IETMs), theMID-2 (3/96) draft specification has been intentionally developed to be suitable for application togeneric scripted interactive documents of any nature and for any application. The Navy point ofcontact regarding potential specification coordination issues is Eric Jorgensen, NSWC-CD Code 182,email: [email protected].

Approved for Public Release: Distribution Unlimited

The Metafile for Interactive Documents, Version 2Application Guide and Draft Performance Specification

for the Encoding of Interactive DocumentsMID-2 (3/96)

March 1996

Prepared by the MID-2 Design and Development Team

Project Manager:Darlene Janiszewski, NAWC-AD St. Inigoes

Team Chairman & Document Editor:Michael Anderson, Antech Systems

Team Members:

Len Bullard, LoralTerri Castelli, CSC

David Cooper, Antech SystemsMichael Croswell, CSC

Mark Drissel, CSCRob Groat, Booz Allen

Eric Jorgensen, NSWC CarderockL. John Junod, NSWC Carderock

Neill Kipp, TechnoTeacherSteve Newcomb, TechnoTeacher

Perry Rapp, CSCRob Sommerville, CSC

MID-2 (3/96)

Contents

1. HOW TO USE THIS APPLICATION GUIDE 1

2. REFERENCES AND SOURCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 1

2.1 References 1

2.2 Other sources 12.2.1 NAWC-AD, Patuxent River MD, Applied Technology Branch, Code 4.5.8.6 12.2.2 NSWC Carderock 12.2.3 MID Design & Development Team Members 2

3. MID DEFINITION 2

4. WHY YOU NEED MID 3

4.1 Behavior of applications 3

4.2 The MID approach to standardizing document behavior 3

5. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THEORY 4

5.1 Containers 4

5.2 Transitions & Links 5

5.3 Controls 6

5.4 Data Types 7

5.5 Semantic Grouping 7

5.6 Conditionals 7

5.7 Scripting 8

5.8 External Processes 9

5.9 HyTime Location and Linking Constructs 9

5.10 HyTime and SGML Management 95.10.1 HyTime Module Declarations 95.10.2 SGML and HyTime Notation Declarations 95.10.3 MID Parameter Entities 105.10.4 MID Document Type Declaration 105.10.5 MID Short Reference Maps 10

MID-2 (3/96)

6. DTD WITH ANNOTATIONS FOR DEVELOPERS, ELEMENT NUMBERS 11

7. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ELEMENTS 39

8. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE ORIGINAL RELEASE OF MID 41

APPENDICES

A. PROCESSABLE MID DTD A.1

B. RELATIONSHIP EXAMPLE B.1

C. MID BACKGROUND C.1

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MID-2 (3/96)

1. How to use this Application Guide

The primary purpose of this document is to communicate, to authors and developers of MID documents andapplications, the intentions of the design team with respect to implementation of the MID DTD. Section 6 contains theDTD, with annotations, arranged by functional groupings of elements as described in Section 5. The MID design teamhas debated many issues in creating this DTD, and the annotations are presented to pass along as much of thatconsideration as possible. There are some issues remaining, and the MID project staff solicits your input to making thedesign more useful and complete.

Note that the use of terms such as "specification" or "standard" are not intended to claim the sanctioning of MID in anofficial sense. The terminology for describing MID is intended to convey its purpose, namely as a common structureinto which technical information can be translated. For the record, the MID is the result of a research effort, not thework of a standards body. It is our hope that the technology and techniques employed by MID will prove the concepts tobe valid, and provide guidance to those who would solve the problem of transporting information and logic betweensource providers and presentation software. Adoption of MID as an official specification or standard is a considerationfor the future.

This document also contains a general introduction to the MID (Sections 3 & 4), and references for more informationand background (Section 2). For the seasoned MID user, Section 7 provides an alphabetical reference to the elements,and Section 8 chronicles the changes from the original MID definition (1994) to the current, evolutionary version(1995). Appendix A contains a processable MID DTD. Appendix B contains an example using elements derived fromthe relationship architectural form defined by the MID. Appendix C contains excerpts from the MID DraftSpecification, published in 1994, as an introduction to the original MID concepts and goals.

2. References and Sources for Additional Information

2.1 References

MID Draft Specification. Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Nov. 1994

2.2 Othersources

2.2.1 NAWC-AD, Patuxent River MD, Applied Technology Branch, Code 4.5.8.6

The R&D project that has resulted in the MID concept, design, and prototype implementation was initiated by theNaval Air Warfare Center - Aircraft Division, St. Inigoes, MD.

The Navy Project Manager is Ms. Darlene Janiszewski. For information concerning the current status of the project, orfor collaboration among Navy projects interested in IETM or MID development, contact Ms. Janiszewski by email at<[email protected]>.

2.2.2 NSWC Carderock

The MID project has been coordinated through the Navy representative on the Tri-Services IETM Working Group, theNaval Surface Warfare Center - Carderock Division. Representatives at Carderock have been integrally involved insetting priorities, identifying technical issues, and coordinating among IETM development programs during the MIDconcept and design phases.

For information concerning the relationship of MID to other Navy and DoD IETM development projects, and to findout more about the IETM Tri-Service Specifications (MIL-D-87269 and MJL-M-87268), contact Mr. John Junod at<[email protected]>.

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MID-2 (3/96)

2.2.3 MID Design & Development Team Members

The MID Design Team was formed in 1994 to consider possible solutions for problems with IETM interoperability.The Team identified the problem as being primarily related to transport of IETM data between various presentationsystems. The MID design grew out of a series of meetings where the team considered a wide range of possible technicalsolutions.

During 1995, the focus changed from identifying and formulating the basic technical approach for IETM datatransport, to proving and improving the technical design through implementation. A software development effort waslaunched, as well as a series of analysis tasks aimed at integrating the MID approach with related, existing and

emerging, standards and technologies. The development and analysis efforts both have the purpose of evolving the MIDdesign.

The following MID Design Team members were involved as indicated, and may be contacted via email (where listed)for further information.

Member Organization Involvement EmailMichael Anderson Antech Systems 1995 chairman [email protected]

1994 designVince Botticelli Lockheed Ft Worth 1994 designLen Bullard Loral 1995 analysis [email protected]

1994 design chairmanBryan Caporlette Passage Systems 1994 designTerri Castelli CSC 1995 developmentDavid Cooper Antech Systems 1995 development lead [email protected]

1994 designMichael Croswell CSC 1995 developmentMark Drissel CSC 1995 developmentRob Groat Booz Allen 1995 developmentDarlene Janiszewski NAWC-AD St. Inigoes 1995 program management djaniszews@

1994 program management ietm.nawcsti.navy.milEric Jorgensen NSWC Carderock 1995 Technical review

1994 Technical reviewL. John Junod NSWC Carderock 1995 analysis [email protected]

1994 designNeill Kipp TechnoTeacher 1995 development [email protected]

1994 designSteve Newcomb TechnoTeacher 1995 development [email protected]

1994 designMark Petronic Hughes Aircraft 1994 designPerry Rapp CSC 1995 developmentRob Sommerville CSC 1995 developmentMadeleine Sparks Loral 1994 admin.

3. MID Definition

The Metafile for Interactive Documents (MID) is a common interchange structure, based on the international standardsfor SGML and HyTime, that takes neutral data from varying authoring systems and structures it for display ondissimilar presentation systems. [MID Draft specification, Nov. 94]. It is envisioned that a MID instance will be a hubdocument, containing references to various, external source data components. The MID instance will be created by aninteractive, automated process (i.e., a "MIDWriter"), and will be interpreted for viewing by off-the-shelf softwareincorporating a "MIDReader."

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MID-2 (3/96)

Development of a MIDReader was the primary focus of the 1995 MID project, and its development has served to bothhighlight issues in the structure of the MID, and identify implementation issues. Resolution of these issues has resultedin an evolutionary improvement to the MID specification.

The MID definition is directed to solving a well-known and pervasive problem in the IETM development community:moving IETM data between presentation products while preserving the (critically important) logic coded in the data. Amajor goal of the effort has been to support the Tri-Service IETM Specifications for data storage (MIL-D-87269), andenable compliance with presentation standards such as MIL-M-87268. The MID makes extensive use of SGML andHyTime to accomplish this goal in an open and extendible architecture. The following diagram illustrates the intendeduse of a MID instance in the context of an IETM delivery.

1 MlOReader Browser

9 (e.g., 87268)

10 MIDWriter • MDIsac

SHy~loo MIDReader Browser

Figure 1: MID Architecture Overview

MID does not contain format or style information. MID browser software will have to determine positioning andappearance of MID elements, either explicitly or through some intermediate structure. Document Style Semantics andSpecification Languare (DSSSL) appears to be a likely candidate to apply style and presentation semantics to the MIDdefinition. However, until an authoritative list of the style characteristics appears, each MIDReader/ browserapplication will be responsible for defining how to handle the presentation appearance without coding it into the MIDinstance. A good option would be to design SGML structures to specify application of style. This should allowmaximum flexibility in adopting standard methods when they are available, e.g., through tree transforms to DSSSL.

4. Why you need MID

4.1 Behavior of applications

In the context of Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals (IETMs), 'Interactive' means that the application reacts toinput from users on a real time basis. This reaction is often to tailor the content and presentation of subsequentinformation.

To create an IETM, authors and developers must consider a philosophy different from that used to create page-baseddocuments; they must program behavior into the document. The encoding of logic to control document behavior is onefacet of electronic delivery that can cause incompatibility between IETM (and other) information systems. Thedevelopment of IETM Specifications for document delivery, such as MIL-D-87269, standardize the structures for IETMcontent, and introduce logical conditions for information rendering. The MID adds the missing layer - standardizationof the methods for encoding document behavior, and connecting the content to presentation in an unambiguous way.

4.2 The MID approach to standardizing document behavior

The MID, as its name implies, uses a hybrid metafile approach to define templates and methods for encoding logicintermixed with information content. In the classic sense, a metafile in SGML provides a template that guides an

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MID-2 (3/96)

author in creation of a DTD. The MID uses "meta" definitions for linking of information, but also defines structures tobe used as translation targets for information to be rendered, and structures for specifying logical flow.

The way that the MID specifies logical flow is through SGML constructs that are borrowed from commonprogramming languages. Just as compilers and interpreters require a standard syntax to create executable software

from a programmer's code, a MIDReader requires a standard syntax to produce an interactive presentation from anIETM author's document.

In a paper technical manual, an author makes assumptions about the projected level of expertise of the technician, andthen provides tables, diagrams, and paragraphs of text that address, for example, each of the steps in a repairprocedure. Steps that are only done under certain conditions are mixed with steps that are always applicable, becausethere is no mechanism for turning off the display of steps that are not applicable. An IETM, on the other hand, can use

multimedia output to show only the applicable information. The application decides when to render (e.g., display) thisinformation, and how to organize it for maximum efficiency.

The MID structures are what enable an application to determine when, and nominally where, to render information.The decisions as to when information gets rendered are made by decoding the logic in a MID script, which in turn may

reflect the logic embedded in the source file (MIL-D-87269). An IETM author, already burdened with the responsibilityto encode logic in documents, now has a standardized way to do it. The decisions as to where information gets renderedare derived from semantic grouping of renderable elements. The MID scripting language allows:

"* Conditional rendering

"* Logical grouping of elements to be rendered

"* Expressions, functions, statements

"* Storage of values for later use (i.e., variables), and definition of where the variables apply (i.e., scoping)

"* Passing of responsibility to external processes, and means for defining the parameters of the processing

These will be described further in Section 5, and in the Application Notes for individual elements in Section 6.

5. General description of theory

The following paragraphs outline the major types of elements found in the MID DTD. This description is intended onlyto give a general overview of how the MID accomplishes its stated goals.

5.1 Containers

InfoContainers define a set of information that is rendered as a package. In the simplest case, an infoContainer (IC)can define frames of text and graphics that will be simultaneously displayed. In a more complex case, the IC mightcontain a script, with a set of variables that affect its behavior, or the behavior of subsequent infoContainers. Transientpanes of information, and user interactions such as alerts and dialogs, might be part of an IC. Conditional informationcan be reflowed, based on user input, without leaving the IC. While it is theoretically possible (i.e., syntacticallycorrect) to place an entire IETM in a single infoContainer by using the power of scripting, this would constitutepoorly-formed MID; authors are encouraged to use the IC to good advantage by logical arrangement.

InfoContainers may be arranged in chains for sequential presentation starting from a defined point, or placed in poolswhere they can be reused.

Panes define individual elements of content to be rendered. Typically, a browser would render the contents of a pane ina window of a graphical user interface. Many panes may be displayed as part of a single infoContainer. A paneencapsulates a scope that defines its own set of variables, and may use a script to retrieve content from a sourcedocument. A common use of scripting in a pane would be to get information content, based on some conditions, usinga HyTime link.

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MID-2 (3/96)

Rendering of panes within given screen real estate is the purview of the browser. There are no position, size, or othervisual properties defined as part of the MID pane. Such properties must be derived from a combination of the logical(i.e., semantic) grouping of the panes, and the application of an optional stylesheet from a source external to the MID.

Panes can be used to implement user interactions by defining a set of controls to be rendered on the pane. Again, theposition and style of controls can not be specified in the MID. In fact, the type of control used in a particular softwareenvironment may vary significantly, depending on the look and feel of the operating system. The MID, for example,defines a dynamicList element that enumerates choices for a user selection. The list is specified by an attribute to beeither of type pickOne or of type pickMany. A pickOne type dynamicList could be rendered with equal effectiveness as adrop down list box, a menu, or a set of mutually exclusive (radio) buttons.

Elements of type Containers Element # DescriptioninfoContainer 11 The fundamental building block of a MID application,

defining a logical package of information to berendered.

chain 12 A set of infoContainers that are intended to act as asequential set. A chain must be navigated starting withthe first infoContainer in the sequence.

pane 13 The delimiter for a logical fragment of content; acomponent part of an infoContainer. The pane shouldbe filled with a single reference, Ioc, query, orcontiguous piece of information content.

alert 14 Special case of a pane, where the contents are to berendered as a transient interaction that must beacknowledged by the user before continuing (modal).

clientArea 17 Container for panes, paneGroups, andconditionalPanes.

pool 15 A common resource area, designed to house reusablecontainers, scripts, and controls.

messageArea 16 A container for reporting supplemental information(e.g., instructions, state of the application) that wouldtypically be related to the information content (ratherthan the operation of the browser software).

5.2 Transitions & Links

Transitions can be specified by an author to occur between infoContainers, or within an infoContainer to render newpanes or controls. Types of transitions may include goto, gosub, or spawn. The difference between these transitiontypes lies in the way the application handles the state of the currently-rendered containers. For example, a button on apane within infoContainer IC-1 might contain a script that implements a goto transition to infoContainer IC-2. In thiscase, all non-global variables (e.g., set by the infoContainer or a pane in IC-1) would be cleared, and the state spacewould be set to represent IC-2 variables. In a similar case where a gosub was specified in place of the goto, the IC-Ivariables would be maintained, and then restored at the completion of IC-2. Using a spawn would instruct theapplication to simultaneously maintain both sets of state variables. By these mechanisms, an author has the ability tocontrol the appearance of an application, without undue restriction on the application's unique look and feel.

A get specifies that information at a source be retrieved, and rendered at the point of the get. This element representsone of the most important powers that MID offers. The get allows source documents, delivered and maintainedindependently, to be bound to the presentation at run-time. It also allows source documents to be in various formats,and still be accessible to a MID instance. The power of HyTime location and linking facilities is what makes thiscapability both practical and standard.

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MID-2 (3/96)

Relationship is a construct based on a HyTime ilink that allows authors to establish connections between various typesof information in a document. Relationship may be used to implement hotspots in text and graphics. The relationshipsin a MID document are located in the pool.

Because relationship is an element pseudo-declaration, many elements may be created to implement relationshipswithin a given MID. Each of the derived elements will define a specific type of relationship, with the instances of thatelement linking information that is related in the defined way. Rendering of the relationships is up to the application;often the anchors of the relationship links will be treated as hotspots that can be selected by users, and traversedaccording to the rules of HyTime ilinks.

Relationships are based on named connections between related information. This enables the author to specify, and thebrowser application (MIDReader) to determine, the reason for a particular link, in addition to the linked objects. Thus,the nature of the relationship is transported from source to end-user.

Elements of type Trans & Link Element # Descriptiongoto 19 Implements a transition to a new context, and forgets

about the old one.gosub 19 Implements a transition to a new context, but keeps

track of the old one so the application can return whenthe new context is terminated, and restore the previousstate.

spawn 19 Maintains the state of two contexts simultaneously;application allows user to transition between them atwill.

get 20 Enables the collection of information from remotesources, for rendering at runtime.

relationship 21 A pseudo-declaration (element template) forestablishing types of links that are meaningful in agiven document context. The elements created usingthe relationship template may be used forimplementing hyperlinks in a browser application.

5.3 Controls

Controls define means for users to report events back to the MID instance. Authors specify what menus or buttonsshould be associated with a particular infoContainer, and how the application should respond to selection of such acontrol. Also, user interaction elements such as fillin and dynamicList can be combined with other controls to gatherinformation through an interactive dialog.

Menus are intended as a generalized way for authors to define the high-level entry points into an information set. Theterm menu has certain implications to software developers with respect to rendering. However, menus differ from listsin the MID only by virtue of the fact that they contain a set of buttons rather than elements of content.

The term button, as menu, has a connotation in the context of graphical user interface (GUI) development. However,the MID concept of a button does not necessarily imply rendering as a graphical push-button. Buttons will beconsidered, during the rendering of a MID instance by an application, to denote the function normally performed by abutton, namely to launch a process.

Elements of type Controls Element # Descriptionmenu 23 A collection of buttons used for launching processes

in a MID browser. Menus are grouped together intomenubars, and reused in infoContainers asappropriate.

6

MID-2 (3/96)

button 25 A structure representing the generalized function oflaunching a process.

fillin 26 A field that allows free-form user input of text.dynamicList 27 List of content items that is built at runtime using an

I expression.

5.4 Data Types

The elements listed as data types are used for containing content information that is rendered, for example, in a pane.Depending on the implementation of MID, the data may be contained directly in the element, or retrieved by a script.

Elleiments of type Data Type Element # Descriptiontext, paragraph 30, 33 Contains character data or other text items.specialText 31 Indicates some text that is qualified by a semantic.title 32 Defines the text that is to be rendered as a title for the

element that contains it.graphic, audio, video, animation, 37 These elements access external notations that defineicon how to access various file formats.tableType, fcsTable 39 fcsTable is a generalized method of storing data that is

typically rendered in a table format.orderedList, unorderedList, item 34 These are content intended to rendered as lists. These

are not affect by the support attribute of the midelement..

5.5 Semantic Grouping

Semantic grouping is used, in lieu of coordinate systems, to indicate to applications the layout priorities for a set ofrendered elements. A grouping might be used by the application to determine how to spatially allocate panes within aninfoContainer, or where to put delimiters such as a 'group box' for controls within a user interaction pane. These arethe only cues that the application can get directly from the MID instance to determine placement of windows andcontrols on the screen. Authors who do not use these structures risk placement of elements based solely on their order,or worse, random placement.

Elements of type Sem Group Element # DescriptionpaneGroup 46 A group of panes within an infoContainer.widgetGroup 47 A group of buttons, dynamicLists, and fillins to be used

for user interaction.buttonGroup 48 A group of related buttons that are intended for either

single (pickOne) or multiple (pickMany) selection.menubar 49 A collection of menus and buttons that is reused

among infoContainers.

5.6 Conditionals

Conditionals are used in conjunction with scripts to indicate panes or controls that are rendered only under certainconditions. The conditions are evaluated when a reflow statement is encountered in a script.

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MID-2 (3/96)

Conditionals are particularly suited to rendering complex sets of information that contain dependencies. For example,an author may want to populate an equipment list based on the selection of equipment type. Rather than buildingseparate panes with the list for each equipment type (and the requisite transitions to the proper pane for rendering), anauthor could include a dynamicList within a conditionalWidget, where the list builds its contents based on anexpression that gets re-evaluated at each reflow.

Elements of type Conditionals Element # DescriptionconditionalPane 51 Wraps a paneGroup that is rendered in entirety when a

reflow is encountered in a script.conditionalWidget 52 Wraps a widgetGroup that is rendered in entirety when

a reflow is encountered in a script.reflow 53 This element allows authors to render the conditional

elements within a specific target and its subtree.

5.7 Scripting

Scripting is the means for MID to incorporate application behavior in a document. Authors have control over the flowof logic by functions, variables, statements, strings, and other operations. Scripts must be interpreted by MID'engine' software, which is developed as part of a browser application, to read or import a document.

Scripts are most often used to determine how, when, and where to get information for rendering. Thus, scripts areusually closely associated with transition and link elements such as goto, gosub, and spawn.

Elements of type Scripting Element # Descriptionscript 55 Declares an element which encapsulates the logic

defining behavior of a document.name 56 Identifies a function, variable, xenodecl, or scriptLabel

for purposes of maintaining system state duringexecution of a script.

statements 57 A convenient wrapper for logical processes availablefor use in a script.

expr 65 A statement type that is evaluated by a scriptinterpreter, and returns a copy of the result.

assign 67 Places the results of an evaluated expression in avariable.

vardecl / variable 59/66 Declares / stores a value.funcdecl / function 60/68 Declares a function / Sends arguments to a funcdecl or

xenodecl for evaluation.argdecl / argument 61/69 Declares an argument / Passes the results of an

expression to a function for use by the function.constant 71 Stores a value of a given type.stringOperations 63 A parameter entity enumerating the types of string

operations in a MID document.

listOperations 64 A parameter entity enumerating the types of listoperations in a MID document.

if, else, loop, continue, break, 72, 73, 74, Structures that specify flow control in a script. Theseswitch, case, default, jump, 75, 76, 76, generally specify execution of a statement based onscriptLabel, gettype 77 evaluation of an expression.add, multiply, subtract, divide, 70 Represent operations to be performed on one or moremodulus, eq, It, gt, le, ge, expressions, as indicated.and, or, ne, not

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MID-2 (3/96)

5.8 External Processes

External processes are accommodated through SGML notations and a structure called a xeno. The xeno element typedefinition declares an element which declares a function written in non-SGML encoding and processed external to theMID. That is, it is used in the same way that an assembler or other non-native application language can be declaredfrom within another language, e.g., C or ADA. These processes could also be used, for example, to tell a browser howto use a graphics server to display a particular format of graphics. The xeno requires that a notation location bespecified to enable the MID application to determine which external process must be called to handle the declaredfunction when called and what arguments must be passed to it.

Elements of type Ext Process Element # Descriptionxenodecl 95 Binds a name and argument declarations to a call to

an external notation.xeno 96 Declares an element that calls a function that is not

coded in SGML.

5.9 HyTime Location and Linking Constructs

MID uses many HyTime constructs to provide location and naming conventions, and to link related informationtogether for retrieval by dissimilar presentation systems.

Elements of type HyTime Element # Descriptionnameloc, nmlist 101,102 Named location addresses.treeloc, relloc, dataloc 104, 105, Coordinate location addresses.

106proploc, notloc, bibloc 109, 115, Semantic location addresses.

116

5.10 HyTime and SGML Management

5.10.1 HyTime Module Declarations

HyTime module declarations that declare which features of the metalanguage standardized by ISO -10744 must besupported for a MID document entity must be included in the prolog of an SGML document. They follow the close ofthe SGML Declaration.

A MID requires the use of the following HyTime modules:

<?HyTime VERSION "ISO/IEC 10744:1992" HYQCNT=32>

<?HyTime MODULE base exidrefs>

<?HyTime MODULE measure>

<?HyTime MODULE locs anydtd coordloc HyQ multloc query relloc>

<?HyTime MODULE links manyanch>

5.10.2 SGML and HyTime Notation Declarations

The following notation declarations are required for the MID.

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MID-2 (3/96)

"* SGML -- enables access to external documents encoded in SGML

<!NOTATION SGML PUBLIC "+//ISO 8879:1986//NOTATION

Standard Generalized Markup Language//EN">

"* HyTime -- enables access to external documents encoded in the Hypermedia Time-based Structuring Language

<!NOTATION HyTime PUBLIC "+//ISO/IEC 10744:1992//NOTATION

Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language//EN">

"* HyQ -- enables use of documents that include HyQ queries written in the notation prescribed by ISO 10744

<!NOTATION HyQ PUBLIC

"+//ISO/IEC 10744:1992//NOTATION HyTime Query Notation//EN" >

NOTE: As other non-SGML data types are required for MIDs, this list must be extended. At this time, thenotations for graphics, audio, video and animation are not prescribed. Also, any notations required for accessingexternal processes of other types (e.g., diagnostic modules) are not defined. The HyQ HyTime query language isbeing merged with Standard Document Query Language, SDQL, which will also be used in the Document Style,Sematics, and Specification Language (DSSSL) Standard (ISO/IEC 10179). The NOTATION for HyQ is subjectto revision based on the adoption of SDQL.

5.10.3 MID Parameter Entities

The following entities are defined for inclusion in MID element type declarations (link and loc) and attribute listdeclarations (yesorno only):

<!ENTITY % yesorno "NUMBER" >

<!ENTITY % loc "nameloc I treeloc I dataloc I notloc I proploc I relloc I bibloc">

5.10.4 MID Document Type Declaration

This is the formal document type declaration for a MID:

<!DOCTYPE mid PUBLIC "-//USA-DOD//DTD MID Document Type Definition 19951201//EN">

5.10.5 MID Short Reference Maps

It is recommended that the requirements of FIPS 152 which preclude the use of the shortref feature of SGML be waivedfor the MID. Furthermore, it is recommended that a shortref map be constructed that simplifies the entering ofcomplex MID structures such as those used in the <script> element type statements.

10

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0 ( 0F! 4 0 1) -Hi I 0 U) 00 0 .4 U 00. 00 r0042 v 0 HHH -144 i4 > H -HO U 0 r00 a)0: -P P 00)(L

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HHH OFVH HH0 4-4o HHHlP0 E l- H -HOa 4-2a)0- 00., P-)-HO0

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aH)(0) (042 0 -P 0 r a (044X4-4-H 4). 0 (0 (00 U)( --H 0'(00 0

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(.( (0.0 4-1 -1- (0> -a) 04(402H.4 -0 V- (0 40 4-0 -H(

a)4J- 042 4 ( (0 P a)0 0- p20(004-4(0o -04 p 04 4 -1 (001 t~(0-H 4-4 42(- 40(0 0 (0u )0 00.0 OX V 04 'd 0. ý I a) 0U-0) (0 OH 0> VPý 420 420.

0(.(0(( 443 00 -H HN H4( -

0 0420 0000 0V 4230 (0 -H 42(a) 42( -H (0-0U

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(000 r 2(0 WH(0 (00 00 (0 HO4 10 r(0)z -H () 2(-0 b>44 42-H 00 (aU d050 (0-O ( 00a

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H0)44 4 444 420 -1m.0H l 1 (0 ) (0 00)P (00HO 00(0 (0 4 4)-H 0 0' 440 -H *.0W 444

H r.HrH-H(0 -042 44H 4 20(f. 0 0'444H -I'0 0' i0'4-442P(l ;104-1 F ' (00 OH 0(0 ( 1 )u )0042440 0(0

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(0 H 0

4-3 tV50 V)42 m0 (0 0

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a) (0 a'. 0I) -H p4w44 041 (0 - 00

420 (0 (D -H (0 r' 0x20(0a A p a)V 0 (0 0I0

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-V 4-2 (0A VP 4- m 0 -- V0 - 44)4 44 Pp (0 +(00(00 1 00 0 (: 0 42 440(0

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-H ý44 - 0 a) (

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4-2- (0)a _ (00 a)( Q0 (0 ) (1 H - a< )--. - C: I 0m 0 (0 1 1 ý441 042 (0

04-) 42 (0 0 (00 (0 -) (0 5 420( 0 ()0 -, )H Q I 0 (0 0 - 42 co 0

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4-(0 a (042P1 0) 44(0 420 942 ý4 04442HHr- 0' .-HO Hi -HO Hl OOHl0t H, . H -04(0 PHEHFHPHZ(00 440 ý440 (0 (f)2x(a (0 00 (0 0)<0 (0 V -X (0(0(0(0(0w000 (00* (0 (0.(o0H (0) 0(0(0 V ý ( ) 0(0 w0 V( Q) 0w0w0w(w(D

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w 0040 40 40 0

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CC H Ci( -i *H OP 03 j, (4 *HA CC4-C OPEnCHO-(ac UUHP (a'C UH (30 'A ) 04-3 1 C)tU 4-OH-di-H

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a 0000 ý P a)O-0C) 00C MCC tO U (U P0H rl0 HO - u4r (HCC5 t) r 4) OH CO C - H 0(3 01P Cl (3) Qo Co a) tO H (3Hua4J0 , Ejr-

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V V A V V A V V A V V A

MID-2 (3/96)

label 28list 86

7. Alphabetical index of elements LIST OPERATIONS 85listOperations - ENTITY 64locs 5

Element Ref loop 73

(arithmetic operator elements) 70 marklist 107

alert 14 measure 44

animation 37 menu 23

append 90 menubar 49

argdecl 61 messageArea 16ar u e t6 •=M ID 8== : === Ii:: ......... iiii

argument 69 MID 9

assign 67

audio 37 name 56

bibloc 116 nameloc 101

break 74 nmlist 102

button 25 NOTATION HyQ PUBLIC 3

buttonGroup 48 NOTATION HyTime PUBLIC 3NOTATION SGML PUBLIC 3car 88

case 75 NOTATION virspace PUBLIC 3

cdr 89 NOTATIONS 2

chain 12 not 70

clientArea 17 notloc 115

conditionalPane 51 nth 92

CONDITIONALS 50 orderedList 34

conditionalWidget 52 pane 13

cons 87 paneGroup 46

constant 71 paragraph 33

constantType - ENTITY 7 pn i1CONTAINERS 0l 15continue 74 primitives - ENTITY 6coNTROLS 22 proploc 109coun 93 PUBLIC - MID DTD 1count 93 pa 1DATAý TYPES 29 pval 114dataloc 106 qltn 113DECLARATIONS 58 gpn 110default 75relw5dimlist 108 relationship 21dmit18relloc 105dynamicList 27 returc 10

ENIIS4return 97ENIIS4script 55

ENTITY % locs 5SCRIPT 5event 43 SCRIPTING 54evsched 42 scriptLabel 76expr 65 security 99

EXTERNAL NOTATIONS 36 SEMANTICGROUPING 45setState 24EXTERNAL PROCESS 94 setItate 24extlist 43 spawn 19fcsTable 40 spec 112fillin 26 specialText 31

fold 82 specialTextTypes - ENTITY 31

funcdecl 60 statements 57

function 68 strcat 81STRING and LIST OPERATIONS 62functionType - ENTITY 7 sRN B•iN i:i.. :ii~~S

get 20 STRING OPERATIONS 78gettype 77 stringOperations - ENTITY 63getyp 19 strlen 79gosu 19 substr 80

gt19switch 75granule 44swth7granule TABLE ELEMENT TYPES 38HyQ 103 tableTypes - ENTITY 39NYQ 10 text 30

HyTime location'types 100 title 32

icon 37 TRANSITIONS &,LINKS 18

if, else 72 treeloc 104

infoContainer 11 unorderedList 34

islist 91 vardecl 59

isnull 83 variable 66

isstring 84 variableType - ENTITY 7

item 35 video 37

jump 76 widgetGroup 47

39

MID-2 (3/96)

X, y I 41xeno 96xenodecl 95

40

MID-2 (3/96)

8. Summary of changes since original release of MID

This is a condensed and summarized list of changes that have been implemented in the MID DTD as a result of the1995 design and development efforts.

ContainersinfoContainer

* menubar collected by TDREF

* Added local pool for variables scoped to the infoContainer

* Has return type

endic

"* Removed endic element that used to indicate when to close an infoContainer. Now we have a generalizedreturn element for use in scripting, with a type that indicates which construct is ending. This removes anartifical distinction between return and endic, and requires fewer tags for the same functionality.

chain

"* Added chain to allow author to specify a sequence of infoContainers that should not be entered in themiddle. This is to be used e.g., in a procedure where users should proceed in order through a series ofprocedural steps for safety or other reasons.

popupDialog, footerbar

"* Consolidated into pane, as these are just special cases of panes.

pane

" Removed 1,2,3,4 for pane numbering - paneGroup now allows more general specification of how panesshould be semantically grouped, rather than how they should be ordered.

" Added function type and id to attribute list.

alert

• Moved "alerttype" to attribute.

* Removed hotspot restriction.

* added alert to clientarea element

appGlobals

0 Application globals became main pool in <mid> element.

clientArea

* Changed to allow more than 4 panes, which can be grouped. See footer bar comment below for how tomake footer bar. messageArea is retained and can be set in a script. The original script was really for"process panes" which are now handled through xeno in an infoContainer

footerBar

• Deleted footerBar element. Footer bar can be rendered as a pane with a buttongroup.

messageArea

0 Added "expr"

poolContainer

41

MID-2 (3/96)

* Deleted; replaced by the "pool" element which allows for additional reusable components.

popupDialog

* Deleted; now handled by pane with transition type

Transitions & Links

relationship

"* Added example architechtural form for elements that are to be used for hotspots and hypermedia websacross documents.

hotspot

" Deleted; now handled by relationship

grotspot

"* Graphic hotspot element was deleted. This was a temporary element used in MID Phase 1 examples. Thefunction performed by the grotspot can be accomplished using the relationship element.

spawn

"• This is a new element type that allows a script to launch an infoContainer whose scope is maintainedsimultaneously with the present scope.

Controls

PickOne and pickMany

"* merged into dynamicList with attribute to represent pickOne or pickMany

"* pickmany and pickone (deleted. became attribute on buttongroup)

"* put info on the button

button

* labels can now contain icons instead of graphics

* defaults in "buttongroup" can be used to define a "default" button

dynamiclist

* element added to allow for assignment of value to a varible based on selection of one or more items from a

list

fillin

"* added required label. Attribute for echo of user input was added.

is default

"* removed from DTD, replaced by "default" attribute for buttongroup element

label

"• allow use of icon for label

"* reduced scripting capability

setState

" can now adjust menus on the fly

42

MID-2 (3/96)

menu

* added attrbiutes id and enable

menu item

* removed become "button" on "menubar"

menu text

"* removed became "label" on "button" on "menubar

prompt

"* removed

user interaction

* removed became widgetgroup

Data Types

specialText

* added special text

* emphasis (deleted. became specialtext)

* redefined as necessary text or special types

default text

* removed

fcsTable

* added fcs table types, commented example arch form

table types

* added as a overridable entity for allowed table types. Allows for any table type such as CALS

Removed explicit graphic elements

Removed explicit CALS table

animation

"* attribute for id added

array

"* removed, replaced by list element

graphic primitive

* removed

paragraph

* changed. "emphasis" is now "specialtext", lists have been added.

title bar

deleted. became title

Semantic Grouping

paneGroup

43

MID-2 (3/96)

* added to allow for grouping of like panes such as in a procedure

widgetGroup

* widget group (new) replaces userinteraction

Conditionals

Added the following new elements:

"* conditionalPane

"* conditionalWidget

"* reflow (for conditionals)

Scripting

Scripts

0 has return type

name (changed. end-tagging, added "expr")

variables

"* moved types into attribute values

"* variable declaration (changed. arrays became lists in expression. type is in attribute)

string

"* added string expressions

"• is null (new)

list

* added list expressions

(get I script I #PCDATA)*

0 changed to (getlexprl#PCDATA)*

Defined scopes more carefully

argument declarations (changed. moved type to attribute)

assign (essentially unchanged. variable became "name")

constant (changed. added "get" ability and "type" in attribute)

expression (changed. abbreviated to expr. string and list operations added via entity)

fold (new)

funcdecl (changed. "type" moved to attribute list)

gettype (new. returns "type")

not equal (changed. locked down to two (2) "expr")

return (changed. attribute list added)

* Added type attribute to <return >; the type tells which construct is ending, be it a function, script, pane,infoContainer, chain, or mid.

44

MID-2 (3/96)

script (changed. attribute list added)

External Processes

"* graphic (changed to external process)

"* icon (changed. behaves now like graphic)

"* xeno func (deleted. became a call to a function declared by a "xenodecl")

"* xenofunc (removed <xenofunc > as a call to a xenodecl. <function > may be used to call both funcdecls andxenodecls.

HyTime Location & Linking

removed locContainer

location container (deleted. became "pool")

HyTime & SGML Management

security

* added security as HyTime activity to the mid and pane

Support

0 invented support keywords

Structural changes:

"* Rearranged grouping of elements

"* Set SGML NAMECASE GENERAL NO

"* Enforced mixedCapitals

"* Defined parameter entities %locs, %primitives, %functionTypes, %specialTextTypes

"* Attribute "type %functiontypes;..." replaced "type" element

"* Element "specialText" with associated attribute "specialTextTypes" replaces element "emphasis" as a moregeneral case

documentation

"* cleaned and honed documentation

"* regularized expression of comments

"* the MID DTD stands more on its own

mid element

* collapsed various buckets into single pool

* has return type

45

MID-2 (3/96)

Appendices

A. Processable MID DTD

<!SGML "IS08879:1986" QUANTITY SGMLREF LITLEN 2048

CHARSET BASESET "ISO 646-1983//CHARSET International NAMELEN 32Reference Version

A-TCNT 80(IRV)I/ESC 2/5 4/0" --2/5 was 2/8-- GRPCNT 80 --used default value of 32 before--

DESCSET 0 9 UNUSEDFEATURES

9 2 9MINIMIZE DATATAG NO OMI'TAG YES RANK NO

11 2 UNUSEDSHORTTAG YES -- SHORTTAG NO no CALS SGML Declaration.

13 1 13 Considered desirable

14 18 UNUSED to minimize MID instances. --

32 95 32 LINK SIMPLE NO IMPLICIT NO EXPLICIT NO

127 1 UNUSED OTHER CONCUR NO SUBDOC NO FORMAL YES

BASESET "ISO Registration Number 100//CHARSET ECMA-94 APPINFO "HyTime"

Right Part of Latin Alphabet Nr. 1//ESC 2/13 4/1" >

DESCSET 128 32 UNUSED <?HyTime VERSION "ISO/IEC 10744:1992" HYQCNT=32>

160 5 32 <?HyTime MODULE base exidrefs>

165 1 UNUSED <?HyTime MODULE measure>

166 8 38 <?HyTime MODULE locs anydtd coordloc HyQ multloc query relloc>

254 1 127 <?HyTime MODULE links manyanch>

255 1 UNUSED

CAPACITY SGMLREF

TOTALCAP 175000

GRPCAP 70000

A'TCAP 50000

SCOPE DOCUMENT

SYNTAX

SHUNCHAR CONTROLS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 2122 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 127 255

BASESET "ISO 646-1983//CHARSET International Reference Version

(IRV)//ESC 2/5 4/0"

DESCSET 0 128 0

FUNCTION RE 13

RS 10

SPACE 32

TAB SEPCHAR 9

NAMING LCNMSTRT

UCNMSTRT

LCNMCHAR

UCNMCHAR

NAMECASE GENERAL YES

ENTITY NO

DELIM GENERAL SGMLREF

SHORTREF NONE --short references disabled for time being--

NAMES SGMLREF

A-i

MID-2 (3/96)

The mid element is the document element for a mid application. The

MID: Metafile for Interactive Documents vardecls, funcdecls, and xenodecls in its immediate content are global

Document Type Definition declarations to the MID application. The MID instance is processed by

first processing the global declarations and then the master script.

The MID returns the results of evaluating its master script. The typeThis document type definition shall be identified by the following

declaration: of the resulting data is given as the value of the functionType

PUBLIC "-//MID//DTD MID Document Type Definition 19951201//EN" attribute. This specification is redundant and is made solely for

convenience. It is a reportable MID error (RME) if the type of the

return value of the master script does not match the return value of

<I-- NOTATIONS -- > the MID.

<!NOTATION SGML PUBLIC

"+//ISO 8879:1986//NOTATION Standard Generalized Markup Date and version hold human-readable strings for specifying the dateLanguage//EN" > and version of this document.

<!NOTATION HyTime PUBLIC The docmdu attribute specifies the measurement domains of the"+//ISO/IEC 10744:1992//NOTATION Hypermediafrime-basedStructuring Language//EN" > document's finite coordinate spaces (fcs) and the least common unit

for computing dimensions in each fcs.

<!NOTATION HyQ PUBLIC

"+//ISO/IEC 10744:1992//NOTATION HyTime Query Notation//EN" > The security attribute identifies the security designation for this

MID document. Security is implemented as a HyTime activity policy.

<INOTATION virspace PUBLIC

"+//ISO/IEC 10744:1992//NOTATION Virtual Measurement Unit//EN" > The following are support options for the support statement. The

names may be listed in any order.

<I-- ENTITIES -> conditionalPane

<I-- locs This document may contain conditional panes.

These are the HyTime Location addresses used by the MID. -- >

conditionalWidget

<IENTITY % locs "nameloc I treeloc I dataloc I notloc I proploc I relloc I This document may contain conditional widgets.bibloc"

fcsTable

This document may contain MID fcs tables.<I-- primitives, functionType, variableType, constantType

The MID script primitives are listed in the entities below. The list

application may choose to override these declarations to extend or If list is specified, this document may use the list data structure

constrain the MID definition. An atom is string or any one of the and the list expressions. If list is not specified, list must be

primitives. -> deleted from the functionTypes and variableTypes parameter entities.

<!ENTITY % primitives "boolean I int32 I uint32 I int64 I uint64 I float32 I MIL-M-87268

float64 I sgmlchar'> This document is intended to be used in connection with software

<IENTITY % functionTypes "%primitives I string I atom I list I any I void" whose user interface strictly conforms to MIL-M-87268.>

<!ENTITY % variableTypes "%primitives I string I atom I list I any" >nonMID

<IENTITY % constantTypes "%primitives I string" >

This document may contain addresses of locations in external

<I-- MID --> SGML/HyTime documents which are not MID documents.

<I-- mid

query

A-2

MID-2 (3/96)

This document may contain queries which address locations in <!ELEMENT infoContainer - 0 (( vardecl funcdecl I xenodecl)*, script?,

external SGMLIHyTime documents which are not MID documents. If

query alert*, clientArea, pool?) >

support is specified, nonMID support is implied. <!ATTLIST infoContainer

id ID #IMPLIED

relationship menubar IDREFS #IMPLIED

This document may contain MID relationship forms. functionType (%functionTypes;) atom

spawn

If spawn is specified, this document may contain spawn elements. 

structure and the string expressions. If string is not specified,

string must be deleted from the functionTypes and variableTypes <!ELEMENT chain - 0 ( infoContainer)* >

parameter entities. <IATTLIST chain

id ID #IMPLIED

xeno >

If xeno is specified, this mid document may use the xenodecl and

xeno elements. All data content notations must be declared using

notation declarations in the DTD. 

<!ELEMENT mid - 0 (( vardecl I funcdecl I xenodecl)*, script, pool?) > <!ENTITY % tableTypes "fcsTable">

<IA'TLIST mid

HyTime NAME #FIXED HyDoc

id ID #IMPLIED <I-- pane

functionType (%functionTypes;) atom A pane is a single user interface presentation, which is rendered

date CDATA #IMPLIED when it is encountered. A pane encapsulates a scope. A get within a

version CDATA #IMPLIED pane causes the target to be rendered on this pane. Scripts within

docmdu CDATA #FIXED "virspace 1 1" panes are run when the pane is rendered. The return value of the script

HyNames CDATA "activity security" is the return value of the pane. It is a RME if the type of the pane

security IDREFS #IMPLIED and the containing script are not the same. A pane is modeless when

support NAMES "conditionalPane conditionalWidget fcsTable list contained in a client area or when called from spawn. A pane is modal

MIL-M-87268 nonMID query relationship spawn string xeno" when called from gosub.

The security attribute identifies the security designation for this

 pane. Security is implemented as a HyTime activity policy.



The menubar is built from the list of menubars given in the attribute

value, then the script ( which may contain adjustments to the menubar <!ELEMENT pane - 0 (( vardecl I funddecl I xenodecl)*, title?,

in setState commands) is executed. After this, the title, alert, and ( text I %tableTypes; I graphic I audio I video I animation I widgetGroup I

clientArea are processed in the order they appear. The functionType get I

attribute specifies the return type of this construct.--> script)) >

<!ATTLIST pane

id ID #IMPLIED

A-3

MID-2 (3/96)

functionType (%functionTypes;) atom <!ELEMENT clientArea - 0 ( pane I paneGroup I conditionalPane

HyNames CDATA "activity security" alert)* >

security IDREFS #IMPLIED<l-- TRANSITIONS & LINKS -- >



nested in another chain. Spawn is forbidden to a pane nested in a

client area. Return values from spawned objects are lost, because<lELEMENT pool - 0 ANY >

there is nothing waiting on the returned value. When a spawn is

encountered, control stops in the calling script, the target is flowed<I-- messageAreauntil it reaches an idle state, then the caller continues until it

The contents will be evaluated and concatenated in the order in

reaches an idle state. -- >which they appear and the results will be rendered by the application

as a "message area" message. -- ><!ELEMENT ( gosub I goto I spawn) - 0 (%locs;)*>

<IATTILIST ( gosub I goto I spawn)<!ELEMENT messageArea - 0 (get I expr I #PCDATA)* >

HyTime NAME ilink

HyNames CDATA "linkends target"<I-- clientAreaanchrole CDATA "me target"

A client area is the container for panes, pane groups, andtarget IDREF #REQUIRED

conditional panes. The panes are rendered in the order they are

encountered.

<I-- get

NOTE: In an 87268 implementation, the last child of a client area mustGet expresses that the information at the source be collected,

be a widget group pane. This pane is the footer bar. The members of

concatenated, and rendered at the point of the get.

the widget group may only be buttons. The label for the widget group

will not be rendered.-->If space is specified, the members of a target aggregate will be

A-4

MID-2 (3/96)

delimited by a single space before the data is concatenated. If <I-- CONTROLS -- >

normalize is specified, leading and trailing white space is removed, <l-- menu

and multiple contiguous spaces are converted into a single space. -- > This element declares a named and labeled menu of menus and menu

items. If disable is specified, the menu label will be visible but

<!ELEMENT get - 0 ( %locs;)*> the menu will be inaccessible ("grayed out"). The menu will be

<IATTLIST get rendered when its label is selected from a rendered parent menu or

HyTime NAME ilink menubar. -- >

anchrole CDATA "me source #AGG"

HyNames CDATA "linkends source" <!ELEMENT menu - 0 ( label, ( menu I button I buttonGroup)*) >

source IDREF #REQUIRED <!AIFLIST menu

space (space I noSpace) space id ID #IMPLIED

normalize ( normalize I noNormalize) noNormalize enable ( enable I disable) enable



anchrole CDATA #FIXED "antecedent #AGG consequent #AGG"

linkends IDREFS #REQUIRED <!ELEMENT setState - 0 ( menu I button I buttonGroup)* >

extra NAMES #IMPLIED <!ATTLIST setState

intra NAMES #IMPLIED target IDREFS #REQUIRED

endterms IDREFS #IMPLIED toggle (toggleOn I toggleOff I removeToggle I noToggleChange)noToggleChange

aggtrav NAMES aggenable ( enable I disable I noEnableChange) noEnableChange

MID NAME #FIXED relationship

action ( modify I remove I reset) modifyprivTrav NAMES #IMPLIED

content ( insertBefore I insertAfter I replace) replacetraversal (Agosub I spawn I goto I undefined) spawn

A-5

MID-2 (3/96)

<l-- button the semantic of grouping.-->

A button represents a user interface activation control. The script

is run when the button is activated. If specified, the name of the <!ELEMENT label - 0 (get I expr I #PCDATA I icon)* >

button must be unique within a button group. If toggleOn is

specified, the button is rendered with a "toggled on" representation. 

If toggleOff is specified, the button is rendered with a "toggled off" 

but it will be inaccessible ("grayed out"). --_>

<!ELEMENT text - 0 (get I expr I #PCDATA I specialText I title I

<!ELEMENT button - 0 ( label?, script) > paragraph I

<!ATTLIST button orderedList I unorderedList)* >

<IAT'LIST textid ID #IMPLIED

id ID #IMPLIEDname NAME #IMPLIED

toggle (toggleOn I toggleOff I noToggle) noToggle

enable ( enable I disable) enable

 mathExpression I

acronymExpansion I anchor I none">

<!ELEMENT fillin - 0 (label, variable) >

<!AITLIST fillin 

type ( pickOne I pickMany) pickOne

restricted ( restricted I notRestricted ) notRestricted <!ELEMENT title - 0 (get I expr I #PCDATA I specialText)* >

<!-- paragraph

<!-- label Indicates the contained text is regarded and rendered as a

A label is made up of any combination of retrieved text, the results paragraph. -- >

of evaluation of expressions, parsed character data, and icons. It is

rendered when its container is rendered, in such a way as to preserve <lELEMENT paragraph - 0 (get I expr I #PCDATA I specialText)* >

A-6

MID-2 (3/96)

<!ATTLIST paragraph architectural forms; they will be recognized by conforming HyTime

id ID #IMPLIED engines.

The fcsTable element contains event schedules. Its axisdefs attribute

 <!ATTLIST x

 axismeas CDATA #FIXED "virspace"

axisdim CDATA #FIXED "4"

<!ENTITY % tableTypes "fcsTable"> >

<!-- fcsTable <!ELEMENT y - 0 EMPTY >

The fcsTable conforms to the HyTime finite coordinate space. It <!ATTLIST y

expresses the abstract layout of a table without imposing assumptions HyTime NAME axis

about how the tabular information will be rendered or used. To MID NAME axis

implement fcs tables, applications must implement the following axismeas CDATA #FIXED "virspace"

architectural forms as required by the HyTime standard: fcs, evsched, axisdim CDATA #FIXED "5"

axis, event, extlist, measure, granule. The element declarations >

below are provided as examples that conform to the needed HyTime

A-7

MID-2 (3/96)

</measure>

The axisord attribute of the evsched element type dictates the order

in which dimension specifications are to be listed in the extent list

extlist of every event: first the spec for x, then the spec for y.

<!ELEMENT measure - 0 (granule+) >

The #FIXED value of the basegran attribute of evsched establishes a <!AITLIST measure

base measurement unit for scheduling, in this case a "virtual space HyTime NAME measure

unit' (vsu). id ID #IMPLIED

--> smu NAME #REQUIRED

<!ELEMENT evsched - 0 (event)* >

<!A'TLIST evsched <!ELEMENT granule - 0 EMPTY>

HyTime NAME evsched <!ATTLIST granule

MID NAME evsched HyTime NAME granule

id ID #IMPLIED gn CDATA #REQUIRED

axisord CDATA #FIXED "x y" gd CDATA #REQUIRED

basegran CDATA #FIXED "vsu" >

gran2hmu NUMBERS #FIXED "1 1"

overrun ( error I wrap I trunc I ignore) error 

> 



<!ELEMENT event - 0 (get I expr #PCDATA)* >

<!ELEMENT widgetGroup - 0 ( label?,<!ELEMENT extlist - 0 (#PCDATA) >

( widgetGroup I conditionalWidget I buttonGroup I dynamicList I button<!AI-rLIST extist fillin)*,

HyTime NAME extlist script?) >

id ID #IMPLIED

> 

<granule gn=vsu gd="l 1 VIRSPACE">

A-8

MID-2 (3/96)

<!ELEMENT buttonGroup - 0 (label?, button*) >

<IATTLIST buttonGroup <!ELEMENT conditionalWidget - 0 (expr, (expr, widgetGroup)*,

id ID #IMPLIED widgetGroup?) >

type ( pickOne I pickMany I button) button <!ATTLIST conditionalWidget

id ID #IMPLIEDdefault NAMES #IMPLIED

<I-- reflow

of the infoContainer will be respected. When no target is specified,the entire current infoContainer will be rendered again. If multiple

<IELEMENT menubar - 0 ( menu I button)+ >

<!A'TLIST menubar targets are specified they are rendered again in the order given. -- >

id ID #IMPLIED<!ELEMENT reflow - 0 EMPTY >

<!ATTLIST reflow



 as a name declared higher in the scope stack renders the higher named

A-9

MID-2 (3/96)

object unreferenceable (the local name is said to "shadow" the higher NOTE: Although the absence of this container would not create

one). --> ambiguities in the MID language (i.e., this container is redundant),

it is provided as a convenience to MID script interpreters.

<!ELEMENT vardecl - 0 ( name, expr?) >

<IATTLIST vardecl <!ELEMENT statements 0 0

variableType (%variableTypes;) string (expr I if I loop I break I switch I jump I scriptLabel I goto I spawn

> I return I reflow I messageArea I setState)* >



After the data is concatenated, leading and trailing whitespace<IELEMENT expr - 0 ( assign I variable I constant I function I

characters are ignored, and multiple whitespace characters are

add I multiply I subtract I divide I modulus I eq l It I gt I le I ge I and I or Ireplaced by a single space. SGML NAME characters are folded

according ne I not I gettype I

to the NAMECASE GENERAL parameter of the governing SGML %stringOperations; I %listOperations; I gosub) >declaration.

<I-- variable

The contents of the storage bound to the name are returned to the<!ELEMENT name 0 0 (get I expr I #PCDATA)*> caller.>

<!-- statements<!ELEMENT variable - 0 (name) >

Statements are evaluated as directed by the context, in the order

they appear. <!-- assign

A-10

MID-2 (3/96)

The expression is evaluated and the results are placed in the int32, int64

variable storage bound to the name. --> ("+"'-")? NZDIGIT, DIGIT*

<!ELEMENT assign - 0 ( name, expr) > These constants are base 10 representation only. "+" indicates

positive; "-" indicates negative.

<!-- function

The arguments are evaluated in the order in which they appear and uint32, uint64

the results are passed as arguments to the named funcdecl or xenodecl. NZDIGIT, DIGIT*

These constants are base 10 representation only.

<!ELEMENT function - 0 ( name, argument*) >

float32, float64

<!-- argument ("+'I"-")?, DIGIT+, ".", DIGIT+ , ( ("+e" -")?, NZDIGIT, DIGIT* )?

The expression is evaluated as the argument passed to a

function. -- > The "e" means "times-ten-to-the'. Digits are required on both sides

of the decimal point. The mantissa is represented in 16 bits for

<!ELEMENT argument - 0 (expr) > float32, and 32 bits for float64. The remaining bits are reserved for

the exponent.

<!-- add, multiply, subtract, divide, modulus, eq, It, gt, le, ge,

and, or, ne, not sgmlchar

The expressions are evaluated and the operation is applied according And any single valid sgml character

to the data type. -- >

string

<!ELEMENT ( add I multiply) - 0 (expr+) > any valid string of sgml characters

<!ELEMENT ( subtract I divide I modulus) - 0 (expr, expr) >

<!ELEMENT ( eq I It I gt I le I ge I and I or) - 0 ( expr)+ > NOTE: In string and sgmlchar, record start (RS) and record end (RE)

<!ELEMENT ne - 0 (expr, expr) > are ignored according to the rules in ISO 8879.

<!ELEMENT not - 0 (expr) >

<!-- constant

The contents are evaluated and a value of the given constant type is <!ELEMENT constant - 0 (get I #PCDATA)* >

constructed. The contantType attribute specifies the data type. <!ATTLIST constant

constantType (%constantTypes;) #REQUIRED

The regular expressions and semantics for the MID primitives are as normalize ( normalize I noNormalize) noNormalize

follows, with keywords and letters folding case by the rule of the recordDelimiter (recordDelimiter I norecordDelimiter) recordDelimiter

SGML namecase. >

boolean <I-- if, else

("true'T"falseT'l"'I"O"I"yes"I'no") If the expression evaluates to true, the statements in the

statements element are executed. Otherwise, the statements within the

"true", 1, and "yes" are equivalent; "false", 0, and "no" are else are evaluated. -- >

equivalent.

<!ELEMENT if - 0 ( expr, statements, else?) >

We declare the following as shorthand: <!ELEMENT else - 0 (statements) >

DIGIT = ("0"1'1"T'2"1'3"1"4'T'5"1'8'T"7"1'8"1'9")

NZDIGIT = ("1"1"2"1"3"1"4"1"5"1"6"1"7"1"8"1"9") <!-- loop

The expression is evaluated. If the expression is true, the

A-1I

MID-2 (3/96)

statements are executed. The expression is reevaluated and the <I-- strien

statements are reexecuted until the expression returns false. -- > Returns the length of the string. Return type: uint32. Returns

zero if expression is not a string. -- >

<lELEMENT loop - 0 ( expr, statements) >

<lELEMENT strlen -0O (expr) >

= <lELEMENT strcat - 0 ( expr)+ >

<IATT-LIST strcat

<lELEMENT switch - 0 ( expr, case*, default?) > space ( space [ noSpace ) noSpace

<IELEMENT case - 0 ( expr, statements?) > normalize ( normalize I noNormalize ) noNormalize

<IELEMENT default - 0 (statements?) > recordDelimiter (recordDeflmiter I norecordoelimiter) recordDelimiter

<l-- jump, scriptLabel

Control immediately jumps to the named script label. Certain

restrictions apply: script labels are scoped local to a given <l-- fold

script. -- > Returns the folded version of the string. Converts string to

uppercase using SGML name case folding rules. The name attribute

<IELEMENT jump -0 (name) > tells whether the name characters are to be folded according the SGML

<IELEMENT scriptLabel - 0 ( name) > declaration rules for entity names or for general names. Return type:

string. -- >

Returns the type of the expression. Return type: string. --> <IELEMENT fold - 0 (expr) >

<lATTLIST fold

<lELEMENT gettype - 0 (expr) > name ( general I entity) general

normalize ( normalize noNormalize ) noNormalize

<I-- STRING OPERATIONS --> recordDelimiter (recordDelimiter I norecordoelimiter) recordoelimiter

A-12

MID-2 (3/96)

<!ELEMENT cdr - 0 (expr) >

 <!ELEMENT islist - 0 (expr) >

<!ELEMENT isstring - 0 (expr) > 

Each expression in the content of this element is evaluated and

becomes an top-level item on the returned list. If no expressions are <!ELEMENT nth - 0 (expr, expr) >

specified, this element returns a null list. A list in MID has the

same binary tree implementation as lists in Lisp or Prolog. Return 



expression. The second expression must be a list. Return type: list. 

deliberately to enhance interdisciplinary communications. -->

<!ELEMENT xenodecl - 0 ( name, argdecl*, xeno) >

<!ELEMENT cons - 0 ( expr, expr) > <IATTLIST xenodecl

functionType (%functionTypes;) atom

 

This function returns all but the first item in a list (the second

half of a cons pair). Return type: list. --> <!ELEMENT xeno - 0 RCDATA >

<!ATTLIST xeno

A-13

MID-2 (3/96)

HyTime NAME notloc set ( set I notset) notset

id ID #IMPLIED aggloc ( aggloc I agglink I nagg) nagg

qdomain IDREFS #IMPLIED >

qcontext IDREF #IMPLIED

ordering (ordered I noorder) noorder <!ELEMENT nmlist - 0 (#PCDATA) >

set ( set [ notset) notset <IATTLIST nmlist

aggloc ( aggloc I agglink I nagg) nagg HyTime NAME nmlist

argBegin CDATA "$(" nametype ( entity I element I unified) #REQUIRED

argEnd CDATA')" obnames ( obnames I nobnames) #REQUIRED

> docorsub ENTITY #IMPLIED

dtdorlpd NAMES #IMPLIED

 qltnlmgi NAMES #IMPLIED

 id ID #REQUIRED

overrun ( error I wrap I trunc I ignore) error

<!ELEMENT security - 0 (script)? > treecom (treecom I ntreecom) ntreecom

<!ATILIST security Iocsrc IDREFS #IMPLIED

id ID #IMPLIED ordering (ordered I noorder) noorder

HyTime NAME activity set ( set I notset) notset

actypes NAMES access aggloc ( aggloc I agglink I nagg) nagg

level (unclassified I confidential I secret I topSecret) unclassified >

<!ELEMENT relloc - 0 (dimlist*) >

<!-- The following HyTime location types are instantiated directly <!ATTLIST relloc

from the HyTime standard. -- > HyTime NAME relloc

<!ELEMENT nameloc - 0 ( nmlist I HyQ)* > id ID #REQUIRED

<!ATTLIST nameloc root IDREFS #IMPLIED

HyTime NAME nameloc relation (anc I esib I ysib I des I parent I children) parent

id ID #REQUIRED overrun (error I wrap I trunc I ignore) error

ordering ( ordered I noorder) noorder Iocsrc IDREFS #IMPLIED

A-14

MID-2 (3/96)

ordering (ordered I noorder) noorder

set ( set Inotset) notset <!ELEMENT pn - 0 RCDATA >

aggloc ( aggloc I agglink I nagg) nagg <!ATTLIST pn

> HyTime NAME pn

<!ELEMENT dataloc - 0 (dimlist*) >

<!ATTLIST dataloc <!ELEMENT spec -0 (( qpn I qltn)+ Ipval) >

HyTime NAME dlataloc <IATTLIST spec

id ID #REQUIRED HyTime NAME spec

quantum ( str I norm I word I name I sint Idate Itime Iutc) str>

catsrc catsrc Inocatsro) nocatsrc

catres (catres Inocatres) nocatres <!ELEMENT qltn - 0 RCDATA>

overrun ( error Iwrap I trunc I ignore) error <!ATTLIST qltn

locsrc IDREFS #IMPLIED HyTime NAME qltn

ordering (ordered I noorder) noorder>

set ( set Inotset) notset

aggloc ( aggloc I agglink I nagg) nagg <!ELEMENT pval - 0 RCDATA >

> <!ATTLIST pval

HyTime NAME pval

<!ELEMENT marklist 0 0 ( marklist I #PCDATA)* >>

<IATTLIST marklist

HyTime NAME marklist <!ELEMENT notloc - 0 ANY >

> <IATTLIST notloc

HyTime NAME notloc

<'ATTLIST dimlist qdomain IDREFS #IMPLIED

HyTime NAME dimlist qcontext IDREF #IMPLIED

> fn NAME #IMPLIED

usefn NAME #CONREF

<!ELEMENT proploc - 0 ( qpn I #PCDATA) > args CDATA #IMPLIED

<'ATTLIST proploc ordering (ordered I noorder) noorder

HyTime NAME proploc set ( set Inotset) notset

id ID #REQUIRED aggloc ( aggloc I agglink I nagg) nagg

joint ( joint I several) several>

apropsrc ( apropsrc I solesrc) solesrc

notprop ( error I empty I ignore) ignore <'ELEMENT bibloc - 0 ANY >

locsrc IDREFS #IMPLIED <lATTLIST bibloc

ordering (ordered I noorder) noorder HyTime NAME bibloc

set ( set Inotset) notset id ID #REQUIRED

aggloc ( aggloc I agglink I nagg) nagg qdomain IDREFS #IMPLIED

> qcontext IDREF #IMPLIED

fn NAME #IMPLIED

<lELEMENT qpn - 0 ( pn, spec?)+ > usefn NAME #C0NREF

<!ATTLIST qpn args CDATA #IMPLIED

HyTime NAME qpn>

id ID #REQUIRED

A-15

MID-2 (3/96)

B. Relationship example (for illustration only)

First consider the modification of <relationship> to look like:

<!ELEMENT relationship - 0 ( title, (%locs;)*)><!ATTLIST relationship

HyTime NAME ilinkMID NAME #FIXED relationshiprelationshipName #CDATA #FIXEDid ID #IMPLIEDanchrole CDATA #FIXED "antecedent #AGG consequent #AGG"linkends IDREFS #REQUIREDprivTrav NAMES #IMPLIED

extra NAMES #IMPLIEDintra NAMES #IMPLIEDendterms IDREFS #IMPLIEDaggtrav NAMES aggtraversal ( gosub I spawn I goto I undefined) spawn

The relationshipName is a displayable string that indicates the purpose of each element that is derivedfrom the relationship form.

The privTrav contains none, one, or all of the anchrole names. Its purpose is to define a defaulttraversal from none, all, or each linkend to another linkend within the relationship.

Now here's an example.We create a relationship element called 'equipment' that will represent anysingle equipment component of a subsystem. The 'subsystem' containing the equipment will be asecond relationship. Each equipment - in this case a radio and a fire extinguisher - has a common setof contexts (that the author has defined) where references to equipment are found. In addition,groups of equipment may be found in subsystems.

For example, the author plans to identify the 'AN/ABC Radio Set' equipment in the context ofdescriptive text, photos, schematic diagrams, and a parts list. Similarly, he will identify NoFire Model42' fire extinguisher as an equipment element in text, photo, schematic, and parts list. For eachequipment, there will also be a list of hotspots (in text and graphics) that refer to the same equipment.There can be multiple schematics and hotspots, as indicated by the #AGG (which specifies that thelink is allowed to be aggregate, e.g., anameloc with a namelist containing multiple IDREFs).

Here's what the DTD looks like for the equipmentrelationship element:

<!ELEMENT equipment - 0 (title, (%locs;)*)><!ATTLIST equipment

HyTime NAME ilinkMID NAME #FIXED relationshiprelationshipName #CDATA #FIXED "Component"id ID #IMPLIEDanchrole CDATA #FIXED "descriptiveInfo

photoschematics #AGGpartListhotspots #AGG"

B-i

MID-2 (3/96)

linkends IDREFS #REQUIREDprivTrav NAMES #IMPLIEDextra NAMES #ALLintra NAMES #ALLendterms IDREFS #IMPLIEDaggtrav NAMES aggtraversal ( gosub I spawn I goto I undefined) spawn

There are hotspots, for both the fire extinguisher and the radio, in the text of analert. However, thehotspot for the radio actually refers to the power switch of the radio. Therefore, we wish the traversalfrom the power switch hotspot to take us to a particular location on the radio photograph, not justthe graphic pane containing the photo. This requires us to got through a notation to bring the photoobjects from Microsoft SHG format into the MID name space. To make this less obtuse, we create asecond relationship type called directRel that allows us to specify a preferred traversal from thehotspot to the powerswitch object on the photo. Note that the equipment relationship can onlyspecify a privTrav from the set of hotspots to the photo, not from a specific hotspot to an object onthe photo. Applications must sort out the possible ambiguity of multiple privTravs on the sameanchor, but from different relationships, having conflicting traversal priorities.

<!ELEMENT directRel - 0 (title, (%locs;)*)><!ATTLIST directRel

HyTime NAME ilinkMID NAME #FIXED relationshiprelationshipName #CDATA #FIXED "Direct Link"id ID #IMPLIEDanchrole CDATA #FIXED "source destination"linkends IDREFS #IMPLIEDprivTrav NAMES #IMPLIEDextra NAMES "A E"intra NAMES "A E"endterms IDREFS #IMPLIEDtraversal (gosub I spawn I goto I undefined) spawn

Now, moving up a level to the subsystem definition, the author creates a third relationship elementthat specifies that a particular set of equipment (subsystem components) belongs to a subsystem. Wewill define a specific subsystem for Emergency Management that will contain both the radio and thefire extinguisher. Here is the DTD element:

<!ELEMENT subsystem - 0 (title?, %locs;*)><!ATTLIST subsystem

HyTime NAME ilinkMID NAME #FIXED relationshiprelationshipName #CDATA #FIXED "Subsystem"id ID #IMPLIEDanchrole CDATA #FIXED " components #AGG"linkends IDREFS #IMPLIEDprivTrav NAMES #IMPLIEDextra NAMES #ALLintra NAMES #ALLendterms IDREFS #IMPLIEDaggtrav NAMES aggtraversal (gosub I spawn I goto I undefined) spawn

B-2

MID-2 (3/96)

The 'schematics' and 'hotspots' linkends in the equipment element, and the 'components' linkend inthe subsystem element, actually comprise anmlist of equipment elements.

Here is what we have so far:

liink-to

d irec -t lnkt

drectilink-to destination

Hence, the instance looks something like this:

<Pool>

<!-- These are the relationships -- >

<equipment id=anabc linkends="abcText abcPhoto abcWiringDiagrams abcPartListabcHotspot 5"><title>AN/ABC Radio Set</title>K!-- list of schematics #AGG -- >

<nameloc id=abcWiringDiagrams>Knmlist nametype=element obnames=nobnames >

abcWiring~lofO3 abcWiringO2ofC3 abcWiringO3ofO3 K/nmlist>K/nameloc>K!-- list of hotspots *AGG -- >Knameloc idr~abcHotspots>

Knmlist nametype=element obnames~nobnames >abocOl abcOC2 abcCO3 abcOO4 </nmlist>

</nameloc></equipment>

<equipment id=nofire linkends="nofireText nofirePhoto nofireSohems nofirePartListnofireHotspot s">

<title>NoFire Model 42</title><nameloc id=nofireSchems>

<nmlist nametype=element ohnames=nohnames >nofireScheml nofireSchem2 </nmlist>

<nameloc><nameloc id=nofireHotspots>

Knmlist nametype=element obnames~nobnames >nofireCOl nofire0O2 nofireOO3 nofireQO4 </nmlist>

K/nameloc></equipment>

K!-- 'naked' pane in the pool -- ><pane id=nofireTextPane>

<text id=nofireText>The NoFire Model 42 Fire Extinguisher puts out fires and spews chemicals like a

champ.K/text>

B-3

MLD-2 (3/96)

</pane>

<subsystem id=emSubsystem linkends=IremNameslr traversal~gosub><title>Emergency Management</title><nameloc id=~emNames>

<nmlist nametype=element obnames=nobnames >anabc nofire </nmlist>

</nameloc></subsystem>

<!-- Here is the part that does the directRel from the specific hotword in thealert to the power switch object in the photo, called 'powerswitch' -- >

<!-- SHG is Microsoft file format that embeds named coordinate zones in a Windowsbitmap .BMP -- >

<!NOTATION SHG PUBLIC"-//ISBN 0-7923-9432-1: :Graphic Notation//NOTATIONMicrosoft Segmented Hypermedia//ENIF>

<!NOTATION SHGNAMES PUBLIC"-//MIDcommittee//NOTATIONshgnames//EN">

<!ENTITY abcShgFile SYSTEM "radioabc.shg" NDATA SHG>

<!-- Give the entity an ID -- >

<nameloc id=abcGraphic><omlist nametype=entity obnames=nobnames>

abcShgFile</nmlist></nameloc>

<!-- This pane is an anchor for equipment 'anabo' -- ><pane id=~abcPhoto>

<graphic id=renderGraphic><get target~abcGraphic></graphic></pane>

<notloc id=abcPowerSwitchLoc notation=" SHGNAMES" qdomain=abcGraphic>powerswitch</notloc>

<! -- Here is the relationship directRel defining immediate traversal to the powerswitch location graphic, even though the linkend abcO0l is also listed as alinkend of the equipment relationship -- >

<directRelid=abc00lpowerswitchlinkends="abcO0l abcPowerSwitchLoc"privTrav=de stinationendterms="#NONE abcPowerSwitchLoc">

<title>AN/ABC Radio Power Switch Location</title></directRel>

</pool>

<!-- We somehow get to a repair procedure -- >

<chain id=engineRepair>

<infoContainer id=engineRepairStep006>

B-4

MID-2 (3/96)

<title>Removing the Battery</title><clientArea>

<alert id=a004 type=warning><title>Spark Hazard<text>When removing the battery terminal connectors,

there is a chance that a spark will be generated.Be sure you are familiar with the location of a trusty<specialText id=nofireOO1 type=anchor>NoFire Model 42 Fire Extinguisher</specialText>and the power switch of the shipboard<specialText id=abcOOl type=anchor>AN/ABC Radio Set</specialText>.

</text></alert>

<pane>

</infoContainer>

The specialText elementnofire0O1 is an anchor for one of the nofireHotspots links in theequipment relationship nofire.

The specialText element abc 01 is both (1) an anchor for one of the abcHotspots links in theequipment relationship anabc, and (2) an anchor for the source linkend of the directRelrelationship abcOOlpowerswitch. Because the directRel has aprivTrav that applies (based onthe endterms) to traversal from the hotword to the graphic coordinate zone, this traversal will takeprecedence over those defined by the equipment relationship.

What the Browser (MIDReader) Application does with all this stuff.

A browser application could set the primary method for activating a link as a left mouse button click.Additional information can be gathered by clicking the right mouse button.

For the example above, a user might get the same action from left or right mouse-clicks on theno fire 001 hotword - a list of possible traversals from the information in the table below.

relationshipName contents of the anchrolefrom DTD relationship titleComponent NoFire Model 42 descriptiveInfoComponent NoFire Model 42 photoComponent NoFire Model 42 schematicsComponent NoFire Model 42 partListComponent NoFire Model 42 hotspotsSubsystem Emergency Management components

In the case of the abc 0 01 hotword, the left mouse-click might launch a graphic pane containing theAN/ABC Radio photo, with the powerswitch object highlighted. A right-click would produce a listof possible traversals similar to the one above:

relationshipName contents of the instance anchrolefrom DTD of relationship title

B-5

MID-2 (3/96)

Component AN/ABC Radio Set descriptiveInfoComponent AN/ABC Radio Set photoComponent AN/ABC Radio Set schematicsComponent AN/ABC Radio Set partListComponent AN/ABC Radio Set hotspotsSubsystem Emergency Management componentsDirect Link AN/ABC Radio Power destination

Switch Location

At this point, it is left to the application to make a seamless connection between theabcPowerSwitchLoc (or the powerswitch object in the graphic through some other method thannotloc), and the graphic window that will display it (i.e., the application should launch its ownwindow given a named element in a known graphic entity).

B-6

MID-2 (3/96)

C. MID Background

C.1 Background

The purpose of a metafile for interactive documents is to embed behavior in an Interactive Electronic Technical Manual(IETM) document, and to improve portability and reuse of that document. The metafile enables IETM documents tobe transferred from dissimilar authoring systems for unambiguous presentation and interaction on dissimilar displaysystems.

C.1.1 Interactive Electronic Technical Manual

An IETM, as defined in the DoD IETM Specifications, is a package of information required for the diagnosis andmaintenance of a weapons system, optimally arranged and formatted for interactive screen presentation to the end-user. It is a Technical Manual prepared (authored) by a contractor and delivered to the Government, or prepared by aGovernment activity, in digital form on a suitable medium, by means of an automated authoring system. An IETM isdesigned for electronic screen display to an end user, and has the following three characteristics:

1. The information is designed and formatted for screen presentation to enhance comprehension.

2. The elements of technical data making up the TM are interrelated. A user's access to required information ispossible by a variety of paths.

3. The computer-controlled TM display device functions interactively (as a result of user requests and informationinput) to provide procedural guidance, navigational directions, and supplemental information.

IETMs allow a user to locate required information faster and more easily than is possible with a paper technicalmanual. They are easier to comprehend, more specifically matched to the system configuration under diagnosis, andare available in a form that requires much less physical storage than paper. Powerful interactive troubleshootingprocedures, not possible with paper technical manuals, can be made available using the intelligent features of the IETMdisplay device.

C.1.2 Metafile for Interactive Documents

MIL-M-87268 and MIL-D-87269 define the process for authoring and displaying IETMs. They implement anunderlying strategy that separates the IETM source data base from the electronic display of the formatted IETM. Theroles of these specifications are as follows:

"* MIL-M-87268 defines how the IETM should look and behave to the reader.

"* MIL-D-87269 establishes the IETM database forms, structure, and key controlling mechanisms.

This process has found favor in the IETM development community. Most DoD IETM applications separate thepresentation attributes from the IETM content. However, since the standardization focus has been on the database datastructures and not on the run-time version of the IETM, (the View Package), each software vendor has developed aproprietary format for capturing and moving the IETM to the Presentation System. In attempting to maintain a flexibleapproach to the definition of the IETM data base, the specifications nearly guarantee non-portability across differentvendor products.

The current specifications define the data format and contents for the IETM database, and define the targeted "look andfeel" for the Presentation System. What has not been defined is how the ported IETM looks, i.e., what the PresentationSystem reads as the IETM.

To completely specify the electronic pathway for the process of preparing and using IETMs, there must also be anunambiguous definition of the "portable IETM" -- the data that is produced by an Authoring System from the sourcedata and read by the Presentation System for display. IETM Presentation Systems must be able to take this "neutral"data from varying authoring systems and structure it for display on dissimilar Presentation Systems with a minimumamount of human intervention. This is the place for the MID.

C-1

MID-2 (3/96)

Authoring Presentation Authoring Transport Presentation

MID

Current Systems MID Interchange

Figure C-1. Current and Future IETM Systems

As shown in Figure C-i, an Authoring System currently must generate a separate version of an IETM for each targetedPresentation System. It is obvious that a common interchange structure simplifies both the Authoring Systems and thePresentation Systems.

The structure for the ported IETM is called the Metafile for Interactive Documents (MID). The MID provides targetstructures for the authoring systems to write to, and for the Presentation Systems to read from. It is an intermediatestructure that, once specified, completes the IETM process, as shown in the second part of Figure C-1 and in Figure C-2.

IETMData Base(Content)

Authoring Transport Presentation

Figure C-2. The IETM Process

C-2

MID-2 (3/96)

The Source System exports a MID instance which is transferred to the Translation, Compilation or Interpretationsoftware in the Presentation system. The output from the Compilation or Translation software may be encoded in aRun-Time structure that is read by the Target System and presented on the Device. Otherwise, a Target system mayinterpret and present the MID instance directly.

C.1.3 Goals and Objectives

The objective of this effort is to develop for the U.S. Navy, a rigid and precise data format which contains or referencesall the content from an IETM data base developed in accordance with MIL-D-87269 or other specified definitions, butstructured to contain all the sequencing information necessary to unambiguously specify the behavior of thatinformation when presented. Use of the MID will ensure interoperability between two or more independentlydeveloped MID instances which refer to information in the other using an external reference format specifed in thisdocument and based on the international standard for location and addressing in hypermedia, ISO 10744 - HyTime.This will result in an unambiguous, complete, precise and consistent presentation of the IETM information acrossdissimilar authoring tools and Presentation Systems.

C.2 MID REQUIREMENTS

The first step in the MID development was to establish the following requirements for the MID specification:

1. A MID can provide a portable container of data from the document database (e.g., MIL-D-87269) suitable for thePresentation System (e.g., MIL-M-87268).

2. A MID must enable an implementor to create a very simple, yet efficient presentation of IETM information on anydelivery device that is capable of the most common graphical user interface interaction and display operations.

3. A MID can be disconnected from the document database without losing essential content.

4. A MID must be readable and displayable in many common hardware/software environments.

5. A MID does not need to be editable in its defined format.

6. A MID must be based on accepted international standards (e.g., SGML, HyTime).

7. A MID must be implementable.

8. A MID must be based on current technology.

9. A MID is targeted to multimedia presentation of complex information.

10. A MID is targeted to a single and deliberately simple presentation. Different MID instances may be developed fordifferent MIL-D-87269 content layers (each utilizing standard MID element types) or for information that isconstrained by non-MIL-D-87269 databases and data in non-SGML notations.

11. A MID separates those attributes of GUI design that are typically specific and proprietary to the vendors from thosethat are similar across GUIs.

12. A MID must be extensible (e.g., include a process (an "escape" mechanism) to accommodate new componenttypes).

13. A MID is independent of specific authoring and Presentation Systems.

14. A MID is unambiguous; it must provide sufficiently explicit definition of data types and execution semantics so asto enable unambiguous IETM presentations on differing target display systems.

15. While source files must be transportable to MID files, there is no requirement that MID files must be transportableback to the original source.

16. The potential functionality of the MID must encompass all functionality defined in MIL-D-87269 and MIL-M-87268.

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C.3 THE MID ARCHITECTURE

The role of the MID is to provide a language for authoring and transporting "intelligent" documents. The MIDarchitecture enables an author to determine where and how much that "intelligence" is used to direct a user in locatingand interacting with the information. While the presentation format and behaviors of the "intelligent" document arestandardized by a MID, the MID is free of complex content structures. All information presented in a MID isrepresented by a small set of content primitives. This enables the MID to be used for many hypermedia applications.

C.3.1 Overview

The MID provides a modular approach to authoring and maintaining IETMs. A MID standardizes the presentation ofinformation and the behavior of that presentation across platforms. This is achieved through a standard set of userinterface objects combined with an internal scripting language that controls the interaction of these objects with eachother and the user as the objects access databases and display information on a Presentation System.

Cross-platform interoperability is achieved through the use of SGML/HyTime. The MID is an application of SGML(ISO 8879) and HyTime (ISO 10744). SGML standardizes the syntax of the Document Type Definition for the MIDlanguage. HyTime provides standard models for location and addressing element types used in the MID DTD. Thisdocument assumes that the reader is familiar with the concepts and requirements of SGML.

._ vardedc _ 1F• funcdecl-

_• .xenodecl--IF -mi d ,Hsci I

Figure C-3. MID Document Element Type

C.3.1.1 Using MID Scripts

A Presentation System starts a MID interactive session based on the contents of the MID Master Script in the documentinstance. As the Master Script assumes control of the session, any <infoContainer> automatically returns to theMaster Script if no other link is provided in the <infoContainer> and executes the next statement in the Master Script.Figure C-4 illustrates the components of a <script> element type.

Figure C-4. MID Script Element Type

The example script below contains a <gosub> link which is processed. The result of the first <gosub> sets a "choice"variable that was declared as an application global variable. Next, a switch statement is executed that contains two<case> statements which are evaluated to determine which of two <goth> links are traversed. Upon returning to the

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Master Script, another <gosub> is executed. All other processing is determined by the instructions encapsulated ineach <infoContainer>.

<script><statements>

<gosub target=i 1>

<switch><expression><variable><name>choice

<case><expression><constant>House

<statements><goto target=i2></statements>

</case>

<case><expression><constant>Automobile

<statements><goto target=i3></statements>

</case>

</switch>

<gosub target=i4>

</script>

The complexity of a MID Master Script depends on the overall complexity of the set of MID document entities, therelationships among them, and the mission of the IETM. MID allows for flexible approaches to encoding an IETM asmany different sources can be used which have different requirements for the levels of directing the navigation of theircontent. For example, a training script may constrain the user of the IETM to view information in a specific order;whereas, a technical manual may allow browsing in parts of the IETM at will.

Another example involves a document containing several traditional volumes of information. A MID can controlaccess to multiple subsets of the volumes by a master index which enables a user to determine which volume has theinformation required. The initial Master MID could be a very simple script that functions as an Index of Volumes withhyperlinked content tables; or, it could be a very complex script that uses interactive dialogs to determine whatinformation is needed, locates that information and presents it. How the author distributes the "intelligent" aspects of adocument is a matter of style, efficiency of processing and the phase of document creation.

C.3.1.2 Using Application Global Declarations

Declarations in MID are scoped by the major element within which they are declared. Application globals, however,declare the global functions and variables that are available to any function that requires them during execution of aMID script. Figure C-5 shows the types of application globals:

a ,varrdecl~1 am

Sfuncdecl - q vardedc- I

nameIxenodecl q argdecil-

Figure C-5. Applications Globals

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MID-2 (3/96)

The variable declaration, <vardecl> declares a <type> for the variable. The <type> is a string. Elements for MIDfunction declarations (funcdecl), and declarations for non-MID functions (xenodecl) are also included in theapplication globals. Note: The current revisions to the MID has changed and eliminated the use of "applicationglobals" as mentioned in this section.

C.3.1.3 Using Information Containers

For the MID user, the Information Container is the locus of interaction. An Information Container has user interfaceobjects and content that are presented to the user and managed by the processing of infoContainers.

yardecl

funcdecl --xenodecl

--lI script ,-

IQ infoContainer~- El title--[ alert ]

- cli entArea-A-5D-tFoo 11

Figure C-6. Information Container Element Type

Although it is convenient to divide the information by screens, the MID author should note that one < infoContainer>does not always equate to one screen. For example, an alert may be displayed prior to imaging the panes in a clientarea. All of the processing is in one <infoContainer>, although to the human observer, they might appear to beseparate screens. For this reason it is more useful to think of an <infoContainer> as encapsulating a state space or unitof process although it is more natural to consider it a unit of presentation.

C.3.1.4 Using Pools

Pools enable the author to reuse common dialogs and alerts. From within a script, the author can use an element in thepool by linking to it using a <get>, then return to the place in the script from which the pool element was called.

A common application of a < pool> is to hold all of the Warnings, Cautions and Notes that are reused extensivelythroughout an IETM.

C.3.1.5 Using Queries to Access Document Databases

In the MID DTD, the following construct is often found in the content model of element types.

get #PCDATAI script

The capability to determine the target of a link based on the evaluation of a script is referred to as "dynamichyperlinking." The SGML OR group shown above provides the basic structure which defines dynamic hyperlinking ina MID. Dynamic hyperlinking is the essence of advanced IETM capability. The element types are:

"* get - a link to a location element found in a <locContainer>, <poolContainer> or directly to an < infoContainer>in the MID document instance. Note: In the current version of the MID, locContainer and poolContainerfunctions have been incorporated in the pool element.

"* #PCDATA - directly displayable content.

"* script - A MID script that returns a node of information based on the evaluation of conditions defined within thescript

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Element types that have this content model can be linked to external databases through location elements or to internalcontainers. When the "get" link points to a location model in a HyTime location address, this method of indirectlinking is referred to as a "location ladder".

When information from an external source is copied into a MID document instance, this is called a "hard MID". AMID that accesses an external document database through the use of HyTime queries, called HyQs or other HyTimelocation element types is referred to as a "soft" MID. The following are some reasons for creating "soft" and "hard"MIDs:

" A MID document instance is delivered without the supporting database. This is a "hard" MID in which all of thelocation elements are resolved and the content that they locate is copied directly into the MID document instance.This could be done because the target Presentation System cannot interpret and execute queries.

" A MID document is created without a supporting database. In this "hard" MID, there is no requirement for theexternal database; so, the author creates information directly in the MID form. Such information includes generalmaintenance procedures that are reused across systems without change.

" A MID document instance is delivered with the supporting database. This "soft" MID might be preferable becausethe database contains information not duplicated or referenced by the IETM that must be preserved withoutalteration.

" A "soft" MID document instance is maintained as the source database is undergoing changes that must be reflectedin the contents of the MID. This would be typical of production environments that create IETMs for delivery, e.g.,integrated logistics support groups. For example, the MIL-D-87269 database contains technical information aboutsystems with long life cycles. The frequency for updating information in the database is rapid in early stages ofsystem development. Soft MIDs used for the early stages of development allow an author to use the MIDPresentation System as an integrating tool which is slowly hardened as design information is configured.

Note that the degree of hardening can vary among and within MID document instances. Any MID can contain amixture of "soft" and "hard" addresses. How this mix is defined depends on the mission of the MID within thecontractual deliverables of a weapons system.

C.3.1.6 Using Location Models

Below is an example of "soft" linking. In the example, a HyQ is shown along with a "hard" link for comparison.

<nameloc id="i24761144.name">

<HyQ qdomain="i24761144">Proploc( DOMROOT ATTVAL[name] EMPTY)

<nameloc id="i24761144">

<nmlist docorsub="house">i24761144

<treeloc id="i236438177.fc" locsrc="i236438177"> 11

<nmlist docorsub="house">i236438177

Three types of "soft" links are illustrated:

a. Named Location with Query - upon access, the HyQ query is evaluated and the string inside the attribute value"name" is returned. The query domain (qdomain) value (i24761144) is used to determine the target of the queryoperation (i.e., the element or entity where the value is located).

b. Named Location with Name List - upon access, this opens the document or subdocument pointed to in the locationof a document referenced by the "house" entity. The ID of the element to be located in the "house" document is thecontent of the element, i24761144.

c. Tree Location with Name List - upon access, this also opens the "house" document and locates the element withthe ID value "i236438177". Upon locating the element, the markers (1 1) are used to count elements by their

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position in the element hierarchy until the desired element is located. This method is used to locate information ina node not identified by an ID or other named value.

Other types of HyTime location models are also supported by the MID.

Within the Master Script or inside an <infoContainer>, an element like the following is used to access a locationelement:

<infoContainer id=welcome>

<title><get target=i24761144.name></title>

When encountered in the <infoContainer>, the <get> accesses the <nameloc> whose ID matches the value in the<get> target attribute, (target=124761144.name). This is the first nameloc in the example above (a.). It contains aHyQ query to open the MIL-D-87269 document instance whose location is encoded in an entity declaration "house".That entity is accessed through the next nameloc whose ID is "i24761144". This nameloc contains a name list<nmlist> which has a "document or subdocument" attribute whose value, "house" is the actual name of the entity thatlocates the "house" document which contains an element whose ID is also "i24761144".

When the value in the "house" document is returned, it replaces the <get> link in the MID as the content of the <title>element. At that point, if simply displayed, the link remains soft; however, if the value is actually copied into thelocation of the <get>, the link becomes "hard". That is, the content of the <title> element is no longer a link; it is text(#PCDATA) displayed as the title.

The technique of using queries is referred to as "late binding". It enables an author to postpone the actual insertion ofcontent into an IETM until some event in the project schedule indicates that the content is ready. By using a script andquery mechanisms to evaluate conditions of other documents, dynamic linking and late binding concepts can be used inpowerful and flexible ways.

While this location ladder is complex at first glance, it illustrates these concepts:

"* All external locations are identified by entity declarations

"* The name space of each SGML document instance is encapsulated in scope. Therefore, having a < nameloc> inone instance with an ID will not conflict with an element in another instance with the same value for its ID.

"* Location ladders and indirect linking enable powerful reuse of links.

A benefit of using the indirect location element types is that once the location of an object is encoded with a HyTimelocation address, other elements can use the same location element to locate the same data from anywhere in a MIDdocument instance. A non-redundant location scheme reduces the maintenance of a MID and enables the reuse oflinking information.

C.3.2 Using Non-MIL-D-87269 or MIL-M-87268 Specifications for MID Designs

The MID DTD enables MIDs to be defined and delivered for sources of data other than the MIL-D-87269 class ofdocument type definitions and non-SGML data types. Because the source document types are decoupled from the MIDcomponents that provide the description of the Presentation System, and these can be decoupled from the customlibraries (e.g., HyQ functions or other access methods) that access the source document, it is possible with carefuldesign to provide highly reusable components.

The MID presentation components apply to source documents that use a traditional paper-based approach. If thesource document type is changed (e.g., World Wide Web Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the ComputerGraphics Metafile (CGM), semi-conductor manufacturing embedded training), only the SGML elements containing theinformation directly related to the document type is modified, e.g., the queries. If a different database type (e.g.,relational) is required, notation locations or external processes, (e.q., SQL), for queries in the new database type areused.

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