mesmerism and hypnotism
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Mesmerism and Hypnotism. FRANZ ANTON MESMER (1734-1815). Member of Bavarian Academy of Sciences 1775. Leyden Jars—stored electricity. Benjamin Franklin c. 1750. Animal Magnetism. In the throes of a crisis. Biblioth èque Nationale Paris. The Mesmeric Trance. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Mesmerism and Hypnotism
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FRANZ ANTONMESMER
(1734-1815)
Member of BavarianAcademy of Sciences
1775
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Leyden Jars—stored electricity
Benjamin Franklin c. 1750
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Animal Magnetism
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In the throes of a crisis
Bibliothèque Nationale Paris
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The Mesmeric
Trance
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Mesmeric Principles• A subtle physical fluid fills the universe and
forms a connecting medium between man, the earth, and heavenly bodies, and between people
• Disease originates from the unequal distribution of this fluid in the human body, and recovery is achieved when equilibrium is restored.
• This fluid can be channeled, stored and conveyed to other persons
• In this way, crises can be provoked, and patients cured.
(Ellenberger, p. 62).
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King Louis XVI’s 1784 commission of the Academy of Sciences, and Academy of Medicine.
FINDINGS:
1—No Mesmeric fluid
2—Effects due to the Imagination
3—Mesmerism produced erotic and sexual dangers for women who were more “excitable”
4—Effects more pronounced in crowds
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“The Magic Finger, or
Animal Magnetism”
French, 18th century
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The Magnetisers:“Our Facultiesare in rapport!”
French 18th century
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Marquis de Puységur (1751-1825)
Society of Harmony:group of Mesmer’s
Followers
Victor’s trance asWaking Somnabulism
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I believe in the existence within myself of a power.
From this belief derives my will to exert it.
The entire doctrine of Animal Magnetism is contained in the two words: Believe and want.
I believe that I have the power to set into action the vital principle of my fellow-men; I want to make use of it; this is all my science and all my means.
Believe and want, Sirs, and you will do a much as I.
Puységur’s Will
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John Elliotson (1791-1868)
Chair of MedicineUniversity College,
London
resigned his universitypost due to
mesmeric practice,1835
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British19th Century
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“The Magnetic Doctor”
Charles Émile Jacques1843
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Caricature byHonoré Daumier
Robert Macaire magnétiseur
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A Séance of Magnetism
Honoré Daumier1868
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Portrayal of CancerousBreast Removal
of Madame Plantin1828
James Esdaile used mesmerism as an
anaestheticCalcutta, India 1845
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JAMES BRAID(1795-1860)
Scottish surgeon
Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep
1843
“hypnotism”
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Psycho-physiological Theories of Mesmerism
• Mesmerism as mental reflex• “Will” not functioning• Subject engages in automatic behavior,
called an automaton• Directly responsive to external stimuli,
leading to immediate action: Ideo-motor action
• Insane more prone to these responses
– William Carpenter, British physiologist– Thomas Huxley, British evolutionist
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Trilbya novel
by GeorgeDu Maurier
1894
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Serialized by Wilkie Collins 1859-1860, London
1871 Stage Production
2005 Musical
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Hypnotism as a Modelfor Social Interaction
Gabriele Tarde, French sociologist
Laws of Imitation, 1890
“I shall not seem fanciful in thinking of the social man as a veritable
somnambulist….Society is imitation and imitation is a kind of somnambulism.”
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Hypnosis produced by the sudden stretching
of the hand
Illustration by Gilbert, taken from 'La Nature'
(Paris, 1881)
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Inducing hypnosis (1881)
Illustration by Gilbert, taken from 'La Nature'
(Paris, 1881)
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From Mesmer to Freud:Magnetic Sleep and the
Roots of Psychological Healing Adam Crabtree