messinger newborn behaviors and early interactions daniel messinger
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Messinger
Newborn behaviors and early interactions
Daniel Messinger
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Questions
Neonate: What do studies of neonatal imitation indicate? Based on your observations, can neonatal macaques imitate? What form do neonatal smiles have? Are they due to gas? Are they a reflex? What is a reflex?
What are advantages of breast-feeding? What issues are relevant to promoting breast-feeding?
What is the central issue in investigating the effects of breast-feeding vs. bottle-feeding? How do infant and mother interact (influence each other) during feeding? How is this and how is it not interaction? [How do your observations of feeding relate to this topic?]
Discuss the Brazelton exam and what it reveals about the individuality of neonates (give examples from film).
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Neonates are newborns
Subjectivity Neonatal imitation - video Characteristics and capacities Evaluation of individuality through the Brazelton
exam– film– Reflexes
Neonatal smiling– video
Feeding
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Neonates are
Weak with limited motor capacities and self-regulatory capabilities– But an impressive array of reflexes and learning
abilities that aid self-preservation Functional but immature sensory capacities Strident expressive abilities such as crying Engage in primitive interactions such as
during feeding
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Subjectivity
The baby, assailed by eyes, ears, nose, skin, and entrails at once. Feels that all is one great blooming buzzing confusion.
William James, 1890Some support: Enhanced neural intermingling
newborn sensations “mixed together like a boulillabaisse” (Maurer & Maurer, 1988).
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Contemporary subjectivity
Some multimodal comprehension– imitation
Continuous, rapid integration Infant is always learning about, interacting
with world.
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Neonatal imitation
Infants between 12 and 21 days
Imitation implies that human neonates can equate their own unseen behaviors with gestures they see others perform.
ANDREW N. MELTZOFF 1 and M. KEITH MOORE 21
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Monkey see, monkey do?
Macaque imitation (Ferrari et al., 2006)?– day 1 “mouth openings elicited a similar matched
behavior (lip smacking)”. confined to a narrow temporal window. Mouth opening: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k72WFYv6WMw
Tongue protrusion: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9k4Y8x-L6E
Chimps imitate mouth opening (Bard, 2007)
Debate: What exactly does infant do in response to exactly what stimulus?
Human example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2YdkQ1G5QI&NR=1
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What does it mean?
Amodal ability Means to explore world Why does it disappear?
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Neonatal Smiling:A Developmental Puzzle
Messinger et al., 2002; Dondi et al., 2007
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What’s known
Endogenous smiles while asleep (REM) Not more frequent after feeding
– Not gas More smiling in premature infants Smiling in microcephalic infant
– Suggests neonatal smiling is subcortical Nothing is known about how neonates smile
– type of smile
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Duchenne > open-mouth smiles
Half of smiles are Duchenne, suggests joy– 52% of neonates, .21 times per minute
Few open mouth smiles (which suggest social arousal), 8%, .02 times per minute
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Smiling issues
Are babies feeling joy (but not much arousal) or is this a muscular synergy?
Why does smiling disappear after the neonatal period and before social smiling?
Neonates smile in non-sleep states, but not as frequently.
Naïve observers perceive neonatal smiles at less than half the rate of coders.
Video
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Altricial-------------------Precocial
altricial - young are relatively immobile, lack hair, require adult care;
Precocial – mature sensory and motor apparatus, mobile
What are humans?
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Tasks of the neonatal period
Infant– Energy conservation– Gain body weight
Born 7 ½ pounds, 20 inches long
Parent– Coordinate schedule
Sleep about sixteen hours a day Eat approximately every three hours In first year, most infants grow about ten inches
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Importance of feeding
Young babies must conserve energy But sucking serves nutrition So they will suck to produce interesting
stimuli– before they will kick to produce the same
stimuli
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Time feeding decreases with age
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Nursing Period (0 - 6 months)
Who breast feeds?– 50 - 60% of mothers– Highest among college educated, high-income
mothers above 30– Lowest among young , less educated, black,
Hispanic, economically disadvantaged MLS
– Resources (La Leche League, J. of H. Lact.)
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Breast-feeding Advantages
Human milk - the nutritional standard– Sterile (vs. formula use in underdeveloped countries)– Confers antibodies to baby– Lactose (from milk) is the primary carbohydrate in the
young infant’s diet.– Too little protein - restricted growth.
For mother, breastfeeding promotes– uterine contraction
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Bottle feeding is ok
Harder to breast-feed when working Formula provides what’s needed for healthy
growth Normal growth - the best index of good
nutrition
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Breastfeeding: Long-term outcomes? Breastfed babies do better than bottle-fed babies -
and the longer they are breastfed, the better they do - on various measures of cognitive achievement and outcome– WISC intelligence at 8 and 9 years of age– Math and reading from 8 to 12 years– High school attainment exams at 15 & 16
• L. John Horwood and David M. Fergusson (1998). Breastfeeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes. Pediatrics, 101 (1), e9
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Other factors may be responsible
Breastfed babies have other advantages– Better educated mothers– More well to-do familes– Mothers less likely to smoke– Infants a little heavier at birth
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But . .
Breasteeding is still associated with positive outcomes after statistically controlling for other factors
What might be producing the breastfeeding effect?
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Infant sucking – a specialized process Gums make the seal
– Not lips Lower jaw drops to create negative pressure
– Not by by breathing in Tongue expresses milk from back of nipple
to front– Which is why young infants expel solids
Which triggers swallowing
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Feeding is interaction
Bi-directional– Each partner influences the other
Infant: can continue suck or pause sucking Mother: can jiggle or not jiggle nipple
Forerunner of face-to-face interaction and conversational turn-taking?
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Bi-directional detail
Baby pauses elicit mom jiggling nipple should be rare when the baby is sucking
– If jiggle continues, infant least likely to suck
If there is no jiggle, intermediate likelihood of sucking
If jiggle-then-stop, infant is most likely to suck– Experimental data show the jiggle must be brief– Mothers shorten duration of jiggles in 1st 2 weeks
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Moms influence on baby
Mothers are inserting jiggles in cycles of infant sucks and pauses
So infant would start sucking even if mom did not jiggle
But jiggling and then stopping jiggling does encourage suck
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Psychology of early feeding
Early anaclitic model– interaction depends on nourishment
Current interactive view– Breast or bottle doesn’t matter for interaction– Reading baby’s cues– Interactive process
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Paired concepts from Video
Mother and infant Interaction and feeding Sensitivity and matter-of-factness Quantitative and qualitative measures
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Sensory system development
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Sensory capacity
Smell– Turn down the corners of their mouths to bad
smells, such as rotten eggs
– Facial relaxation to sweet smells like chocolate
Taste is similar– Discriminate bitter, neutral, and sweet (Oster)
– Prefer sweet tastes to all others
Evolutionary advantages
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Sensory capacity: Vision
Vision is functional from birth But acuity is 1/25 that of adults
– 20:500,
– blurry but in color
Improves to 20:20 by six months
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Auditory Abilities: Hearing
40-50 Db. Not 10 Sound localization is good Detect one note differences
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Reflexes
Definition: A given stimuli produces a stereotypic response– Relatively invariant
Is smiling a reflex?
Spinal cord control: Present in anencephaly– Primitive reflexes
Sucking and grasping
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Reflex functionality
Survival and protection– Sucking
– Grasping (evolutionary environment)
– Habituation
Development– Bases for later action
Sucking (Piaget)
– But also drop out
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Brazelton Scale (NBAS)
Assesses Four Dimensions of Infant Behavior– Motor Behavior and Reflexes – Physiological Control– Response to Stress– Interactive Behaviors
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Integrated into a
Behavioral "portrait" of the infant, describing the baby's strengths, individuality, adaptive responses and possible vulnerabilities.
These individual differences are used for different purposes– Clinical (neurological)– Research– Parent education
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Behavior depends on state
Links input and output– Though babies can influence behavioral state
through their activities– Self-regulating
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Simplified system
(1) Sleeping; eyes closed throughout feeding session.
(2) Drowsy; eyes may be open but dull and heavy lidded, eyelids fluttering, Gaze does not shift, baby may stare.
(3) Alert: eyes opened, seems to focus on the caretaker or bottle.
(4) Fussy/crying; whimpering or crying during food.
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Most time sleeping
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Mean duration of waking increases
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Brazelton exam overview
Individual differences Best performance State as baseline for behavior Examiner changes behavior Allowing infants to express individual
differences in self-comforting, attentiveness, state-regulation, etc.
Video
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Grasping reflex
Stimulation: Palm of baby’s hand is stroked
Behavior: Baby makes strong fist; can be raised to standing position if both fists are closed around a stick.
Approx. Age of dropping out: 2 months
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Walking Stimulation: Baby is held with bare feet
touching flat surface Behavior: Baby makes step-like motions that
look like well-coordinated walking Approx. Age of dropping out: 2 months
– Why does it drop out?– Under what circumstances can it be seen
even after two months– What does this tell us about developmental process?
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Moro (startle)
Stimulation: Baby is dropped or hear loud noise
Behavior: Baby extends legs, arms, and fingers; arches back; draw back head.
Approx. Age of dropping out: 3 months
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Babinski
Stimulation: Sole of baby’s foot is stroked
Behavior: Baby’s toes fan out; foot twists in
Approx. Age of dropping out: 6-9 months
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Additional neonate readings
Brazelton et al. on neonatal individuality Lester et al. on neonatal individuality through differences in pain cries
Colic as an individual difference that does not predict
Can neonates imitate? (Meltzoff et al.) Causes and consequences of imitation.
By Heyes, C. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2001 Jun Vol 5(6) 253-261
No compelling evidence that newborns imitate oral gestures. Anisfeld, M; Turkewitz, G; Rose, SA.; Rosenberg, F R.; Sheiber, F J.; Couturier-Fagan, D A.; Ger, J S.; Sommer, Infancy. 2001 Vol 2(1) 111-122
– Multimodal perception studies Wolff
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Additional Feeding Readings
L. John Horwood and David M. Fergusson (1998). Breastfeeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes. Pediatrics, 101 (1), e9
Kaye & Wells (1980). Rovee-Collier and the energy budget
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Heart rate – classic orienting index
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Heart rate variability vagal tone index of optimal functioning