mending walls

7/28/2019 Mending Walls

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Mending Wall

Robert Frost

Something there is that doesn't love a wall,That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it,

And spills the upper boulders in the sun;

And makes gaps even two can pass abreast.

The work of hunters is another thing:

I have come after them and made repair

Where they have left not one stone on a stone,

But they would have the rabbit out of hiding,

To please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean,

No one has seen them made or heard them made,

But at spring mending-time we find them there.

I let my neighbour know beyond the hill;

And on a day we meet to walk the line

And set the wall between us once again.

We keep the wall between us as we go.

To each the boulders that have fallen to each.

And some are loaves and some so nearly balls

We have to use a spell to make them balance:

"Stay where you are until our backs are turned!"

We wear our fingers rough with handling them.

Oh, just another kind of out-door game,

One on a side. It comes to little more:

There where it is we do not need the wall:


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He is all pine and I am apple orchard.

My apple trees will never get across

And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him.

He only says, "Good fences make good neighbours."

Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder

If I could put a notion in his head:

"Why do they make good neighbours? Isn't it

Where there are cows? But here there are no cows.

Before I built a wall I'd ask to know

What I was walling in or walling out,

And to whom I was like to give offence.

Something there is that doesn't love a wall,

That wants it down." I could say "Elves" to him,

But it's not elves exactly, and I'd rather

He said it for himself. I see him there

Bringing a stone grasped firmly by the top

In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed.

He moves in darkness as it seems to me,

Not of woods only and the shade of trees.

He will not go behind his father's saying,

And he likes having thought of it so well

He says again, "Good fences make good neighbours


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PHENOMENAL WOMANMaya Angelou

Pretty women wonder where my secretlies.

I'm not cute or built to suit a fashionmodel's size

But when I start to tell them,They think I'm telling lies.

I say,It's in the reach of my arms

The span of my hips,The stride of my step,

The curl of my lips.I'm a womanPhenomenally.

Phenomenal woman,That's me.

I walk into a roomJust as cool as you please,

And to a man,The fellows stand or

Fall down on their knees.

Then they swarm around me,A hive of honey bees.

I say,It's the fire in my eyes,

And the flash of my teeth,The swing in my waist,And the joy in my feet.

I'm a womanPhenomenally.


Men themselves have wonderedWhat they see in me.

They try so muchBut they can't touchMy inner mystery.

When I try to show themThey say they still can't see.

I say,It's the arch of my back,

The sun of my smile,

The grace of my style.I'm a womanPhenomenally.


Now you understandJust why my head's not bowed.

I don't shout or jump aboutOr have to talk real loud.When you see me passing

It ought to make you proud.I say,

It's in the click of my heels,The bend of my hair,the palm of my hand,The need of my care.'Cause I'm a woman

Phenomenally.Phenomenal woman,

That's me.


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MAYA ANGELOU

Maya Angelou, an Afro-American, was born Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis,

Missouri, on April 4, 1928. She grew up in St. Louis and Stamps, Arkansas. She is anauthor, poet, historian, songwriter, playwright, dancer, stage and screen producer,director, performer, singer, and civil rights activist. At age eight, while living with hermother, Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her mother's boyfriend, Mr.Freeman. Freeman was found guilty, but was jailed for one day. Four days after hisrelease, he was found kicked to death, probably by Angelou's uncles. Angelou becamemute, believing, as she has stated, "I thought, my voice killed him; I killed that man,

because I told his name. And then I thought I would never speak again, because myvoice would kill anyone.She remained nearly mute for five years. Angelou's secondautobiography, Gather Together in My Name, recounts her life from age 17 to 19.This book depicts a single mother's slide down the social ladder into poverty andcrime; Angelou at times working as a prostitute and as the madame of a brothel. The

book describes how she moved through a series of relationships, occupations, andcities as she attempted to raise her son without job training or advanced education.

She is best known for her autobiographical books especially I Know Why the CagedBird Sings (1969), which was nominated for the National Book Award. Among hervolumes of poetry are A Brave and Startling Truth (Random House, 1995), TheComplete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water'fore I Diiie (1971) was nominated for the Pulitzer prize.

In 1959, at the request of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Maya Angelou became thenorthern coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. From 1961 to1962 she was associate editor of The Arab Observer in Cairo, Egypt, the onlyEnglish-language news weekly in the Middle East, and from 1964 to 1966 she wasfeature editor of the African Review in Accra, Ghana. She returned to the U.S. in1974 and was appointed by Gerald Ford to the Bicentennial Commission and later byJimmy Carter to the Commission for International Woman of the Year. She accepteda lifetime appointment in 1981 as Reynolds Professor of American Studies at WakeForest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. In 1993, Angelou wrote anddelivered a poem, "On The Pulse of the Morning," at the inauguration for PresidentBill Clinton at his request.

The first black woman director in Hollywood, Angelou has written, produced,directed, and starred in productions for stage, film, and television. In 1971, she wrotethe original screenplay and musical score for the film Georgia, and was both authorand executive producer of a five-part television miniseries "Three Way Choice." Shehas also written and produced several prize-winning documentaries, including "Afro-Americans in the Arts," a PBS special for which she received the Golden EagleAward. Maya Angelou was twice nominated for a Tony award for acting: once for herBroadway debut in Look Away (1973), and again for her performance in Roots(1977).


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Bahawalnagar Campus

Department of English

One Day WorkshopLiterary Analysis Worksheet 3

What facts of Maya Angelous life are reflected in the given poem?

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The poem is

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Write down the significant linguistic entities that describe the universal

situation and theme in the

poem?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Has the poem got a message? If so what do you think itis?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Write down 3 or 4 words, phrases or expressions you have learnt from this

poem.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Choose from the following adjectives to describe the poem:

Hilarious gripping moving powerful tedious tragic amusing comic

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What other adjectivesyou would use to describe the play?

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Does this poem remind you of any poem in your own language? If so, what

and

why?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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What other title you would suggest for the poem and

why?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are there any allusions in the poem that relate authors experience directly or

indirectly with the sociocultural, ethnic or political circumstances/conditions

of the age? If so

how?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Bahawalnagar Campus



Read carefully the list of the stylistic devices given below and analyze which of the

following have been exploited in the given poem and why?

Parallelism-similarity of structure in a pair of series of related words, phrases,or clauses

Isocolon-similaritynot only of structure but of length

Antithesis-thejuxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure

Ellipsis-the deliberate omission of a word or of words readily implied by thecontext

Climax-arrangementof words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasingimportance

Metaphor-impliedcomparison between two things of unlike nature

Simile-explicitcomparison between two things of unlike nature

Synecdoche- figureof speech inwhich a part stands for the whole

Metonymy- substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what isactually meant

Personification- investing abstractions for inanimate objects with humanqualities or abilities


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Hyperbole-theuse of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis orheightened effect

Irony-useof a word in such a way as to convey a meaning opposite to theliteral meaning of the word

Oxymoron-the yoking of two terms which are ordinarily contradictory

Paradox-anapparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains ameasure of truth

Alliteration--repetitionof initial or medial consonants in two or more adjacentwords

Assonance--the repetition of similar vowel forms, preceded and followed by

different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words

Epistrophe--repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends ofsuccessive clauses

Epanalepsis--repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at thebeginning of the clause

Anadiplosis--repetitionof the last word of one clause at the beginning of thefollowing clause

Paronomasis--useof words alike in sound but different in meaning

Anthimeria--thesubstitution of one part of speech for another

Onomatapoeia--useof words whose sound echoes the sense

Polyptoton--repetitionof words derived from the same root

The Secret Sharer

Joseph Conrad

On my right hand there were lines of fishing stakes resembling a mysterious systemof half-submerged bamboo fences, incomprehensible in its division of the domain oftropical fishes, and crazy of aspect as if abandoned forever by some nomad tribe offishermen now gone to the other end of the ocean; for there was no sign of humanhabitation, as far as the eye could reach. To the left a group of barren islets, sug-gesting ruins of stone walls, towers and block houses, had its foundations set in a

blue sea that itself looked solid, so still and stable did it lie below my feet; even thetrack of light from the westering sun shone smoothly, without that animated glitterwhich tells of an imperceptible ripple. And when I turned my head to take a parting


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glance at the tug which had just left us anchored outside the bar, I saw the straightline of the flat shore joined to the stable sea, edge to edge, with a perfect andunmarked closeness, in one levelled floor half brown, half blue under the enormousdome of the sky. Corresponding in their insignificance to the islets of the sea, twosmall clumps of trees, one on each side of the only fault in the impeccable joint,

marked the mouth of the river Meinam we had just left on the first preparatory stageof our homeward journey; and, far back on the inland level; a larger and loftier mass,the grove surrounding the great Paknam pagoda, was the only thing on which the eyecould rest from the vain task of exploring the monotonous sweep of the horizon. Hereand there gleams as of a few scattered pieces of silver marked the windings of thegreat river; and on the nearest of them, just within the bar, the tug steaming right intothe land became lost to my sight, hull and funnel and masts, as though the impassiveearth had swallowed her up without an effort, without a tremor. My eye followed thelight cloud of her smoke, now here now there, above the plain, according to thedevious curves of the stream, but always fainter and farther away, till I lost it at last

behind the mitre-shaped hill of the great pagoda. And then I was left alone with my

ship, anchored at the head of the Gulfof Siam.

Bahawalnagar Campus



Is the vocabulary used simple or complex?-------------------------------------------

Is the vocabulary formal, colloquial descriptive or evaluative?


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Does the text contain idiomatic phrases, and if so, with what kind of dialect or

register?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Are any particular morphological categories noteworthy i-ecompound words,words with particular

suffixes?-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are the nouns used abstract or concrete?---------------------------------------------

What kinds of abstract nouns occur in thetext?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are the adjectives frequent in the text? If so what kinds of attribute do

adjectives refer to? (physical, psychological, visual, auditory, color,

referential, emotive, evaluative) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Do the verbs carry an important part of the meaning in the text? If so what

type of verbs occur i-e transitive, intransitive, psychological, physical,

emotive,

etc.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What semantic functions adverbs perform in the

text?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Do sentences on the whole have a simple or a complex

structure?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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What is the ratio of dependent to independent clauses complexity vary

strikingly from one sentence to

another?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are there any unusual orderings in relation to clause

structures?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Is there anything significant to be said about other phrase types: prepositional

phrases, adverb phrases, adjective phrases, noun phrases or verbphrases?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are there any obvious violations of, or departures from the linguistic code or

formal grammatical and syntactical norms? if so of what

type?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Do you find any instance of graphological deviation in the text? If so of what

type?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Does the text contain logical or other links between sentences i-e coordinating

conjunctions, or linking

adverbials?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Does it tend to rely on implicit connections of

meaning?-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Does the writer address the reader directly, or through the words or thoughts

of some fictional

character?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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What linguistic clues (first-person pronouns I, me, my, mine) are there of theaddresser-addressee

relationship?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are there significant changes of style according to who is supposedly

speaking, thinking or conveying the message in the

text?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are there any cases of formal and structural repetition i-e anaphora,

parallelism, etc?

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Are there any dissimilar semantic fields related through simile (explicit

comparison between two things of unlike

nature)?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are there any metaphors used to convey deeper sense of

meanings?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are there any salient rhythmical (sound) patterns in the

text?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Franz Kafka

Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 3 June 1924)is considered to be one of the most importantand influential writers of the 20th century. His work, most of which was published

posthumously, continues to be a source of research, scholarship and philosophicaldiscussion in diverse academic, literary and popular arenas. Kafka had been trying hishand at serious writing since about 1898, but these early works were destroyed. Laterhe began writing more seriously.

He was born to middle class German-speaking Jewish parents in Prague, Bohemia,now part of the Czech Republic, in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His

father, Hermann Kafka (18521931), was described as a "huge, selfish, overbearingbusinessman" and by Kafka himself as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite,loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance,

presence of mind, and knowledge of human nature". He established himself as anindependent retailer of men's and women's fancy goods and accessories. On businessdays, both parents were absent from the home. His mother helped to manage herhusband's business and worked in it as much as 12 hours a day. The children werelargely reared by a series of governesses and servants. Franz's relationship with hisfather was severely troubled as explained in the Letter to His Father in which hecomplained of being profoundly affected by his father's authoritative and demandingcharacter. Kafka was not formally involved in Jewish religious life, but he showed a

great interest in Jewish culture and spirituality.

In 1912, at Max Brod's (his best friend) home, Kafka met Felice Bauer, who lived inBerlin and worked as a representative for a dictaphonecompany. Over the next fiveyears they corresponded a great deal, met occasionally, and twice were engaged to bemarried. Their relationship finally ended in 1917. In 1917, Kafka began to suffer fromtuberculosis, which would require frequent convalescence during which he wassupported by his family, most notably his sister Ottla. It is generally agreed that Kafkasuffered from clinical depression and social anxiety throughout his entire life. Thecondition of Kafka's throat made eating too painful for him, and since parenteralnutrition had not yet been developed, there was no way to feed him. His body was

ultimately brought back to Prague where he was buried on June 11, 1924, in the NewJewish Cemetery in Prague-ikov.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_to_His_Fatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictaphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictaphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%BEkovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_to_His_Fatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictaphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxietyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%BEkov


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Franz's mother and father lived until 1931 and 1934, respectively. His sisters did notmeet so kind a fate. During World War II, Elli and Valli and their families wereshipped off to the Lodz ghetto, and apparently died in the uprisings there or were sentto death camps. Ottla separated from her Gentile husband, Josef David, since she feltshe had no right to avoid the suffering of her people, and was sent to the

Theresienstadt (Terezin) concentration camp in northwestern Bohemia. Shevolunteered, in 1943, to help accompany a trainload of children somewhere, whichturned out to be Auschwitz. Here's the entry in Auschwitz Chronicle 1939-1945 byDanuta Czech. On 7 October, 1943, 1,260 Jewish children and their 53 care givers aretransferred from Theresienstadt. They are killed the same day in the gas chambers.

.

The Metamorphosis

Franz Kafka

Hardly was he inside his room when the door was hast-ily pushed shut, bolted, and

locked. The sudden noise be-hind him startled him so much that his little legs collapsed

beneath him. It was his sister who had shown such haste. She had been standing ready,

waiting, and had made a light spring forward, Gregor had not even heard her coming, and

she cried "At last!" to her parents as she turned the Key in the lock. "And now?" Gregor

asked himself, looking around in the darkness. Soon he made the discovery that he was

now completely unable to move. This did not surprise him, rather it seemed unnatural that

he should ever actually have been able to move at all on these feeble little legs. Otherwise

he felt relatively comfortable. True, his whole body was aching, but it seemed that the

pain was gradually growing less and would finally pass away. The rotting apple in his

back and the inflamed area around it, all covered with soft dust, already hardly troubled

him. He thought of his family with tenderness and love if that were possible. In this state

of empty and peaceful meditation he remained until the tower clock struck three in the

morning. The first broadening of light in the world outside the window just entered his

consciousness. Then his head sank to the floor of its own accord and from his nostrils

came the last faint flicker of his breath.At that the door of the Samsas' bedroom opened and Mr. Samsa appeared in his uniform,

his wife on one arm, his daughter on the other. "Leave my home at once!" said Mr.

Samsa, and pointed to the door without disengaging himself from the women. "What do

you mean by that?" said the middle boarder, taken somewhat aback, with a feeble smile.

"I mean just what I say, answered Mr. Samsa, and advanced in a straight line with his

Twocompanions toward the boarder. He stood his ground quietly at first, looking at the

floor as if his thoughts were forming a new pattern in his head. Well, let's go then," he

said, and looked up at Mr. Samsa as if in a sudden access of humility he were asking hisapproval even for this decision. In the hall all three took their hats from the rack, their


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sticks from the umbrella stand, bowed in silence, and left the apartment. With a

suspiciousness that proved quite unfounded Mr. Samsa and the Twowomen followed

them out to the landing; leaning over the banister they watched the three figures slowly

but surely going down the long stairs, vanishing from sight at a certain turn of the

staircase on every floor and coming into view again after a moment or so; the more they

dwindled, the more the Samsa family's interest in them dwindled, and when a butcher's

boy met them and passed them on the stairs coming up proudly with a tray on his head,

Mr. Samsa and the Twowomen soon left the landing and as if a burden had been lifted

from them went back into their apartment.

Bahawalnagar Campus



The focus in the extract given is

on-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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The words used in the given extract that can be considered as describing

father-son relationship

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The general mood of the text

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What type of relation and nature of experience can be traced out in the

extract to the artistic process of Kafka? (sociocultural, biographical,

religious, political)

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Do you find any form of the social behavior in the text that defines the

relationship of the author to the culture? If so

describe------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Authorial intention in the extract appears to

recover-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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The authority of the given text can be described as a witness to the

authors intention that is: (encircle any one)

Initial

medial

final

Are there any non-verbal elements used to convey meaning? If so

describe------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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What type of themes can be traced out in the given

text?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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How would you explain the experience of the

author?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Are there occurances related to the presuppositions, allusions and

preunderstandings in terms of the experience of the

author?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Humanity i love you by E. E. CummingsHumanity i love youbecause you would rather black the boots ofsuccess than enquire whose soul dangles from hiswatch-chain which would be embarrassing for both

parties and because youunflinchingly applaud allsongs containing the words country home andmother when sung at the old howard

Humanity i love you becausewhen you're hard up you pawn yourintelligence to buy a drink and whenyou're flush pride keeps

you from the pawn shops andbecause you are continually committingnuisances but moreespecially in your own house

Humanity i love you because youare perpetually putting the secret oflife in your pants and forgettingit's there and sitting down

on itand because you areforever making poems in the lapof death Humanity

i hate you

mending walls

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