mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mendel & heredity
http://www.travelchannel.com/shows/mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue-people-roaming-the-hills
![Page 2: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Heredity- transmission of traits from parent to offspring.
• Genetics- the study of heredity
![Page 3: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Gregor Mendel
• The “father” of genetics
• Austrian monk
• Studied the garden pea to develop a set of rules to predict the patterns of heredity.
![Page 4: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Mendel used the garden pea because:
• It grows quickly
• Has many varieties
• Able to self-pollinate or true breed
![Page 5: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mendel’s experiments• 1. produced a true-breeding P
generation (parent)
• 2. produced the next generation, F1
(filial) generation, by cross pollinating plants.
• 3. produced 3rd generation, F2 (filial) generation by self- pollination
• See picture
![Page 6: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mendel’s Theories
• Mendel thought that certain “factors” were passing on traits.
• We now know the factors are genes.
![Page 8: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• An organism has 2 genes for each trait.
• One gene came from the female gamete and one from the male gamete.
![Page 9: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Meiosis
![Page 10: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Simple patterns of Heredity aka principle of dominance
• Dominant gene- the gene that can cover up a recessive gene
• Recessive gene- the gene that can be covered up.
![Page 11: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• If you have one dominant gene and one recessive gene you will have the dominant trait.
• If you have two dominant genes you will have the dominant trait.
• If you have two recessive genes you will have the recessive trait.
![Page 12: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Examples in peas
Cross Result
Tall X short Tall
Green pea X Yellow pea
Yellow pea
Smooth pea X wrinkled pea
Smooth pea
![Page 13: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Use Upper case letter for dominant gene
• ex- T is for tall pea plant
• Use lower case letter for recessive gene
• ex- t is for short pea plant
![Page 14: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Homozygous- if both genes for the trait are the same ex-TT
• Heterozygous- if the genes for the trait are different ex- Tt
• Allele- one of the copies of a gene ex- T
• Phenotype- the visible trait of the organism. Ex- Tall
• Genotype- the combination of genes for a trait. Ex- TT, Tt, or tt
![Page 15: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mendel’s Laws
• 1. The Law of Segregation: Two alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes.
![Page 16: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• 2. The Law of Independent Assortment: alleles for different traits separate independently of one another during formation of gametes if they are on different chromosomes.
• ex- the gene for eye color separates independently of the gene for hair color.
![Page 17: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• In humans, 6 fingers on one hand is dominant and 5 fingers is recessive.
• 1. What is the genotype of an individual that is homozygous dominant?
• 2. What is the phenotype of an individual that is homozygous dominant?
• 3. What is the genotype of an individual that is heterozygous?
• 4. What is the phenotype of an individual that is heterozygous?
• 5. What is the genotype of an individual with 5 fingers?
![Page 18: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
• 1. Incomplete dominance- a heterozygous individual show a trait that is a blend of the 2 genes.
• Ex- snapdragons- if flower has a dominant red allele and a recessive white allele the flower is pink.
![Page 19: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• 2. Codominance- 2 different dominant alleles can be expressed at the same time in heterozygous individuals.
• Ex- Roan color in horses. Both red and white hair color genes are dominant. The horse has red hairs and white hairs.
![Page 21: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• 3. Multiple alleles- some traits have more than 2 alleles that determine it.
• Ex- 3 alleles determine blood type A, B, and O
![Page 23: Mendel & heredity mysteries-at-the-museum/video/blue- people-roaming-the-hills](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051821/5697bfd41a28abf838cacb63/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Polygenic Inheritance
• More than one gene effects the trait.
Ex- height, weight, skin color
Only about 600 traits in humans are determined only from one gene.