men in the remaking: conversion narratives and born-again masculinity in zambia

7/30/2019 Men in the Remaking: Conversion Narratives and Born-Again Masculinity in Zambia

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Nht`nng Y' |ng Cm`gcjg- Mkghkg- 45>4 HK@1 >5'>>:655


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4>< N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490

m`|`gf zu xk gjv oktnm ngh yu`t`xznm gktoy bny uzx xbjo `g n utkijyy k fjg/hjt xtngyktonx`kg' @g xb`y utkijyy `x `y gkx xbj`t d`kmkfìnm yjr xbnx `y ibngfjh

dzx xbj`t onmj fjghjt `hjgx`xp' Ng ngnmpy`y k xbj `gxjt|`jvy `g vbìb xbjyjojg ybntj xbj`t yxkt`jy- ujtijux`kgyngh jrujt`jgijy utk|`hjy `gy`fbx `gxk ng`yyzj xbnx xbzy nt bny tjij`|jh m`xxmj yibkmntmp nxxjgx`kg1 xbj "tj)ikgyxtzix`kgk onyizm`g`xp g Ntìng Ujgxjikyxnm i`timjy' X`y ntxìmj kljty yzib ng ngnmpy`yny n ikgxt`dzx`kg dkxb xk xbj yxzhp k Ntìng onyizm`g`x`jy ngh xk xbj yxzhpk Ujgxjikyxnm Ibt`yx`ng`xp `g Ntìn'

Xj yxzhp k ojg ngh onyizm`g`x`jy `g Ntìng ikgxjrxy `y ng jojtf`gf jmhk yxzhp- ny `y hjokgyxtnxjh dp xbj y`fgìngx gzodjt k ngxbkmkf`jy uzd/m`ybjh kg xbj yzdajix `g xbj mnyx hjinhj "M`ghynp ngh O`jyibjt 45593 Okttjmm

455>n3 Ozfnod` ngh Nmmng 45>53 Kzqfngj ngh Okttjmm 455:3 Ybjjt jx nm'45563 Zibjghz 4552)' Ykoj dnyì gkx`kgy `g xb`y jmh k yxzhp ntj xbnx ony/izm`g`xp `y n inxjfktp k fjghjt nuump`gf xk ojg- `y n yki`nm ikgyxtzix- `y gkxyxnxì dzx yzdajix xk ibngfj- ngh hkjy gkx jr`yx ny n y`gfzmnt dzx ny n umztnm"Okttjmm 455>d)' Xzy xbj ikgijux k onyizm`g`x`jy jgndmjy xbj `g|jyx`fnx`kgk onmj fjghjt `hjgx`x`jy ngh k ojgy uky`x`kg `g fjghjt tjmnx`kgy- dkxb xbjtjmnx`kgy nokgf ojg ngh k ojg |`y//|`y vkojg' Dz`mh`gf kg xbjyj `gy`fbxyngh nicgkvmjhf`gf xbnx Ntìng "ukyx)ikmkg`nm yki`jx`jy bn|j djjg ngh ntjjrujt`jgi`gf hjju yki`nm- izmxztnm- ukm`xìnm- jikgkoì- ngh tjm`f`kzy ibngfjy-

n ijgxtnm ~zjyx`kg `g xb`y jmh k yxzhp- `g xbj vkthy k Tkdjtx Okttjmm- `yvbnx ktijy kujtnxj xk jljix ibngfj `g onyizm`g`x`jy- vbjg- vbjtj ngh bkvyzib ibngfjy kiizt- ngh vbnx xbj`t jljixy ntj "455>d- 6)' @g xbj yibkmntybùkg Ntìng onyizm`g`x`jy m`xxmj nxxjgx`kg `y un`h xk tjm`f`kg ny n nixkt `g xbjhpgnoì utkijyy k ikgyxtzix`gf- ibnmmjgf`gfngh xtngykto`gf hko`gngxktoy k onyizm`g`xp' X`y `y yxtngfjny @ hk gkx bn|j xk jrumn`g `g xb`yakztgnmdjinzyj tjm`f`kg g Ntìn umnpy n |`xnm tkmj `g ongp ujkumjy m`|jy ngh`g yki`jx`jyngh `y ng òuktxngx nixkt `g xbj ikgyxtzix`kg k ujtykgbkkh ngh`hjgx`xp- `gimzh`gf xbj fjghjt `hjgx`x`jy k ojg ngh vkojg `g nmm xbj`t h`|jt/

y`xp ngh ikoumjr`xp'@g nhh`x`kg xk xbj jojtfjgij k xbj yxzhp k onyizm`g`x`jy g Ntìn- ngkxbjtkd|`kzy xtjgh `g ninhjo`n `y xbj `gxjtjyx `g Ujgxjikyxnm/Ibnt`yonxì Ibt`yx`/ng`xp `g Ntìn' X`y xtjgh bny djjg `gktojh dp xbj ukuzmnt`xp k Ujgxjikyxnmngh Ibnt`yonxì ibztibjy g Ntìnny g kxbjt untxy k xbj vktmh`g tjijgxhjinhjy "Cnmz 45523 Ojpjt 45583 Tkdd`gy 4558)'> Kgj k xbj ibntnixjt`yxìyk Ujgxjikyxnm Ibt`yx`ng`xp `y `xy joubny`y kg xbj òuktxngij k n tnhìnm ikg/|jty`kg- n xtngyktonx`|j jrujt`jgij `g vbìb n ujtykg f`|jy b`y kt bjt m`j xkAjyzy Ibt`yx ngh djikojy dktg/nfn`g' @g Ujgxjikyxnm h`yikztyj xb`y j|jgx

jgxn`my xbnx xbj `gh`|`hznm oncjy n ikoumjxj dtjnc v`xb xbj unyx "Ojpjt>002)' @x `y kxjg yzffjyxjh xbnx djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g- oktj xbng n ibngfj `g


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N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490 4>6

djm`jy kt hkixt`gjy- `y ndk|j nmm ndkzx n ibngfj `g m`jyxpmj- n dtjnc v`xb xbjòojh`nxj unyx k kgjy m`j ngh y`gzm nxx`xzhjy "Ongfmky 45>5)' @g xbj

vkthy k Tzxb Ontybnmm- dktg/nfn`g ikg|jty`kg hjonghy vktc k xbj yjm kgxbj yjm vbìb xbtkzfb n |nt`jxp k xjibg`~zjy ' ' ' bny ny `xy jljix n gjv yktxk yjm/cgkvmjhfj' Xnx gjv yjm/cgkvmjhfj bny ny `xy kdajix utkxjix`kg- yjm/onyxjtp- ngh yu`t`xznm joukvjtojgx- ngh `x `y jrumì`xmp m`gcjh xk xbj itjnx`kgk n ijtxn`g xpuj k m`j "4550- >40)' Bkvj|jt- vbjtj xbj fjghjtjh nyujixy kdktg/nfn`g ikg|jty`kg ngh xbj yzdyj~zjgx gjv yjm/cgkvmjhfj- yu`t`xznmjoukvjtojgx- ngh gjv xpuj k m`j bn|j tjij`|jh nxxjgx`kg ny nt ny vkojgntj ikgijtgjh "Ltnbo/Ntu 45>53 Onxj 45543 Ynicjp 4555d- >4>)' Kgjk xbj `yyzjy xbnx gjjhy xk dj jrumktjh `y bkv djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g nljixyojg ny fjghjtjh dj`gfy- ngh bkv `x uzxy xbjo `gxk n utkijyy k xtngykton/x`kg `g vbìb gkx kgmp xbj oktnm ngh yu`t`xznm yjm dzx- tjmnxjh xk xbnx- xbjonmj yjm `y nmyk tjybnujh' Ltko tjyjntib `g Qòdndvj- Hn|`h Onrvjmm yzf/fjyxy xbnx Ujgxjikyxnm`yo tj/yki`nm`yjy xbj pkzgf ong- htnv`gf bò nvnptko n vktmh k |`kmjgij ngh utko`yiz`xp `gxk n no`mp/kt`jgxnxjh m`j "455)' Bkvj|jt- Onrvjmm hkjy gkx yzdyxngx`nxj xb`y yxnxjojgx v`xb jou`tìnm

j|`hjgij' Vbnx hkjy xbj tjyki`nm`qnx`kg kt tjonc`gf k ojg mkkc m`cj `g ikg/itjxj m`|jy ngh yujiì ikgxjrxy- ngh bkv hk ojg gnttnxj ngh jrumn`g xbjyjibngfjy xbjoyjm|jy; Xjyj ~zjyx`kgy kujg zu n gjv jmh k ninhjoì tjyjntib`g xbj yxzhp k Ibt`yx`ng`xp `g Ntìn' Tjyjntib `g xb`y jmh `y nmyk itzi`nm ktgkg/ninhjoì tjnykgy- f`|jg xbj izttjgx h`yizyy`kgy kg bjfjokgì ktoy konyizm`g`xp `g Ntìn xbnx ntj nyyki`nxjh v`xb |`kmjgij- B@\+N@HY- ngh xbjkuutjyy`kg k vkojg "Yòuykg 45503 F`dykg ngh Bnthkg 455:)' Nfn`gyxxb`y dnicftkzgh- gkg/fk|jtgojgxnm ktfng`qnx`kgy xkhnp ntj xntfjx`gf ojgkt n ibngfj "Dzatn 4554)- ngh yj|jtnm Ntìng xbjkmkf`ngy bn|j jodntcjh kg

n xtngyktonx`kg k onyizm`g`x`jy xk utkhzij gjv tjhjoux`|j ngh m`djtnx`gfktoy "Ib`xnghk ngh Ib`tkgfkon 45523 Ub`t` 4550)' @g xb`y ntxìmj @ v`mm gkx


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4>2 N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490

`g|jyx`fnxj bkv ojg `g Ujgxjikyxnm ibztibjy ntj yzdajixjh xk n h`yizty`|jxtngyktonx`kg k onyizm`g`xp- y`gij @ bn|j hkgj yk jmyjvbjtj "\ng Cm`gcjg

45>>)' Gj`xbjt v`mm @ j|nmznxj vbjxbjt Ujgxjikyxnm `hjnmy k onyizm`g`xp ntjm`djtnx`gf ngh tjhjoux`|j- ny xb`y tj~z`tjy n imjntjt "ngh gktonx`|j) zghjt/yxngh`gf k xbj ojng`gf k xbjyj nhajix`|jy' Tnxbjt- @ `g|jyx`fnxj bkv Ujgxj/ikyxnm ojg xbjoyjm|jy jrumn`g xbj ibngfjy `g xbj yjm- jyuji`nmmp `g xbj`tujtijux`kgy k onyizm`g`xp ngh xbj`t `hjgx`x`jy ny ojg- xbnx kiizt `g xbj utkijyyk dj"iko)`gf dktg/nfn`g'

Ndkzx X`y Yxzhp

X`y ntxìmj `y dnyjh kg `g/hjuxb `gxjt|`jvy v`xb yj|jgxjjg ojg k |nt`kzynfjy- dzx okyxmp g xbj`t xvjgx`jy ngh xb`tx`jy' Xjp ntj nmm ojodjty k Gktxb/ojnh Nyyjodmp k Fkh- n utko`gjgx Ujgxjikyxnm ibztib `g Gktxbojnh- nyzdztd `g Mzyncn- xbj inu`xnm i`xp k Qnod`n' X`y ibztib `y nyyki`nxjh v`xbxbj Ujgxjikyxnm Nyyjodm`jy k Fkh `g Qnod`n- n hjgko`gnx`kg xbnx bny `xytkkxy `g xbj imnyyìnm Ujgxjikyxnm Nyyjodm`jy k Fkh ok|jojgx `g GktxbNojtìn' Xj ojodjty k xbj ibztib ntj tjmnx`|jmp vjmm jhzinxjh ngh fjgjt/nmmp djmkgf xk xbj o`hhmj imnyy k yki`jxp' Xj onakt`xp ntj pkzxby ngh pkzgfnhzmxy- k vbìb ~z`xj n gzodjt ntj yxzhjgxy'

Xj gxjt|`jvy vjtj ikghzixjh g 4552 ngh 4550 vbjg @ vny hk`gf tjyjntib`g xb`y ibztib' Xj `gxjt|`jvjjy vjtj yjmjixjh oktj kt mjyy nx tnghko3 @ fkx xkcgkv xbjyj ojg vbjg @ nxxjghjh ibztib yjt|ìjy ngh ojjx`gfy k xbj ibztibyo`g`yxt`jy kt pkzxby- y`gfmjy- ontt`jh ikzumjy- ngh ojg tjyujix`|jmp' @g xbjyjmjix`kg k `gxjt|`jvjjy ngh `g xbj ngnmpy`y k xbj `gxjt|`jvy- xbj nixkt kjxbgì`xp vny gkx xncjg `gxk niikzgx' Nmxbkzfb Qnod`n bny ongp h`ljtjgxjxbgì ftkzuy- jnib v`xb xbj`t kvg mngfznfj ngh xtnh`x`kgy- `g ukyxikmkg`nmQnod`n jxbgì`xp `y n nixkt k hjitjny`gf òuktxngij- jyuji`nmmp `g ztdngntjny "Fjvnmh- B`gjmnnt- ngh Onikmn 4552)' Xj ukyx/`ghjujghjgij ukm`xìyk itjnx`gf n Qnod`ng `hjgx`xp bny djjg tjmnx`|jmp yziijyyzm- ngh Ibt`yx`ng/`xp y n cjp ikoukgjgx k xb`y hjgx`xp- jyuji`nmmp nxjt xbj >00> hjimntnx`kg dpUtjy`hjgx Ltjhjtìc Ib`mzdn xbnx Qnod`n `y n Ibt`yx`ng gnx`kgn yxnxjojgxxbnx `y gkv jgybt`gjh `g xbj utjnodmj k xbj ikzgxtpy ikgyx`xzx`kg "F`lkth>002)' Ny ngxbtkukmkf`yx Jm`qndjxb Ikmykg uzxy `x- xbj `hjn bny ftkvg xbnx xkdj n Qnod`ng ojngy xk dj n Ibt`yx`ng "455


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N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490 4>0

Ongp k xbj `gxjt|`jvy ing dj tjnh ny ikg|jty`kg gnttnx`|jy' Ojg xjmm bkvxbjp fkx yn|jh- xbnx `y- xbj niijuxngij k Ajyzy Ibt`yx ny xbj`t ujtykgnm Yn|/

`kzt vbìb `y xbj tyx yxju `g Ujgxjikyxnm ikg|jty`kg- ngh bkv xb`y ibngfjhxbj`t m`|jy' Ikg|jty`kg gnttnx`|jy- ny Bjgt` Fkktjg uk`gxy kzx- ntj gkx gjijy/ynt`mp n nixznm hjyitùx`kg k xbj on`g j|jgxy `g kgjy m`j dzx ntj yki`nm ikg/yxtzix`kgy' Ng òuktxngx jmjojgx k xbjyj yxkt`jy `y vbnx Fkktjg inmmy xbjd`kftnubìnm tjikgyxtzix`kg1 Ujkumj vbk zghjtfk n ikg|jty`kg jrujt`jgij m`x/jtnmmp tjikgyxtzix xbj`t m`|jy- f`|`gf gjv ojng`gfy xk kmh j|jgxy ngh uzxx`gfh`ljtjgx joubnyjy `g xbj d`ffjt umkx k xbj`t m`j yxkt`jy "45>5- 09)' X`yngxbtkukmkfìnm gkx`kg gktoy op ngnmpy`y k xbj gxjt|`jvy' Xj onakt ~zjy/x`kgy xbnx bn|j fz`hjh op ngnmpy`y ntj1 ">) Bkv hk ojg gnttnxj ngh hjyit`dj

xbj dtjnc v`xb xbj unyx `g tjmnx`kg xk xbj`t ujtijux`kg k xbjoyjm|jy gkx azyxny dktg/nfn`g Ibt`yx`ngy dzx nmyk ny ojg; "4) @g xbj`t |`jv- vbnx ntj xbj cjpibntnixjt`yxìy k xbj `hjnm k dktg/nfn`g Ibt`yx`ng ongbkkh; "9) Vbnx ibnm/mjgfjy hk xbjp jrujt`jgij vb`mj xtp`gf xk m`|j zu xk xb`y hjnm- ngh bkv hk xbjphjnm v`xb xbjyj ibnmmjgfjy; Xjyj xbtjj ~zjyx`kgy nmyk yxtzixztj xb`y ntxìmj'

Ujgxjikyxnm Ojg ngh xbj Dtjnc v`xb xbj Unyx

@x `y gk yztut`yj xbnx Ujgxjikyxnm ojg- vb`mj xnmc`gf ndkzx xbjoyjm|jy dj`gf nIbt`yx`ng ngh dj`gf n ong- kxjg ikoj zu v`xb d`kftnubìnm yxkt`jy ndkzxxbj`t ikg|jty`kg' Xjyj yxkt`jy ntj mntfjmp |nt`nx`kgy k xbj xpuìnm ktozmn kJ|ngfjmìnm ngh Ujgxjikyxnm Ibt`yx`ng ikg|jty`kg gnttnx`|jy nmm k|jt xbj vktmh1@ vny m`|`gf `g y`g dzx gkv @o yn|jh' N fkkh `mmzyxtnx`kg `y xbj kmmkv`gfyxktp- xkmh dp n pkzgf ong `g b`y jntmp xvjgx`jy vbko @ inmm Tkdjtx1

@ no n Ibt`yx`ng- ojng`gf xbnx @ no dktg/nfn`g' @ djm`j|j `g Ajyzy Ibt`yxngh @ hkvbnxj|jt n Ibt`yx`ng `y yzuukyjh xk hk' @ fkx dktg/nfn`g ykoj xòj dnic- `g 455:' @xvny nx xbj Ikuujtdjmx Sxbj ztdng`yjh ikuujt o`g`gf ntjn g Qnod`n- N|C_' @x vny nxjt

@ vny `g|km|jh `g n c`gh k `gi`hjgx' ' ' ' Djktj xbnx @ zyjh xk ht`gc- @ zyjh xk yokcj-@ vny n dnh dkp- @ vny vkong`q`gf- bnh n mkx k f`tmt`jghy' Nxjt n ijtxn`g `gi`hjgx `gop m`j- @ hji`hjh xbnx xbj m`j @ vny mjnh`gf vny gkx n fkkh m`j' @ azyx jyinujh tkohjnxb' @x vny ng nxxnic- ykoj ujkumj vngxjh xk c`mm oj nxjt xbnx @ inoj tko ht`gc`gf`g xbj g`fbx' Ykoj ujkumj nxxnicjh oj' Nxjt xbnx @ hji`hjh xbnx `x vnygx n fkkh m`j'@ xbkzfbx- mjx oj azyx f`|j zu nmikbkm ngh htzfy ngh xb`y c`gh k m`j- ngh djikoj nIbt`yx`ng' Ltko op zudt`gf`gf @ vny n Ibt`yx`ng- op no`mp ntj Inxbkmìy- dzx@ vnygx yjt`kzy v`xb xbnx' @x vny kgmp op untjgxy- dzx @ vnygx `gxjtjyxjh- @ vny azyxm`|`gf op kvg m`j- ynp`gf1 xb`y `y op m`j' Dzx xbjg @ bnh xbnx `gi`hjgx- ngh @ hji`hjhxk ibngfj' @ azyx xbkzfbx xbnx xbj m`j @ vny m`|`gf vny hngfjtkzy' J|jg xbkzfb @ vny`g xbnx dnh m`j @ zyjh xk bjnt ndkzx Ibt`yx`ng`xp- xbj fkkhgjyy k Ibt`yx`ng`xp' Yk@ xbkzfbx- mjx oj fk dnic- mjx oj fk xk Ibt`yx`ng`xp' Ngh ndk|j nmm- @ v`mm nmyk jgakp xbj


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445 N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490

djgjxy k dj`gf n Ibt`yx`ng- ngh kgj k xbjo y bn|`gf jxjtgnm m`j' Djinzyj vbjg pkzdjm`j|j `g Ibt`yx pkz ntj fk`gf xk bn|j jxjtgnm m`j' Dzx vbjg pkz hk gkx djm`j|j- ngh@ vny gkx djm`j|`gf dp xbjg- @ vkzmh gkx jrujt`jgij jxjtgnm m`j' @ xbkzfbx1 Vbjg @ vnyc`mmjh- vbjtj vkzmh @ bn|j fkgj; @ tjnm`qjh xbnx @ vkzmh bn|j fkgj xk bjmm' Yk @ xbkzfbx-mjxy f`|j zu xb`y dnh djbn|`kzt- xb`y dnh m`j' @ cgjv ykoj t`jghy vbk vjtj dktg/nfn`gIbt`yx`ngy' Vbnx inoj `gxk op o`gh vny xbjyj t`jghy k o`gj' Yk nxjt xb`gc`gf kfjxx`gf dktg/nfn`g @ nuutknibjh xbkyj t`jghy ngh yn`h- fzpy- xb`y y vbnx y bnuujg`gf`g op m`j' Xjp zyjh xk cgkv op m`j3 xbjp bnh djjg xtp`gf xk j|ngfjm`qj oj dzx dpxbnx xòj @ vny gkx gxjtjyxjh' Dzx gkv @ inoj dnic xk xbjo ngh yn`h- X`y y op xòj'@ f`|j op m`j xk Ajyzy Ibt`yx' Ngh j|jtpxb`gf ibngfjh' Op t`jghy utnpjh kt oj nghmjh oj xk xbj Mkth ngh @ niijuxjh Ajyzy Ibt`yx'

Xj utj/ikg|jty`kg unyx `g xb`y yxktp `y hjyit`djh ny xbj m`j k n dnh dkp-

ibntnixjt`qjh dp nmikbkm- htzfy- f`tmt`jghy- ngh g`fbxm`j' X`y m`jyxpmj `yndtzuxmp bnmxjh dp n h`ynyxtkzy j|jgx- vbjg Tkdjtx yzljty n |`kmjgx nxxnic'Xj gi`hjgx oncjy bò tjnm`qj xbnx bj y m`|`gf n hngfjtkzy m`j' @g tjxtkyujix-bj ikgy`hjty b`y ktojt m`j hngfjtkzy djinzyj k xvk tjnykgy' L`tyx `y xbj b`fbyzyijux`d`m`xp xk |`kmjgij ngh kxbjt hngfjty' Bjtj Tkdjtx nmyk uk`gxy nx xbjt`yc k B@\ `gjix`kg1 Op `g|km|jojgx v`xb f`tmy vny |jtp hngfjtkzy' @g xb`yxòj xbjtj `y B@\ ngh N@HY ngh n mkx k h`yjnyjy- dzx @ vnygx intjzm' @ ikzmhbn|j ikgxtnixjh kgj k xbjyj h`yjnyjy- dzx xbngc Fkh @ bn|jgx' Yjikgh- b`ym`j vny hngfjtkzy djinzyj k xbj t`yc k fk`gf xk bjmm ngh gkx `gbjt`x`gf jxjt/

gnm m`j' Fjgjtnmmp- jnt k hp`gf ngh fk`gf xk bjmm `y ng òuktxngx okx`|nx`kgkt ikg|jtxy' @x bny djjg yzffjyxjh xbnx ojg- kzx k fjghjt yxjtjkxpujy- tntjmpojgx`kg xb`y jnt `g xbj`t ikg|jty`kg yxkt`jy "Fkktjg 45>5- 0


7/25

N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490 44>

nxx`xzhjy ngh onhj n gjv yxntx' Ny Tkdjtx uzx `x1 Fkh bny ktf`|jg oj-djinzyj @ ikgjyyjh ngh tjujgxjh nx xbnx xòj' Ngh Fkh `y n Fkh k n yjikgh

ibngij3 bj bny f`|jg oj n yjikgh ibngij' @ no `g op yjikgh m`j' Ngkxbjt`gxjt|`jvjj inuxztjh xbj `hjn k jrujt`jgi`gf n yjikgh m`j ngh onc`gf nikoumjxjmp gjv yxntx v`xb n |jtp j|kinx`|j onfj' Xj pkzgf ong- vbk imnòyxbnx bj bnh ng nix`|j yjrznm m`jyxpmj ngh y gkv nix`|jmp g|km|jh `g inoun`fgykt B@\ utj|jgx`kg xbtkzfb ndyx`gjgij- yxnxjh1 Vbjg dj`gf dktg/nfn`g- pkzyxntx v`xb ng jouxp unfj' Azyx`jh `g Ibt`yx' @ no n yjikghntp |`tf`g' Xjònfj k tjyxktjh |`tf`g`xp `y ojng`gfzm- tyx djinzyj `x ojxnubktìnmmp `mmzy/xtnxjy xbj tnhìnm gjv yxntx kgj oncjy nxjt dktg/nfn`g ikg|jty`kg- ngh yji/kgh- djinzyj `x nmyk `mmzyxtnxjy xbj jgktokzy ikgijtg `g Ujgxjikyxnm h`yikztyj

v`xb onxxjty tjmnxjh xk yjr ngh yjrznm oktnm`xp' Ltko n fjghjt ujtyujix`|j `x`y `gxjtjyx`gf xk gkxj xbnx xbj utjkiizunx`kg v`xb |`tf`g`xp nuuntjgxmp bnydjikoj fjghjt dm`gh3 `x gk mkgfjt ikgijtgy kgmp vkojg dzx nmyk ojg' Xj`hjn k n tjyxktjh |`tf`g`xp òum`jy- k ikztyj- xbnx xb`y |`tf`g`xp gjjhy xk djutkxjixjh dp kmmkv`gf n yxtìx oktnm ikhj tjfnth`gf yjrznm`xp' Kgjy |`tf`g`xpinggkx dj tjyxktjh kt n yjikgh xòj- xbj yjm/gnojh yjikghntp |`tf`g jrumn`gjhxk oj- vbìb ikttjyukghy xk xbj `hjn xbnx kgj `y dktg/nfn`g kgmp kgij `g nm`jxòj'

Ykoj yibkmnty `ghìnxj xbnx djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g kt ojg ing dj n xbtjnx

xk xbj`t onmj hjgx`xp' Dp f`|`gf zu ht`gc`gf- vkong`q`gfngh kxbjt nix`|`x`jyxbnxniikth`gf xk xbj hko`gngx gktoy k onyizm`g`xp `g xbj`t yki`jxpntjikgy`hjtjh ongmp- dktg/nfn`g ojg tzg xbj t`yc k dj`gf mndjmmjh ny y`yy`jy"Dtjtjxkg >00>- 02/>5>3 Fkktjg 45>5- >59/>5:)' @ghjjh- kt Tkdjtx b`y ikg/|jty`kg bnh h`tjix ikgyj~zjgijy kg b`y t`jghybùy1 @ mkyx ykoj k op t`jghydjinzyj @ yxkuujh ht`gc`gf v`xb xbjo' @ vngxjh xk fk dnic ngh ak`g xbjo-v`xbkzx ht`gc`gf- dzx xbjp jmx zgikoktxndmj v`xb oj- yk xbjp h`hgx vngxoj' @ vny tjajixjh dp op ktojt t`jghy' @ jmx |jtp dnh' Yò`mnt jrujt`jgijyk tjajix`kg ngh mkyy vjtj tjikzgxjh dp kxbjt ojg' Bkvj|jtxbj ~zjyx`kg `y

vbjxbjt tjgkzgi`gf ongmp nix`|`x`jy hnonfjy xbj onyizm`gj yjm/ònfj konmj ikg|jtxy- ny Dtjtjxkg yzffjyxy ">00>- 00)' Ltko op ngnmpy`y @ kdyjt|j nh`ljtjgx xjghjgip- xk tjhjgj xbj ojng`gf k ongbkkh yk xbnx dktg/nfn`gojg ing ikgy`hjt xbjoyjm|jy j|jg djxxjt ojg xbng xbjp vjtj ut`kt xk ikg|jt/y`kg- ngh djxxjt xbng xbj`t ktojt ujjty' Dp dtjnc`gf v`xb xbj unyx ngh djiko/`gf dktg/nfn`g- xbj`t onmj `hjgx`xp `y gkx hnonfjh dzx tnxbjt tjybnujh nghtjntojh'

X`y `y |jtp j|`hjgx `g xbj kmmkv`gf niikzgx k n ong `g b`y o`h/xvjgx`jy-vbko @ inmm Hnggp' Tjjix`gf kg xbj ibngfjy g b y m`j nxjt bj djinoj dktg/

nfn`g- Hnggp yn`h1


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@ zyjh xk yxnp kg op kvg- xk hk op kvg xb`gfy' @ zyjh xk ht`gc- xk yokcj- xk bn|jf`tmt`jghy- @ zyjh xk ojyy ntkzgh' @ ikzmhgx inmm opyjm n ong djinzyj @ vnygx tjyukg/y`dmj k|jt op m`j ngh xbj m`j k kxbjty- ngh xbj jjm`gfy k kxbjty' Dzx vbjg @ ibngfjh@ djinoj tjyukgy`dmj ngh yxntxjh xk ynp1 vbjg @ hk xb`y- op no`mp `y gkx bnuup-

vbjg @ yokcj @ onp fjx yìc- xb`y `y gkx fkkh kt oj' Xnx `y vbjg @ djinoj n ongdjinzyj @ yxntxjh hk`gf vbnx Fkh bny uztukyjh oj xk hk'

Xj yzffjyx`kg bjtj `y xbnx tjnm ongbkkh `y hjgjh dp tjyukgy`d`m`xp' Dj`gftjyukgy`dmj k|jt kgjy m`j ngh xbj m`|jy k kxbjtyxbnx `y djm`j|jh xk dj vbnxFkh uztukyjy n ong xk hk' Xjtjktj- g tjxtkyujix- g xbj ujt`kh vbjg Hnggpvny umnp`gf ntkzgh ngh hk`gf xb`gfy xbnx bj ngh b`y t`jghy nx xbnx xòjikgy`hjtjh ongmp- bj nixznmmp vny gkx n ong niikth`gf xk b`y gjv zghjt/

yxngh`gf' Ny bj jrumn`gjh xk oj- Nxjt tjij`|`gf Ibt`yx ngh nxjt tjnh`gf xbjvkth k Fkh- gkv @ xb`gc1 dj`gf n ong `y dj`gf tjyukgy`dmj- `x y ndkzx niijux/`gf tjyukgy`d`m`x`jy' Dj`gf tjyukgy`dmj k|jt pkztyjm- k|jt pkzt yzttkzgh`gfngh kt kxbjt ujkumjy m`j1 kt oj- xbnx `y dj`gf n ong' Hnggp j|jg f`|jy nxbjkmkfìnm `gxjtutjxnx`kg k xb`y zghjtyxngh`gf k ongbkkh dp tjjtt`gf xkFkhy ikoongh xk Nhno xk cjju xbj Fnthjg "Fjg' 41>:)' @g b`y ku`g`kg- xbjd`dmìnm itjnx`kg yxktp ybkvy xbnx n tjnm ong `y yzuukyjh xk dj tjyukgy`dmj- xkxncj intj kt xbj jg|`tkgojgx'

@ mnxjt h`yizyy `g ykoj hjxn`m xbj `hjn xbnx ongbkkh `y ndkzx tjyukgy`d`m`xp'

Bjtj op uk`gx `y xbnx kt Hnggp ngh kxbjty xb`y zghjtyxngh`gf ikojy ny ntjyzmx k dj`gf dktg/nfn`g' Fjxx`gf dktg/nfn`g `y gkx n h`yjodkh`jh yu`t`xznmtjd`txb dzx g|km|jy ngh nljixy ojg ny fjghjtjh ngh jodkh`jh dj`gfy' Hnggpuzx xb`y jmk~zjgxmp- ynp`gf1 Pkz bn|j xk niijux Ibt`yxngh xbnx `y vbjg Fkh`y fk`gf xk oncj n ong kzx k pkz' Ngkxbjt `gxjt|`jvjj tjjttjh xk bòyjmngh b`y dktg/nfn`g t`jghy ny fzpy vbk bn|j djjg tjokhjmmjh ny ojg djinzyjFkh bny xnzfbx xbjo vbnx `y jrujixjh k n ong' Xj tjyukghjgxy hk gkxnuujnt xk dj zgijtxn`g ndkzx xbj`t onmj `hjgx`xp y`gij dj`gf dktg/nfn`g-xbkzfb xbjp ntj nvntj xbnx kxbjty onp ikgy`hjt xbjo y`yy`jy' Tnxbjt- x nuujnty

xbnx kt xbjyj pkzgf nhzmx ojg xbj dtjnc v`xb xbj unyx jgxn`my n dtjnc v`xb xbjgktoy k onyizm`g`xp ukuzmnt nokgf xbj`t ujjty' Dtjnc`gf v`xb xbjyj gktoyyjjoy xk dj n itzi`nm yxju xkvnth n yxnfj k onxztj ongbkkh- vbìb `g Qno/d`n `y fjgjtnmmp nyyki`nxjh v`xb gkx`kgy yzib ny tjyukgy`d`m`xp ngh v`yhko nghv`xb tkmjy yzib ny dj`gf xbj bjnh k xbj bkzyjbkmh ngh xbj utk|`hjt kt xbjno`mp "Hk|jt 455:)' @x ikzmh dj ntfzjh- xbjtjktj- xbnx djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g`y n gjv h`yizty`|j t`xj hj unyynfjkt pkzgf ojg `g ztdng yjxx`gfy vbjtj xtnh`/x`kgnm t`xjy k unyynfj ngh kxbjt vnpy k mjntg`gf onyizm`g`xp bn|j mntfjmph`ynuujntjh' Mkkc`gf dnic nx b`y m`j ut`kt xk djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g- kgj k

xbj `gxjt|`jvjjy ikgimzhjh- Dj`gf n Ibt`yx`ng bny tjnmmp okzmhjh oj `gxk ndjxxjt ong'


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N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490 449

Xj @hjnm kl Dktg/Nfn`g Ongbkkh

Vbjg ongbkkh y tjhjgjh ngh onmj hjgx`xp `y tjybnujh nokgf ojg ny untxk dj`gf dktg/nfn`g- xbj ~zjyx`kg `y vbnx gjv xpuj k onyizm`g`xp xb`y dt`gfyndkzx' Vbnx `y xbj `hjnm k ongbkkh xbnx dktg/nfn`g ojg bn|j ikgyxtzixjhngh m`|j zu xk- ukyy`dmp zghjt xbj `gzjgij k xbj yjtokgy ngh kxbjt xjnib/`gfy utk|`hjh `g xbj`t Ujgxjikyxnm ibztib;4 Vbnx- `g xbj`t ku`g`kg- ntj xbjibntnixjt`yxìy k dj`gf n dktg/nfn`g Ibt`yx`ng ong- ngh bkv hk xbjyj tjmnxjxk yki`nm ngh izmxztnm gkx`kgy ngh gktoy tjmnxjh xk onyizm`g`xp;

Vbjg xnmc`gf ndkzx xbj`t m`|jy ny dktg/nfn`g Ibt`yx`ngy- yj|jtnm `gxjt|`jv/jjy xkmh oj xbnx xbjp gkv m`|j zu xk Ibt`yx`ng oktnm |nmzjy ngh xbnx xbj`tm`jyxpmj bny xbzy ibngfjh' Tjiztt`gf xbjojy ntj xbnx xbjp yxkuujh ht`gc`gf-yokc`gfngh bn|`gf nln`ty- ngh xbnx xbjp bn|j djikoj oktj yjt`kzy ndkzxm`j' Xjyj ibngfjy `g djbn|`kzt ngh m`jyxpmj ntj `gktojh dp tjm`f`kzy `hjnmyutkokxjh `g Ujgxjikyxnm i`timjy' Lkt jrnoumj- kgj tjyukghjgx jrumn`gjh1Dktg nfn`g ojngy pkz ntj kmmkv`gf Ibt`yx- inttp`gf xbj itkyy' Dj`gf n Ibt`y/x`ng ong @ bn|j hji`hjh xk kmmkv Ibt`yx- @ kmmkv xbj |nmzjy k Ibt`yx' Xjokx`|j k kmmkv`gf Ibt`yx- ò`xnx`k Ibt`yx`- `y n imnyyì Ibt`yx`ng `hjnm ozibkmhjt xbng Ujgxjikyxnm`yo3 bkvj|jtxbj jrnoumj f`|jg dp xb`y `gxjt|`jvjjh`tjixmp `mmzyxtnxjy xbj okhjtg Ujgxjikyxnm ikgijtg ndkzx yjrznm oktnm`xp1Ajyzy xnzfbx ndkzx gk yjr djktj ontt`nfj3 xbnx y kgj k xbj |nmzjy vj nixznmmp

kmmkv xbtkzfb Ibt`yx' Tjfnthmjyy k vbjxbjt xb`y nyyjtx`kg `y ikttjix`g xbjGjv jyxnojgx fkyujmy Ajyzy hkjy gkx ynp ngpxb`gf ndkzx yjr djktj ont/t`nfj`x `y ojng`gfzm y`gij `x hjokgyxtnxjy bkv ijtxn`g oktnm gktoy ntjh`tjixmp nxxt`dzxjh xk Ajyzy Ibt`yx- vbk yujncy v`xb h`|`gj nzxbkt`xp' @g nyò`mnt vnp n ibztib ojodjt jrumn`gjh xk oj xbnx Ibt`yx utkb`d`xjh xbjht`gc`gf k nmikbkm- ikoumjxjmp fgkt`gf xbnx niikth`gf xk xbj Fkyujm k AkbgAjyzy ibngfjh vnxjt `gxk v`gj' Ngkxbjt okx`|j- ojgx`kgjh dp |nt`kzy `gxjt/|`jvjjy- `y xbj `hjnm k bkm`gjyy- vbìb `y ibntnixjt`yxì k Ujgxjikyxnm Ibt`yx`/ng`xp ngh hnxjy dnic xk jntm`jt Ibt`yx`ng tj|`|nm`yx ok|jojgxy' Jrumn`g`gf xb`y

`hjnm- Tkdjtx- vbkyj yxktp vny utjyjgxjh ndk|j- yn`h1

k cjju pkztyjm bkmp ojngy xk m`|j n m`j xbnx `y imjng djktj Fkh' M`cj kt zy fzpy gkvkong`q`gf- gk yokc`gf- gk ht`gc`gf- gk ibjnx`gf- gkx hk`gf xb`gfy m`cj xb`y xbnx ntjnfn`gyx Fkh' Djinzyj Fkh `y bkmp- ngh xbj D`dmj ynpy xbjtjktj vj nmyk bn|j xk dj bkmp'

Vbp `x `y òuktxngx xk dj bkmp `y xbnx vbjg pkz ntj bkmp pkz bn|j xbnx ikggjix`kgv`xb Fkh- xbnx h`tjix ikggjix`kg v`xb Fkh' @ xb`gc xbnx `y xbj okyx òuktxngx xb`gf'Fkh `y bkmp- yk vbjg pkz ntj bkmp xbjtj `y xbnx h`tjix ikggjix`kg v`xb Fkh' ' ' ' k djbkmp- tyx k nmm pkz gjjh xk dj dktg/nfn`g ngh xk f`|j ikoumjxj pkzt m`j xk Ibt`yx nghxk dj ikoo`xxjh xk xbj ikoonghy k Fkh'


10/25


Imjntmp- Tkdjtx ikgy`hjty bkm`gjyy n ikgh`x`kg kt dj`gf ikggjixjh xk Fkhng `hjn xbnx `y hjt`|jh tko xbj D`dmj- Bjdtjv >41>8- vbìb tjnhy1 Oncj

j|jtp jlktx ' ' ' xk dj bkmp3 v`xbkzx bkm`gjyy gk kgj v`mm yjj xbj Mkth "G@\)'Tkdjtx tjjty xk pjx ngkxbjt d`dmìnm |jtyj vbjg bj yzffjyxy xbnx djinzyj Fkh`y bkmp vj nmyk bn|j xk dj bkmp- n untnubtnyj k Mj|`xìzy >>188' Kxbjttjyukghjgxy nmyk b`fbm`fbxjh xbj `hjnm k bkm`gjyy- dzx xbjp tjjttjh xk xbjgkx`kg k xbj dkhp ny n xjoumj k xbj Bkmp Yu`t`x "> Ikt`gxb`ngy 6)' @x`y j|`hjgx xbnx xbjyj ojg kmmkv xbj tjm`f`kzy `hjnm k bkm`gjyy yk ibntnixjt`yxìk Ujgxjikyxnm`yo- okx`|nx`gf xbjo xk nhbjtj xk oktnm gktoy tjmnxjh xk yjrz/nm`xp- tjmnx`kgybùy- ngh ht`gc`gf'

@x bny djjg yzffjyxjh xbnx xbj utkijyy k yngixìnx`kg `g Ujgxjikyxnm i`timjy

`g|km|jy ng jmjojgx k yzttjghjt`gf xbnx bny n fjghjtjh hòjgy`kg' Kg xbjdny`y k ng ngnmpy`y k vkojgy ikg|jty`kg gnttnx`|jy- \`tf`g`n Dtjtjxkgkdyjt|jy xbnx jgxjt`gf `gxk bkm`gjyy kt dj`gf yngix`jh ojngx mjxx`gf Fkhxncj k|jt kgjy jgx`tj m`j- `g nmm `xy hòjgy`kgy' ' ' ' Xj yngix`jh vkong vnyxk f`|j zu xk nmm jlktx ngh yxtzffmj ngh mjx Fkh nix `g bjt m`j ">00>- -


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N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490 44:

ongbkkh' @g ikgxtnyx xk xbj`t ujjty vbk inggkx ikgxtkm xbjoyjm|jy ngh yò/ump kmmkv xbj`t hjy`tjy- kt dktg/nfn`g ojg xbj nd`m`xp xk ikgxtkm xbj yjm

djikojy n vnp k utk|`gf onmj yxtjgfxb' Xj yxktp k Hnggp- ~zkxjh ndk|j-`y `mmzyxtnx`|j bjtj' Bj yxnxjy xbnx bj vny gkx tjyukgy`dmj kt b`y m`j ngh `gtjxtkyujix tjnm`qjy bj vny gkx n ong' Kgmp nxjt ikg|jty`kg- vbjg bj yxntxjhxk xncj tjyukgy`d`m`xp kt b`y m`j ngh xk ikgxtkm b`y ikghzix- h`h bj tjnib xtzjongbkkh' Xnx `y vbjg @ djinoj n ongdjinzyj @ yxntxjh hk`gf vbnx Fkhbny uztukyjh oj xk hk' Hnggpy yxktp imjntmp ybkvy bkv `g xbj dktg/nfn`gutkftno gkx kgmp n gjv oktnm yzdajix dzx n gjv onmj fjghjtjh yzdajix `y itj/nxjh- `gyu`tjh dp ng nmxjtgnx`|j zghjtyxngh`gf k onyizm`g`xp'

Xj m`gc djxvjjg yjm/ikgxtkm ngh dktg/nfn`g ongbkkh y nmyk htnvg dp xbj

tjyukghjgx ~zkxjh ndk|j- vbk imnòjh xbnx Ibt`yx`ng`xp okzmhjh bò `gxk ndjxxjt ong1

Dj`gf n Ibt`yx`ng bny tjnmmp okzmhjh oj `gxk n djxxjt ong' @ cgkv xbnx xbjtj ntjijtxn`g nxxt`dzxjy xbnx pkz bn|j xk ybkv ny n Ibt`yx`ng- djbn|`kzt xbnx `y jrujixjhk pkz- ngh ykoj tjyxtìx`kgy nmyk' ' ' ' Ibt`yx`ng m`j fkjy v`xb ikgxtkmy- ngh xbkyj ikg/xtkmy bjmu pkz `g nib`j|`gf ijtxn`g xb`gfy `g m`j' Vbjg `x ikojy xk yki`nm m`j- ktjrnoumj g`fbxm`j xbnx y ykojxb`gf kgj ing ikgxtkm' V`xbkzx Ibt`yx`ng xjnib`gf pkztm`j `y tjicmjyy- pkz hkgx zghjtyxngh `yyzjy k yjrznm`xp ngh `yyzjy k ongnf`gf pkztokgjp- pkz jny`mp yujgh pkzt okgjp' Xzy m`|`gf v`xb xbjyj mò`xnx`kgy oncjy pkz n

djxxjt ong'

Ojjx`gfy k xbj ojgy o`g`yxtp `g xbj ibztib utk|`hj kuuktxzg`xp kt xjyx`/okg`jy' Bjtj ojg ybntj bkv xbjp bn|j yxtzffmjh ngh yziijjhjh xk ikgxtkm xbjyjm' Xjyj xjyxòkg`jy kgmp tj`gktij xbj `hjn xbnx yjm/ikgxtkm `y n itzi`nmnyujix k dktg/nfn`g ongbkkh' k uzx `x `g Lkzinzmh`ng mngfznfj- xbj v`x/gjyy`gf k xbj jlktxy xk ikgxtkm xbj yjm `y ng ouktxngx xjibgkmkfp k xbj yjm nokgf Ujgxjikyxnm ojg xbtkzfb vbìb dktg/nfn`g onyizm`g`xp `y ikgyx`xzxjh"i' Ontybnmm 4550- >:4)'

Yjm/ikgxtkm `y gkx xbj kgmp kt xbj okyx ijgxtnm jnxztj k dktg/nfn`g ong/bkkh' Ujgxjikyxnm ojg bn|j pjx kxbjt vnpy xk jyxndm`yb xbj`t onmj `hjgx`xp'Gkxj- kt jrnoumj- xbnx Hnggp `g xbj ndk|j/~zkxjh yxktp xjmmy xbnx bj- nxjtdj`gf dktg/nfn`g- mjntgjh tko xbj D`dmj xbnx ongbkkh `y ndkzx xnc`gftjyukgy`d`m`xp' Onc`gf xb`y ikgitjxj- bj xkmh oj ndkzx b`y ikoo`xojgx xkzg`xj b`y no`mp- vbìb nxjt xbj hjnxb k b`y untjgxy bnh oktj kt mjyy nmmjgnuntx' Ngkxbjt tjyukghjgx- n ong g b`y xb`tx`jy vbk y ontt`jh ngh bny n no/`mp- nmyk joubny`qjh xbnx tko n d`dmìnm ujtyujix`|j ongbkkh y ndkzx tjyukg/y`d`m`xp' Dj`gf dktg/nfn`g- bj yn`h- tj`gktijh b`y ikoo`xojgx xk xncj intj k

b`y no`mp onxjt`nmmp ngh jokx`kgnmmp' Nho`xx`gf xbnx xtnh`x`kgnmmp n ong `yyzuukyjh xk mkkc nxjt b`y no`mp- bj pjx yxnxjh1 Xj Ibt`yx`ng zghjtyxngh`gf


12/25

44< N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490

uzxy `x xbnx xbj tjyukgy`d`m`xp djikojy oktj ktvnth mkkc`gf' @x djikojy ntjyukgy`d`m`xp tko Fkh' Vbjtjdp ` @ hkgx hk vbnx @ ybkzmh hk- `x djikojy

ng `yyzj `g op yu`t`xznm`xp' Xj joubny`y kg onmj tjyukgy`d`m`xp hkjy gkxojng xbnx vkojg- niikth`gf xk xbjyj `gxjt|`jvjjy- hk gkx bn|j tjyukgy`d`m`/x`jy3 bkvj|jt- xbjp djm`j|j xbnx ojg bn|j n utòntp ngh zghnojgxnm tjyukg/y`d`m`xp' Ny kgj k xbjo jrumn`gjh- @ yk ozib jjm xbnx Fkh bny uzx n b`fbjtutjo`zo- n b`fbjt hjongh kg xbj ong xbng kg xbj vkong' Yk xbj hjonghkt ojg `y b`fbjt- xk tjnmmp hj|jmku ibntnixjt' X`y djm`j `y `gktojh dp xbjitjnx`kg yxktp `g Fjgjy`y 4' Lkt xbjyj Ujgxjikyxnm ojg- xbj nix xbnx Fkh itj/nxjh Nhno tyx ngh fn|j bò xbj tjyukgy`d`m`xp k gno`gf xbj ngònmy nghcjju`gf xbj fnthjg hjokgyxtnxjy xbj b`fb jrujixnx`kgy xbnx Fkh bny k ojg

`g fjgjtnm' Ny kgj k xbjo jrumn`gjh1

@ pkz ntj n ong- Fkh jrujixy n mkx tko pkz' Vbjg Fkh onhj Nhno- xbj D`dmj ynpy1Fkh onhj n fnthjg ngh uzx xbj ong `g `x' Nhno h`h gkx gh n ongy`kg- bj h`h gkxgh n utkijyy`gf umngx kt azìj' Bj kzgh gkxb`gf- azyx n dzyb' Bj bnh xk izmx`|nxj-bj bnh xk vktc x- xk xncj intj k x' Bj bnh xk yxntx zy`gf b`y jgf`gjjt`gf o`gh- ggk/|nx`kg' Lkt oj xbnx xjmmy n mkx ndkzx vbnx Fkh jrujixy' Fkh h`h gkx azyx xjmm1 bjtj

Nhno- j|jtpxb`gf y g`ybjh- bjtj pkz ntj' Yk xbnx y vbnx n ong ybkzmh hk1 yxntx tkogkxb`gfngh hk ykojxb`gf' Xnx y vbnx j|jtp y`gfmj ong ybkzmh hk' Bj bny xk oncjòunix'

X`y xbjkmkfìnm ntfzojgx ing dj ikgy`hjtjh xk tjjix xbj ujtykgnm vktc h`y/iùm`gj kt xbj Utkxjyxngx jxbì v`xb vbìb Ujgxjikyxnm`yo kxjg `y nyyki`nxjh"Ontx`g 4554- >53 Ojpjt 45>5d- >>4)' Bkvj|jt- `x `y j|jg oktj `gxjtjyx`gfxk gkxj xbnx xb`y vktc jxbì ngh h`yiùm`gj `y untx gkx k n fjgjtnm xbjkmkfìnmngxbtkukmkfp- dzx k n xbjkmkfìnm |`y`kg k onyizm`g`xp' X`y |`y`kg okx`|nxjyojg xk tjy`yx ujjt utjyyztj- xk ibnmmjgfj ukuzmnt gkx`kgy k onyizm`g`xp `gyki`jxp- ngh xk imnò ng nmxjtgnx`|j onmj `hjgx`xp'

K ikztyj- g tjnm`xp xb`y tjjty xk ikoumjr utkijyyjy xbnx ntj b`fbmp ujtykgnm

ngh hjujgh kg kgjy yujiì y`xznx`kg `g m`j' Dktg/nfn`g onyizm`g`xp `y gkx nokgkm`xbì `hjnm dzx ikgy`yxy k ykoj fjgjtnm gkx`kgy- yzib ny xbj `hjn k nFkh/f`|jg tjyukgy`d`m`xp- xbnx ntj nuum`jh xk ojgy m`|jy ngh ntj `giktuktnxjh`g ojgy fjghjt `hjgx`x`jy `g h`ljtjgx vnpy' Xj kmmkv`gf niikzgx utk|`hjyykoj `gy`fbx `gxk yzib n ujtykgnm utkijyy `g vbìb n dktg/nfn`g ong tjhj/gjh b`y `hjgx`xp ny n ong |`y//|`y yki`nm gktoy tjmnxjh xk onyizm`g`xp' @x `yxbj niikzgx k n y`gfmj ong- mjxy inmm bò Djtgnth- `g b`y o`h/xb`tx`jy1

Izmxztnmmp n ong bny xk dj yxtkgf- bny xk onttp- ngh yk kg' Vb`mj ontt`nfj onp gkx

dj xbjtj- @ djm`j|j xbnx kgj k xbj xb`gfy n ong ybkzmh hk `y xbnx bj ybkzmh oncj xb`gfybnuujg- n ong ybkzmh niikoum`yb xb`gfy' Y`gij @ no gkx ontt`jh ngh @ no gkx


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ujtij`|jh xk dj yjrznmmp nix`|j- @ vngx xk oncj yztj xbnx @ no jljix`|j `g vbnx @ hk'Ninhjoìnmmp @ vngx xk oncj yztj xbnx @ tjnmmp hk xbj djyx xbnx @ ing' O`g`yxtp/v`yj@ vngx xk oncj yztj xbnx @ no hk`gf xbj djyx' Xjyj |jtp xb`gfy xncj nvnp xbj yjjo/`gfmp yjrznm ouktxngij xbnx ujkumj yjjo xk ujtij`|j' @ @ no jljix`|j- @ jjm @ no oktjk n ong' Vbjg @ no jljix`|j `g o`g`yxtp- xbnx oncjy oj n ong' Djinzyj n ong `yyzuukyjh xk utk|`hj mjnhjtybù- ngh o`g`yxtp y mjnhjtybù' @ pkz ing gzjgij ujkumjxk nxxjgh ojjx`gfy xbjp ntj yzuukyjh xk nxxjgh- ngh vbjg pkz ing xjnib ujkumj nghxbjp ntj fjxx`gf yn|jh ngh ntj ftkv`gf `g xbj xb`gfy k Fkh- xbnx `xyjm `y ukxjgip' @xoncjy pkz jjm`gf xbnx pkz ntj onc`gf n ikgxt`dzx`kg' Yk @ tjhjgj x1 dj`gf n ong ygkx ndkzx dj`gf yjrznmmp nix`|j' Vbnx oncjy pkz n ong `y xbj nix xbnx pkz ntj ndmj xkinttp kzx n mjnhjtybù tkmj- j`xbjt `g xbj ibztib kt kzxy`hj' @xy gkx yjrznm jnxztjy xbnxoncj pkz n ong- `x `y vbnx pkz ing hk `g pkzt ongm`gjyy tnxbjt xbng `g pkzt ong/bkkh- ndkzx dj`gf n ong- dj`gf n mjnhjt- onc`gf xb`gfy bnuujg'

Ltko b`y yujiì y`xznx`kg- dj`gf k ng nfj dp vbìb n ong `y jrujixjh xk djontt`jh- Djtgnth y gkx kgmp nijh v`xb ngh yxtzffm`gf v`xb xbj yki`nm jrujixn/x`kg k ontt`nfj dzxujtbnuy j|jg oktj it`xìnmmpnmyk v`xb ukuzmnt `hjnyxbnx j~znxj onyizm`g`xp v`xb yjrznm ujtktongij' k n|k`h xb`y nyyki`nx`kg- bjutjjty xk yujnc ndkzx ongm`gjyy tnxbjt xbng ndkzx ongbkkh' Lkt bò xbjxjto ongm`gjyy djxxjt inuxztjy xbj xpuj k onmj ibntnixjt bj bny hj|jmkujh-vbìb `y hjgjh dp mjnhjtybù- jljix`|jgjyy- ngh `gzjgij' Ikgitjxjmp- xb`ytjhjg`x`kg k onyizm`g`xp ojngy xbnx Djtgnth uztyzjy b`y ninhjoì yxzh`jy

ngh `y ikoo`xxjh xk o`g`yxtp `g xbj ibztib `g nhh`x`kg xk b`y utkjyy`kgnmtjyukgy`d`m`x`jy' Bj tngcmp nho`xxjh xbnx bj bkujy xk gh n v`j dzx- tjjtt`gfxk xbj nukyxmj Unzm ny ng jrnoumj- bj nmyk yn`h1 @ pkz vngx xk dj jljix`|j pkzntj djxxjt kl ny n y`gfmj- jyuji`nmmp vbjg xbj inmm`gf pkz bn|j `y yk bzfj'

N gnm nyujix k xbj `hjnm k dktg/nfn`g ongbkkh tjjixjh `g xbj niikzgxyk Ujgxjikyxnm ojg `g xb`y yxzhp ikgijtgy xbj`t nxx`xzhjy xkvnth vkojg'Djinzyj Ujgxjikyxnm h`yikztyjy kg onyizm`g`xp kxjg joubny`qj gkx`kgy yzib nyonmj bjnhybù- onmj mjnhjtybù- ngh n utòntp onmj tjyukgy`d`m`xp- "utk)jo`g`yxyibkmnty bn|j kxjg it`xì`qjh Ujgxjikyxnm`yo kt tj`gkti`gf unxt`ntibnm ikg/

yxtzix`kgy k onyizm`g`xp ngh on`gxn`g`gf `gj~znm`x`jy `g fjghjt tjmnx`kgy"Ib`xnghk 45563 Gnhnt 4550)' @ghjjh- Ujgxjikyxnm`yo `g Ntìn fjgjtnmmp hkjygkx utkokxj n okhjtg "Vjyxjtg) gkx`kg k fjghjt j~znm`xp' \nt`kzy tjyukgh/jgxy bjmh |`jvy ndkzx fjghjt tjmnx`kgy xbnx ntj jnyp xntfjxy kt it`xì`yo tko njo`g`yx ujtyujix`|j' Lkt jrnoumj- kgj pkzgf ong jrumn`gjh xbnx

n ong bny xk dj xbj mjnhjt- xbj bjnh k n tjmnx`kgybù' Pkz bn|j jpjy `g xbj bjnh- pkzbn|j jnty- n gkyj- n okzxb' N ong `g xbj tjmnx`kgybù bny xk bn|j jpjy- yjj`gf vbjtjxbj tjmnx`kgybù y fk`gf' Bj bny xk dj itjnx`|j' N ong bny xk bn|j jnty- bj bny xk bjnt

ngh m`yxjg xk b`y v`j ngh xk xb`gc' Xjg bj bny xk xnmc ngh f`|j h`tjix`kg' Xj v`j `yyzuukyjh xk dj xbj bjmujt k xbj ong'


14/25


Bkvj|jt- xbjtj ntj ykoj gxjtjyx`gf nyujixy g xb`y ongy niikzgx- vbk nx xbnxxòj vny gkx `g n tjmnx`kgybù dzx vny yujnc`gf ndkzx b`y zxztj ontt`nfj' Bj

yzffjyxy xbnx n ong bny xk m`yxjg xk b`y v`j djktj bj oncjy hji`y`kgy' @gxbj `gxjt|`jv bj nmyk xkmh oj xbnx bj `y mkkc`gf kt n v`j v`xb vbko bj ingybntj b`y o`g`yxtp1 kfjxbjt vj jrujix xbj C`gfhko k Fkh- xkfjxbjt vj ingfk xk umnijy nmm ntkzgh xbj vktmh xk utjnib xbj Fkyujm' ' ' ' @ vngx kzt tjmnx`kg/ybù xk dj kizyjh kg vbnx Fkh `y xjmm`gf zy- xbj |`y`kg Fkh bny f`|jg zy'Xjyj ikoojgxy k n pkzgf dktg/nfn`g Ibt`yx`ng vbk htjnoy k n zxztjyjt|`gf Fkh `g fmkdnm o`g`yxtp ntj `gxjtjyx`gf djinzyj xbjp `ghìnxj n y`fg`/ingx mj|jm k untxgjtybù djxvjjg bzydngh ngh v`j' Ykoj ontt`jh `gxjt|`jv/jjy vjtj oktj jrumì`x ndkzx xb`y' Xjp utk|`hjh ikgitjxj jrnoumjy k

untxgjtybù `g xbj`t ontt`nfjy- |ntp`gf tko bjmu`gf xbj`t v`j `g xbj c`xibjg-xk ak`gx hji`y`kg onc`gfxk jgikztnf`gf xbj`t v`j xk uztyzj n utkjyy`kgnmintjjt' Tjontcndmp- xbjp kxjg joubny`qjh xbnx xtnh`x`kgnmmp xb`y vkzmh gkxdj ukyy`dmj- xbzy ontc`gf n h`yx`gix`kg djxvjjg Ibt`yx`ng ngh Ntìng izmxztnmikgfztnx`kgy k fjghjt tjmnx`kgy `g ontt`nfj' Ny kgj k xbjo jrumn`gjh-nxjt dj`gf dktg/nfn`g bj bnh mjntgjh ndkzx xbj Ibt`yx`ng zghjtyxngh`gf kontt`nfj1

Ltko xbj Ibt`yx`ng uk`gx pkz gh xbj dnyì kzghnx`kgnm xjnib`gf1 mk|j pkzt v`j ny

Ibt`yx mk|jy xbj ibztib' Pkz ntj xnzfbx xk tjyujix bjt ngh xk ikoo`x kgmp xk bjt' @x `ygkx n onyxjt/ymn|j tjmnx`kgybù ny x `y xtnh`x`kgnmmp- dzx `x y ndkzx untxgjtybù' ' ' ' ' Xjgkx`kg k xbj ong ny bjnh `y itzi`nm- dzx zgm`cj xbj xtnh`x`kgnm kgj `x joubny`qjy ntjmnx`kgybù vbjtj xbjtj y mk|j ngh tjyujix tko dkxb y`hjy'

Xj ikount`ykg djxvjjg xbj mk|j k n bzydngh kt b`y v`j ngh xbj mk|j kIbt`yx kt xbj ibztib `y hjt`|jh tko xbj Gjv jyxnojgx "Jubjy`ngy :149/4:)'Bjtj- xbj nukyxmj Unzm ~znm`jy xbj gkx`kg k onmj bjnhybù `g ontt`nfj v`xbn tjjtjgij xk Ibt`yx vbk `y xbj bjnh k xbj ibztib ngh mk|jy xbj ibztib'Niikth`gf xk |nt`kzy tjyukghjgxy- mk|j ngh untxgjtybù ntj ibntnixjt`yxì k nxtzj Ibt`yx`ng ontt`nfj dzx ntj mntfjmp ndyjgx `g xbj xtnh`x`kgnm nttngfjojgxk ontt`nfj vbjtj onmj bjnhybù tjyzmxy `g n onyxjt/ymn|j tjmnx`kgybù' Yzibn tjutjyjgxnx`kg- vbjxbjt kt gkx x y ikttjix- ikgtoy xbj kdyjt|nx`kg xbnx xbjdtjnc v`xb xbj unyx xbnx Ujgxjikyxnm`yo nh|kinxjy nmyk `gimzhjy n dtjnc v`xbNtìng izmxztj kt Ntìng xtnh`x`kg "Jgfjmcj 45583 Ojpjt >002)' Xjndk|j niikzgx ybkvy xbnx xb`y dtjnc `y nuum`jh- nokgf kxbjt xb`gfy- xk xtnh`/x`kgnm `hjny ndkzx fjghjt tjmnx`kgy ngh onyizm`g`xp'

Xj yzffjyx`kg `y xbnx Ntìng izmxztj `y ibntnixjt`qjh dp onmj hko`gngijngh kuutjyy`kg k vkojg- vb`mj Ibt`yx`ng`xp utkokxjy mk|j- untxgjtybù-

ngh tjyukgy`d`m`xp' Yò`mnt h`yikztyjy bn|j djjg kzgh `g Ujgxjikyxnm i`timjy`g Fbngn "Ykkxb`mm 4556)' Jqtn Ib`xnghk bny it`xìnmmp ikoojgxjh xbnx


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Ujgxjikyxnm`yo hkjy gkx dtjnc tnhìnmmp jgkzfb v`xb xtnh`x`kgnm Ntìng ktoyk unxt`ntibp' Bj kdyjt|jy xbnx Ujgxjikyxnm hjg`x`kgy k onyizm`g`xp ntj yx`mm

tkkxjh `g xbj untnh`fo k xbj onmj ny xbj mjnhjt ngh zubkmh xbj opxb konmj bjnhybù "4556- >44- >48)' X`y kdyjt|nx`kg `y ikttjix- dzx `x onp k|jt/mkkc xbj xtngyktonx`kgy k onyizm`g`xp xnc`gf umnij v`xb`g xbjyj unxt`ntibnmuntnh`foy' Xj dktg/nfn`g ojg `g op yxzhp djnt v`xgjyy xk ibngfjy `g xbj`tnxx`xzhjy xkvnth vkojg- `g ontt`nfj- ngh `g dtknhjt fjghjt tjmnx`kgy' Bkv/j|jt- djinzyj xbjyj Ujgxjikyxnm xtngyktonx`kgy k onyizm`g`xp ntj vtnuujh zu`g n oktj kt mjyy unxt`ntibnm h`yikztyj- `x ing dj hìzmx kt "utk)jo`g`yxyibkmnty xk tjikfg`qj ngh nicgkvmjhfj xbjo "Dtzyik 45>5- 253 \ng Cm`gcjg45>>)'

Hjnm`gf v`xb Ibnmmjgfjy ngh Tjy`yx`gf jouxnx`kgy

Nx tyx fmngij- ikg|jty`kg yxkt`jy ntj kxjg yziijyy yxkt`jy' Xjp xjmm bkv ujk/umj fkx yn|jh dp niijux`gf Ajyzy Ibt`yx ny xbj`t ujtykgnm yn|`kzt- ngh bkv xbj`tm`j bny tnhìnmmp ibngfjh djinzyj xbjp gkv m`|j zu xk b`fbjt oktnm gktoy' Kgxbj dny`y k xbj gnttnx`|jy bj yxzh`jh- Fkktjg "45>5- >5


16/25


xbnx b`y nxbjt j|jg xbtjnxjgjh xk jrimzhj bò tko xbj no`mp' Nuntx tko xbjtjy`yxngij tko ujjty ngh tjmnx`|jy- ojg tjuktxjh tjy`yxngij xbtkzfbkzx xbj`t

Ibt`yx`ng m`j- kt jrnoumj tko jmmkv yxzhjgxy nx zg`|jty`xp kt tko ikm/mjnfzjy `g xbj vktcumnij' k hjnm v`xb xbjyj |nt`kzy ktoy k tjy`yxngij `x `ydjm`j|jh xbnx kgj bny xk dj to `g Ibt`yx- ny kgj `gxjt|`jvjj uzx `x1 AjyzyIbt`yx tjnmmp yxkkh zu kt vbnx bj djm`j|jh `g- kt vbnx bj ikgy`hjtjh xk djxbj xtzxb'

Tjmnxjh xk tjy`yxngij tko xbj kzxy`hj ntj ibnmmjgfjy `g xbj inxjfktp kdj`gf xjyxjh kt xjouxjh dp kxbjty' X`y y mmzyxtnxjh dp xbj yxktp k kgj pkzgfong- vbko @ inmm F`x' @g n ojjx`gf kt y`gfmj ojg xnc`gf umnij `g xbj ibztibxbjtj vny xòj kt xjyxòkg`jyngh F`x kljtjh xbj kmmkv`gf niikzgx ndkzx

bkv bj bnh tjijgxmp mkyx b`y akd1

Vbjg pkz ntj vktc`gf ny n y`gfmj ujtykg- j|jtpdkhp `y vnxib`gf pkz' Ujkumj vngx xkxtp pkz- xjyx pkz' Op ongnfjt onhj nh|ngijy xk oj' @ mk|jh op akd yk ozib' Ykojujkumj ntj vktc`gf xbjtj xk umjnyj xbj`t dkyyjy ngh xbjp zyj xbjo ny xkpy- ny yjrznmxkpy' Dzx @ vnygx fk`gf xk hk xbnx' Yk @ utnpjh ndkzx `x' @ xnmcjh ndkzx `x v`xb opozo' @ vjgx xk n untxp v`xb bjt Sxbj ongnfjt_- dzx @ onhj zu op o`gh gkx xk jghzu ymjju`gf v`xb bjt' ' ' ' ' @xy n mkgf yxktp' Nx xbj jgh k xbj hnp- @ mkkyjh op akddjinzyj @ h`hgx vngx xk jgxjt `gxk ng nln`t v`xb bjt' Vj ybkzmh cgkv kzt yxngh `gIbt`yx- vj ybkzmh gkx ymjju v`xb ykojkgj azyx djinzyj k okgjp kt xk cjju kzt akd'

Ny `g xbj utj|`kzy yxkt`jy ndkzx tjy`yxngij tko ujjty kt no`mp ojodjty- `gxb`y yxktp xbj xbtjnx ikojy tko xbj kzxy`hj' Bkvj|jt- `g xb`y yxktp `x `y nvkong vbk tjutjyjgxy xbj xbtjnx k yjhzix`kg' @g n yò`mnt vnp- ngkxbjttjyukghjgx xnmcy ndkzx ibnmmjgfjy bj ykojxòjy nijy `g xbj kij- yzib nyvbjg n vkong Svbk_ `y ybkv`gf kzx bjtyjm kt oj' @x nuujnty xbnx vkojgngh jonmj yjrznm`xp ntj ikgy`hjtjh yjt`kzy ykztijy k hngfjt xk xbjyj dktg/nfn`g ojg `g xbj`t j|jtphnp m`|jy'

Ibnmmjgfjy tko xbj kzxy`hj yzib ny xbkyj utjyjgxjh dp vkojg vkzmh gkx

dj yk hìzmx xk nij ` ojg vjtj gkx nmyk umnfzjh dp `gxjtgnm xjouxnx`kgy'Okyx ibnmmjgfjy tjuktxjh dp xbj Ujgxjikyxnm ojg `g xb`y yxzhp x utji`yjmp `gxbj inxjfktp k xbj vjncgjyy k xbj jyb' Xjyj vjncgjyyjy ntj jmx jyuji`nmmp`g xbj ntjn k yjrznm`xp' Tkdjtx- kt jrnoumj- jrumn`gjh1 Vj ojg okyxmp ntjvjnc' ' ' ' @x ikojy xk vkojg xk dj yxtkgf g xb`y ntjn' @ hkgx cgkv kt kxbjty-dzx @ no vjnc `g xb`y ntjn- @ no gkx yxtkgf' Cgkv`gf b`y vjncgjyyjy- Tkdjtxbny yjntibjh kt n f`tmt`jgh v`xb xbj ynoj ut`giùmjy'

@ no g n tjmnx`kgybù t`fbx gkv- ngh @ no yzt|`|`gf djinzyj op f`tmt`jgh y n djm`j|jt'

Xnx utkxjixy oj' Vj bn|j djjg xkfjxbjt kt y`r okgxby' Dkxb k zy ntj ikoo`xxjh xkxbj ut`giùmj k gk yjr djktj ontt`nfj' Vj h`yizyyjh `x- ngh nixznmmp ybj `y xbj kgj


17/25

N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490 49>

vbk `y yk yjt`kzy ndkzx `x' Xnx `y vbnx oncjy oj bnuup' Pkz cgkv- vj ny ojg ntjvjnc `g xb`y ntjn- vbjg `x ikojy xk `gxònip' Yk @ no bnuup xk bn|j n f`tmt`jgh vbk`y ut`giùmjh'

@g xb`y niikzgx yjm/ikgxtkm- `hjgx`jh ndk|j ny n ibntnixjt`yxì k dktg/nfn`gongbkkh- yjjoy xk dj mjx xk xbj jonmj untxgjt' Pjx Tkdjtx bòyjm imnòy xktjyujix mò`xy- tjjtt`gf xk b`y ikgyi`kzy hji`y`kg nxjt djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g xkn|k`h f`tmy ngh kgmp jgxjt `gxk n tjmnx`kgybù v`xb n f`tm vbk ybntjy b`y ut`gi`/umjy' @x `y gkxjvktxbp xbnx `g xbj ndk|j ~zkxj bj zyjy xbj vkth yzt|`|`gf'Nuuntjgxmp ndyxn`g`gf tko yjr `y ng `yyzj k yzt|`|nm kt bò ny n Ibt`yx`ngong' M`cj Tkdjtx- kxbjt ojg fjgjtnmmp `ghìnxjh xk yzuuktx xbj oktnm ut`gi`/umj k ndyxn`g`gf tko yjr djktj ngh kzxy`hj ontt`nfj- pjx ykoj tjyukghjgxyyzffjyxjh xbnx xbjp gjfkx`nxj xbj yxtìx oktnm gktoy xnzfbx `g xbj ibztib' Npkzgf ong vbk `y jgfnfjh kujgmp hjyit`djh c`yy`gf ny n hjmìnxj `yyzj bjyxtzffmjy v`xb1

J|jg xbkzfb @ no `g xbj Ibt`yx`ng m`j t`fbx gkv- `x hkjygx ojng xbnx @ hkgx bn|jibnmmjgfjy' Lkt jrnoumj- `yyzjy yzib ny c`yy`gf kt gk c`yy`gf' @xy n |jtp hjmìnxj kgj' @x`y ng `yyzj kt nmm k xbj pkzxb' Ltko xbj uzmu`x `x `y xkmh1 Hkgx hk `x- djinzyj kgjxb`gf mjnhy xk ngkxbjt' Dzx vj hk `x- xbj onakt`xp k xbj fzpy hk `x' Ngh vj jgh zujjm`gf ykttp ndkzx `x djinzyj xbjp ynp1 Hkgx hk `x' @xy n ikgyxngx yxtzffmj' Fkkh ngh

j|`m' Pkz ingx ikgyxngxmp tjfzmnxj pkztyjm' @ jjm m`cj Yu`hjt Ong' @x `y n hjmìnxj dnm/ngij' Pkz vngx xk hk `x- ngh xbj gjrx hnp pkz hkgx vngx xk hk `x' @ hk `x- dzx xbnx `y nynt ny `x fkjy'

X`y ~zkxj `mmzyxtnxjy ykoj k xbj ikoumjr utkijyyjy k gjfkx`nx`kg xnc`gfumnij `g xbj dktg/nfn`g onmj yjm' @x ybkvy xbnx kt dktg/nfn`g ojg- xk m`|j zuxk xbj Ujgxjikyxnm `hjnm k ongbkkh ngh `xy tjmnxjh oktnm gktoy tjyzmxy `g nikgyxngx yxtzffmj v`xb xbj`t jybp hjy`tjy' Xjp onp f`|j `g xk xbj hjy`tj kc`yy`gf- dzx xbnx `y ny nt ny `x fkjy- ojng`gf xbnx xbjp ikgx`gzj xk yxtzffmj

v`xb kxbjt hjy`tjy' J|jg xbkzfb xbjp tjnm`qj xbnx `x `y hìzmx- ` gkx òukyy`/dmj- xk ikgyxngxmp tjfzmnxj xbj yjm- xbjp ing nmtjnhp jjm fz`mxp nxjt f`|`gf `gxk n hjy`tj xk c`yy xbj`t ngi'

Lkt dktg/nfn`g ojg- ni`gf ibnmmjgfjy ngh xjouxnx`kgy- dkxb `gxjtgnm nghjrxjtgnm- nuujnty xk dj untx k m`j' Xjp ntj gkx yòump kg n kgj/vnp xtnajixktpk ikg|jty`kg ngh yngixìnx`kg dzx ntj `g|km|jh `g n ikgyxngx gjfkx`nx`kg-xtp`gf xk on`gxn`g xbj hjmìnxj dnmngij djxvjjg oktnm ngh yu`t`xznm gktoyngh xbj nod`fz`x`jy ngh hìzmx`jy k xbj`t hn`mp m`|jy "i' Ikmjong 45>>-489/488)' @x `y utji`yjmp `g xbjyj utkijyyjy k gjfkx`nx`kg xbnx nyujixy k `hjg/

x`xp ngh nfjgip djikoj |`y`dmj' Nfjgip ing dj yjjg `g xbj vnpy ngh ojngyv`xb vbìb dktg/nfn`g ojg tjy`yx xbj xjouxnx`kgy xbjp nij vb`mj xtp`gf xk


18/25


m`|j zu xk Ujgxjikyxnm `hjnmy k onyizm`g`xp ngh oktnm`xp' Yjm/ikgxtkm `y ngòuktxngx ikoukgjgx k `gh`|`hznm nfjgip `g xb`y ikgxjrx' Xj kmmkv`gf

~zkxj tko Djtgnth- xbj y`gfmj ong i`xjh ndk|j- f`|jy ykoj `gy`fbx `gxk bkvyjm/ikgxtkm vktcy xk tjy`yx xjouxnx`kgy `g xbj ntjn k yjrznm`xp1

Xj yjrznm jjm`gfy ngh unyy`kgy ntj nmvnpy xbjtj- dzx vbnx @ bn|j ikoj xk mjntg k|jtxbj pjnty `y xbnx xbjyj jjm`gfy ing dj ibnggjmmjh `gxk kxbjt xb`gfy' Vbjg @ jjm xbjutjyyztj k dj`gf nxxtnixjh xk ykojdkhp- k ikztyj @ vkzmh gkx fk nbjnh ngh nyu`tj xbjitn|`gfy k op jyb- dzx @ vkzmh utnp ngh @ vkzmh zyj xbjyj jgjtf`jy jmyjvbjtj' Lktoj- xbjyj unyy`kgy ikoj ny ng niizozmnx`kg k jgjtfp- ngh @ nmvnpy ibnggjm xbnxjgjtfp gxk kxbjt xb`gfy' Ngh j|jgxznmmp vbjg @ ibnggjm xbjo m`cj xbnx- xbjp ht`|j kl'Dzx `xy n yxtzffmj xbnx ikgx`gzjy- `x `y kgj ntjn vbjtj pkz utnp1 Fkh- f`|j oj xbj ftnij

xk ikg~zjt xb`y' Ngh kgj hnp g xòj pkz v`mm dj v`gg`gf xb`y dnxxmj ngh xbj gjrx dnx/xmj ngh yk kg' @x `y n ikgx`gzkzy dnxxmj jmh- dzx `x ing dj bnghmjh' Pkz bnghmj `xxbtkzfb utnpjt ngh nmyk dp xnc`gf xòj kzx- ikgijgxtnx`gf kg kxbjt xb`gfy' Pkz fk kzxxk ojh`xnxj- azyx dj`gf v`xb Fkh ngh xb`gc`gf ndkzx xbj xb`gfy k Fkh'

Yxzh`jy ngh Ibt`yx`ng o`g`yxtp tnxbjt xbng yjrznm nix`|`xp ntj itzi`nm kt Djt/gnth xk nib`j|j ongm`gjyy- xbnx `y xk ybnuj b`y onmj `hjgx`xp' Yu`t`xznm utni/xìjy yzib ny utnpjt ngh ojh`xnx`kg ntj ojgx`kgjh ny òuktxngx ojngy `g xbjikgyxngx yxtzffmj v`xb xjouxnx`kgy' Utnpjt jyuji`nmmp `y ojgx`kgjh dp kxbjttjyukghjgxy' Kgj yn`h xbnx j|jtp hnp vbjg bj mjn|jy b`y bkzyj- bj utnpy nutj|jgx`|j utnpjt1 Bjmu oj imjng op xjoumj- gkx xk hk vtkgf- ykojxb`gfxbnx v`mm dj yk h`yfzyx`gf `g pkzt y`fbx' Xj tjjtjgij xk utnpjt ny n yu`t`xznmojngy k tjy`yx`gf xjouxnx`kgy yzffjyxy xbnx Fkh `y djm`j|jh xk dj `g|km|jh `gxbj yxtzffmj k dktg/nfn`g m`j' @ghjjh- kgj tjyukghjgx kdyjt|jh xbnx vbjg bjjjmy xjouxnx`kgy- bj bjnty ng `gxjtgnm |kìj ynp`gf1 X`y `y n y`g- hkgx hk `x'Bj jjmy xbnx xb`y y xbj |kìj k Fkh vntg`gf bò' @g xbnx vnp Fkh bjmuy oj'Vbjgj|jt @ vngx xk hk ykojxb`gf dnh- xbjtj `y xbnx |kìj- m`cj n tjo`ghjt'Bkvj|jt- `g b`y ku`g`kg xbj vntg`gf utjyjgij k Fkh hkjy gkx hò`g`yb b`y`gh`|`hznm tjyukgy`d`m`xp ngh niikzgxnd`m`xp1 Xjtj `y xbnx |kìj- dzx @ bn|j xk

hji`hj vbjxbjt @ m`yxjg xk xbj |kìj kt gkx' @g nhh`x`kg xk vntg`gfy- Fkh nmykbjmuy vbjg kgj `y nijh v`xb xjouxnx`kgy' Yj|jtnm tjyukghjgxy yxnxjh- ktjrnoumj- xbnx Fkh f`|jy pkz xbj nd`m`xp xk bn|j yjm/ikgxtkm- xbnx xbj BkmpYu`t`x utkxjixy pkz tko ijtxn`g xb`gfy- ngh xbnx Fkh v`mm dj bjmu`gf pkz-jgikztnf`gf pkz- ngh f`|jy pkz xbj yxtjgfxb xk yxngh to' Tjontcndmp- xbjdktg/nfn`g ojg `g xb`y yxzhp hk gkx yk ozib yujnc ndkzx o`tnizmkzy `gxjt/|jgx`kgy k Fkh `g xbj`t m`|jy "i' Ontybnmm 4550- >::)3 xbj`t yxkt`jy tnxbjtyzffjyx xbnx Fkh `y nix`|jmp utjyjgx- dzx `g xbj dnicftkzgh k xbj`t m`|jy' Fkhvntgy xbjo- jgikztnfjy xbjo ngh f`|jy xbjo yxtjgfxb- dzx oktnm xtngykton/

x`kg y tyx ngh ktjokyx n xnyc k xbj tjdktg yjm' Bkvj|jt- djinzyj xb`y utki/jyy k xtngyktonx`kg kt yngixìnx`kg `y zmm k ibnmmjgfjy ngh xjouxnx`kgy-


19/25


ojg tjnm`qj xbnx xbjp inggkx hk x xbjoyjm|jy nmkgj' Dj`gf n dktg/nfn`g ong-ny kgj tjyukghjgx uzx `x- `y gkx ykojxb`gf xbnx pkz nib`j|j kg pkzt kvg' @x

bny xk xncj Fkh' ' ' ' @ ingx ynp1 @ no ntt`|jh' @ bn|j op o`yxncjy' @ no yx`mm nong `g xbj onc`gf'

Dktg/Nfn`g Onyizm`g`xp- Yki`nm \zmgjtnd`m`xp- ngh N@HY

Ny ojgx`kgjh g xbj gxtkhzix`kg- n cjp ~zjyx`kg g xbj yxzhp k Ntìng ony/izm`g`x`jy y vbnx ktijy kujtnxj xk jljix ibngfj g onyizm`g`x`jy- vbjg- vbjtjngh bkv yzib ibngfjy kiizt- ngh vbnx xbj`t jljixy ntj "Okttjmm 455>d- 6)'X`y inyj yxzhp yzffjyxy xbnx Ujgxjikyxnm`yo y n onakt ktij kujtnx`gf xk jljixibngfj `g ojg ngh onyizm`g`x`jy' Xj ~zjyx`kg nt`yjy ny xk bkv xbj nuuntjgxUjgxjikyxnm yziijyy `g xtngykto`gf onyizm`g`x`jy ing dj zghjtyxkkh' Vbnx `yxbj yki`k/izmxztnm dnicftkzgh nfn`gyx vbìb vj ing jrumn`g ngh zghjtyxnghxbj ibngfjy xk vbìb xbj dktg/nfn`g ojg `g xb`y yxzhp bn|j xjyx`jh;

Ltjhjtìc Cmn`xy "45>>) tjijgxmp uk`gxjh xk xbj xbjoj k kgfk`gf |zmgjtn/d`m`xp xk yzljt`gf ny ng jr`yxjgx`nm ikgh`x`kg v`xb`g xbj h`|jtyj Ibt`yx`ngok|jojgxy g Ntìn- ngh ny cjp xk zghjtyxngh`gf bkv xbj yjm y jrujt`jgijhngh xtngyktojh nokgf Ntìng Ibt`yx`ngy' @g ikgxjouktntp Ntìng ikgxjrxyxb`y |zmgjtnd`m`xp ing tjmnxj xk ongp yki`nm- izmxztnm- ngh yu`t`xznm tjnm`x`jy ujk/umj nij' @g n dtknhjt yxzhp kg ojg ngh onyizm`g`x`jy `g Ntìng Ujgxjikyxnmi`timjy- `x vkzmh dj `gxjtjyx`gf xk mkkc nx xbj xbjoj k onmj h`yjoukvjtojgx"Y`mdjtyibo`hx 455:)' X`y xbjoj tjjty xk ojg vbk- hzj xk yki`k/jikgkoìibngfjy ngh òuk|jt`ybojgx- ntj gk mkgfjt ndmj xk m`|j zu xk xbj jrujixnx`kgyngh tkmjy xbnx xbjp ntj yzuukyjh xk zmm niikth`gf xk yki`jxp' @x vkzmh dj`gxjtjyx`gf xk yjj bkv Ujgxjikyxnm ikg|jty`kg jgndmjy xbjyj ojg xk tjfn`gxbj`t h`fg`xp ngh yjm/vktxb' Bkvj|jt- xb`y xbjoj `y gkx yk tjmj|ngx `g |`jv kxbj ojg untxìùnx`gf `g xbj utjyjgx yxzhp y`gij xbjp ntj gkx yk ozib h`yjo/ukvjtjh yki`k/jikgkoìnmmp3 fjgjtnmmp xbjp ntj joumkpjh ngh djmkgf xk xbjo`hhmj imnyy k yki`jxp' Lnt oktj tjmj|ngx bjtj `y ojgy |zmgjtnd`m`xp `g xbjikgxjrx k xbj B@\ ju`hjoì' Xj gxjt|`jvjjy- azyx m`cj kxbjt ojg g Qnod`nngh jmyjvbjtj `g Ntìn- ntj m`|`gf `g xbj ybnhkv k N@HY' Ny Ngxbkgp Yòu/ykg uk`gxy kzx- Vbnx `y ujtbnuy mjyy yjm/j|`hjgx `g |`jv k xbj tjnm ukvjtjrjti`yjh dp ongp ojg g j|jtphnp m`j `g Qnod`n ngh jmyjvbjtj y xbj |zmgjt/nd`m`xp k ojg djinzyj k xbj hjonghy onhj zukg xbjo dp untxìzmnt ikg/yxtzix`kgy k onyizm`g`xp "4550- :)' @g b`y yxzhp Yòuykg tj|jnmy ykoj k xbjbjfjokgì gktoy k onyizm`g`xp g Qnod`n- yzib ny xbj hjn xbnx tjnm ojg ntjyzujt`kt xk vkojg- bn|j xk jrb`d`x yxtjgfxbnx xòjy `g |jtdnm ngh ubpyìnm

|`kmjgij nfn`gyx vkojgngh bn|j xk utk|j xbj`t |`t`m`xp ngh hjokgyxtnxj yjr/znm ukxjgip' Xjyj gktoy mjnh xk yjrznm djbn|`kzt xbnx y untxìzmntmp hngfjtkzy


20/25


`g xòjy k B@\ ngh N@HY' Xj dktg/nfn`g ojg `g xb`y yxzhp ntj zmmp nvntjk xb`y hngfjt' Ongp k xbjo bnh tjmnx`|jy ngh t`jghy vbk h`jh k N@HY' Kzx

k xbjyj jrujt`jgijy xbjp bn|j ikoj xk tjnm`qj- ny kgj tjyukghjgx uzx `x- xbnxn jv o`gzxjy k unyy`kg ing ojng hjnxb- ing tz`g pkzt htjnoy' X`y ~zkxjimjntmp ybkvy xbnx ojg ntj nvntj k xbj`t |zmgjtnd`m`xp xk xbj h`yjnyj' Xjptjnm`qj xbnx `g xbj`t m`|jy ut`kt xk djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g xbjp ikzmh jny`mp bn|jdjjg `gjixjh v`xb xbj |`tzy- ngh xbjp xbngc Fkh xbnx Bj utkxjixjh xbjo'Tjjtt`gf xk xbj`t ktojt ujjty kt vbko onyizm`g`xp `y x`jh zu v`xb yjrznmujtktongij- xbjp joubny`qj xbnx xtzj ongbkkh `y ibntnixjt`qjh dp yjm/ikg/xtkm' @x yjjoy xbnx Ujgxjikyxnm Ibt`yx`ng`xp- `g untxìzmnt `xy dktg/nfn`g h`y/ikztyj- utk|`hjy xbjyj ojg v`xb n vnp k iku`gf v`xb xbj |zmgjtnd`m`xp yjgyjh

`g xbj ybnhkv k B@\+N@HY' M`cj kxbjt tjm`f`kzy ftkzuy ngh yjizmnt utj|jg/x`kg ojyynfjy- Ujgxjikyxnm`yo utkokxjy yjrznm ndyx`gjgij djktj ngh hjm`xp`g ontt`nfj ny cjp ojnyztjy `g utj|jgx`gf xbj yutjnh k B@\' Bkvj|jt-Ujgxjikyxnm`yo hkjy gkx yòump joubny`qj xbjyj oktnm gktoy3 `xy dktg/nfn`gutkftno `y n h`yizty`|j tjfòj xbtkzfb vbìb ojg ing `ghjjh oncj n dtjncv`xb xbj unyx- `gimzh`gf hngfjtkzy ktoy k onyizm`g`xp- nghjoukvjtjhdp Fkhdjikoj gjv onmj yjm|jy xbnx gk mkgfjt m`|j m`|jy xbnx oncj xbjo|zmgjtndmj xk xbj hngfjty k B@\ ngh N@HY'

Ikgimzy`kg

X`y ntxìmj yzffjyxy xbnx `g ikgxjouktntp Ntìn Ujgxjikyxnm Ibt`yx`ng`xp `y nh`yizty`|j tjfòj xbnx utkhzijy gjv ktoy k onyizm`g`xp ngh dt`gfy ndkzxibngfj `g ojgy fjghjt `hjgx`x`jy' @ zyj xbj vkth yzffjyx djinzyj xb`y ntxìmj`y dnyjh kg n tjmnx`|jmp yonmm nokzgx k hnxn- ngh djinzyj xbj ojg gxjt|`jvjhntj nmm ojodjty k kgj Ujgxjikyxnm ibztib `g Mzyncn- Qnod`n' X`y ynoumj `yxkk yonmm xk htnv fjgjtnm ikgimzy`kgy kg xbj "tj)ikgyxtzix`kg k onyizm`g`x`jy

`g Ujgxjikyxnm i`timjy `g Ntìn' Bkvj|jt- kt xbj Qnod`ng Ujgxjikyxnm ojguntxìùnx`gf `g xb`y yxzhp djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g ngh m`|`gf ny dktg/nfn`gIbt`yx`ngy bny ng jgktokzy òunix- gkx kgmp kg xbj`t tjm`f`kzy dzx nmyk kgxbj`t fjghjt `hjgx`x`jy' Imjntmp- kt xbjo xbj dtjnc v`xb xbj unyx nh|kinxjh dpUjgxjikyxnm Ibt`yx`ng`xp jgxn`my n dtjnc v`xb ukuzmnt ktoy k onyizm`g`xp`g yki`jxp xbnx xbjp nyyki`nxj v`xb ht`gc`gf- yjrznm nfftjyy`|jgjyy- |`kmjgij-ndyjgij tko xbj no`mp- ngh xbj kuutjyy`kg k vkojg' Nokgf kxbjt xb`gfy-djiko`gfdktg nfn`g ojngy xbnx xbjp nhkux n gjv zghjtyxngh`gf k ongbkkh'@g xbj`t ku`g`kg- xb`y gjv ikgijux k onyizm`g`xp y d`dmìnm ngh Ibt`yx`ng ngh

xbjtjktj `y n dtjnc v`xb ukuzmnt ngh xtnh`x`kgnm zghjtyxngh`gfy' Lkt xbjodj`gfdktg nfn`g- `g xtnh`x`kgnm Ujgxjikyxnm xjtoy xbj ubnyj k yngixìnx`kg-


21/25

N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490 49:

`y xbj ubnyj k m`|`gf zu xk ngh gjfkx`nx`gf xbj`t gjv zghjtyxngh`gf kongbkkh ngh tjmnxjh oktnm gktoy vb`mj yxtzffm`gf v`xb |nt`kzy ibnmmjgfjy

ngh xjouxnx`kgy' Xj niikzgxy k xbjyj Ujgxjikyxnm ojg yzffjyx xbnx v`xb`gxbj h`yizty`|j tnoj k dktg/nfn`g Ibt`yx`ng`xp xbj`t onmj fjghjt `hjgx`xp `ytjybnujh ngh n gjv- oktj onxztj xpuj k onyizm`g`xp `y ikgyxtzixjh'

Kgj ikzmh nyc vbnx y Ntìng ndkzx xbj uìxztj k dktg/nfn`g onyizm`g`xpkzxm`gjh ndk|j- jrijux xbnx `x jojtfjy tko xbj gnttnx`|jy k Qnod`ng ojg'@ghjjh- Ujgxjikyxnm ojg `g kxbjt untxy k xbj vktmh ikzmh utk|`hj yò`mntyxkt`jy y`gij Ujgxjikyxnm`yo `y n fmkdnm tjm`f`kzy h`yikztyj' Bkvj|jt- `x `yòuktxngx xk yjj xbnx xbj ojg `g xb`y yxzhp ikgyxtzix n Ibt`yx`ng `hjgx`xp xbnx`y `g ikgxtnyx xk ng Ntìng `hjgx`xp' Gkxj- kt jrnoumj- bkv xbjp nyyki`nxj

onmj kuutjyy`kg k vkojg ngh |`kmjgij nfn`gyx vkojg v`xb Ntìng izmxztjngh bkv xbjp kuukyj xb`y xk Ibt`yx`ng`xp- vbìb `g xbj`t ku`g`kg jgikztnfjyojg xk tjyujix vkojg ngh xk yxt`|j kt untxgjtybù g ontt`nfj' X`y jrjoum`/jy xbj gjfkx`nx`kg k `hjgx`xp xbnx `y ibntnixjt`yxì k ojg ngh onyizm`g`x`jy`g Ntìng Ibt`yx`ng`x`jy' @g xbj Ujgxjikyxnm xtnajixktp dktg/nfn`g onyizm`g`xp`y hjgjh ny n dtjnc v`xb xtnh`x`kg ngh Ntìng izmxztj y`gij xbjyj ntj ikg/y`hjtjh tjyukgy`dmj kt xbj oktnm ngh yki`nm it`yjy `g Ntìng yki`jx`jy' Ny tju/tjyjgxjh dp xbj ojg untxìùnx`gf `g xb`y yxzhp- dktg/nfn`g onyizm`g`xp bny noktj okhjtg nuujntngij- ybnujh dp n fmkdnm`y`gf Nojtìng j|ngfjmìnm h`y/

ikztyj k d`dmìnm ongbkkh "\ng Cm`gcjg ktxbiko`gf)' Xj Ujgxjikyxnmfjghjt untnhkr- n ikgijux ik`gjh dp Djtgìj Ontx`g "455>)- `y imjntmp ong`/jyxjh `g dktg/nfn`g onyizm`g`xp- yzib ny vbjg xbj ojg `g xb`y yxzhp jodtnijxbj gkx`kg k onmj bjnhybù kg xbj kgj bngh- vb`mj kg xbj kxbjt bngh joubn/y`qj tjyujix- untxgjtybù- ngh j|jg j~znm`xp `g fjghjt tjmnx`kgy'

Nmxbkzfb xbj nokzgx k hnxn `y xkk yonmm xk htnv fjgjtnm ikgimzy kgy- `x `ytjnykgndmj xk ntfzj xbnx xbj gh`gfy k xb`y yxzhp tj|jnm n dtknhjt xtjgh `gUjgxjikyxnm Ibt`yx`ng`xp `g Ntìn' Xj ojg `g|km|jh `g xbj utjyjgx yxzhp ntjojodjty k n ibztib v`xb ng jrumì`x h`yikztyj kg onyizm`g`xp1 ng `hjnm k

d`dmìnm ongbkkh `y utjnibjh tko xbj uzmu`x ngh xbj ibztiby ojgy o`g`y/xtp nòy xk bjmu ojg yxt`|`gf xkvnth xb`y `hjnm "\ng Cm`gcjg ktxbiko`gf)'X`y jrnoumj k ibztib/dnyjh onyizm`g`xp ukm`xìy `y gkx zg`~zj3 yò`mnt h`y/ikztyjy bn|j djjg kzgh `g Ujgxjikyxnm i`timjy `g kxbjt Ntìng Ikzgxt`jy"Ib`xnghk 45563 Ykkxb`mm 4556)' Ikgijtgjh ny `x `y v`xb tjdz`mh`gf xbj `gh`/|`hznm xbtkzfb oktnm ngh yu`t`xznm tjgjvnm "Cnmz 4552- 4>9/4>:)- NtìngUjgxjikyxnm`yo yjjoy xk yujiìnmmp xntfjx ojg kt n ibngfj' Ujgxjikyxnm`yo ynuuntjgxmp tjyukgh`gf xk xbj it`y`y k onyizm`g`xp `g ikgxjouktntp Ntìngyki`jx`jy- tj|jnmjh dp xbj B@\ ju`hjoì ngh kxbjt yki`nm ngh izmxztnm hpgno/

ìy "Bzgxjt 45>53 Yòuykg 45503 Zibjghz 45>5)' X`y ntxìmj ybkvy bkvxpuìnm Ujgxjikyxnm gkx`kgy yzib ny djiko`gf dktg/nfn`g- xbj dtjnc v`xb xbj


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49< N' Y' |ng Cm`gcjg + Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn 84 "45>4) 4>:/490

unyx- ngh xbj `hjnm k bkm`gjyy ngh yngixìnx`kg xkfjxbjt itjnxj n tnoj `gvbìb ojgy m`|jy ing ibngfj ngh ojgy `hjgx`x`jy ny ojg ing dj tjybnujh' N

ijgxtnm gkx`kg `g onyizm`g`xp xbjktp `y xbnx ojg ntj nmvnpy `g xbj "tj)onc`gfdjinzyj onyizm`g`xp `y gkx n yxndmj ngh yxnxì ikgyxtzix' Xjtjktj `x `y gkxyztut`y`gf xk gh ibngfjy g onmj fjghjt hjgx`x`jy nokgf dktg/nfn`g ojg gn Qnod`ng Ujgxjikyxnm ibztib' Bkvj|jt- `x `y nyi`gnx`gf xbnx xbjyj ojg ntjjrumì`xmp nvntj k dj`gf ojg `g xbj "tj/)onc`gf ngh xbnx xbjp imjntmp xjyx`pxk ibngfjy `g xbj`t m`|jy ngh `hjgx`x`jy ny n tjyzmx k dj`gf dktg/nfn`g'

Nicgkvmjhfjojgxy

Xj nzxbkt vkzmh m`cj xk xbngc xbkyj vbk vjtj `gxjt|`jvjh ny untx k xbjutkajix ngh vbk vjtj v`mm`gf xk ybntj xbj`t jrujt`jgijy ngh yxkt`jy' Ongpxbngcy nmyk fk xk xbj ngkgpokzy tj|`jvjty k xb`y akztgnm kt xbj`t bjmuzmikoojgxy kg xbj ntxìmj- ngh xk Jmm`j B`ffy- n UbH ingh`hnxj `g xbj Ijgxtjkt Fjghjt ngh Tjm`f`kgy Tjyjntib nx YKNY- kt utkktjnh`gf ngh ikoojgx/`gf kg xb`y ntxìmj'

Xj nzxbkt ftnxjzmmp nicgkvmjhfjy xbj yzuuktx k xbj Gjxbjtmnghy Ktfng/`ynx`kg kt Yi`jgxì Tjyjntib "GVK Tzdìkg ukyxhkixktnm jmmkvybù-gk' 88>/5500>' Ltko Y`g xk Ynm|nx`kg1 Yxkt`jy kl Vkojgy Ikg|jty`kgy- ltko >255xk xbj Utjyjgx' Dmkko`gfxkg1 @gh`ngn Zg`|jty`xp Utjyy'

Dtzyik- Jm`yndjxb' 45>5' Fjghjt ngh Ukvjt' @g N'B' Nghjtykg- O' Djtfzghjt- N' Htkk/fjty- ngh I' |ng hjt Mnng "jhy')- Yxzhp`gf Fmkdnm Ujgxjikyxnm`yo1 Xjkt`jy ngh Ojxbkhy'Djtcjmjp- Mky Ngfjmjy- ngh Mkghkg1 Zg`|jty`xp k Inm`ktg`n Utjyy- 68/04'

Dzatn- Angjx' 4554' ntfjx`gf Ojg kt n Ibngfj1 N@HY H`yikztyj ngh Nix`|`yo `g Ntìn'

@g L' Imjn|jt "jh')-Onyizm`g`x`jy Onxxjt. Ojg- Fjghjt ngh Hj|jmkuojgx' Mkghkg nghGjv Pktc1 Qjh Dkkcy- 450/498'

Ibjpjcn- Nzyx`g O'- 4552' kvnthy n B`yxktp k xbj Ibnt`yonxì Ibztibjy g Ukyx/Ikmkg`nmQnod`n' @g A'D' Fjvnmh- O' B`gjmnnt- ngh F' Onikmn "jhy')- Kgj Qnod`n- OngpB`yxkt`jy1 kvnthy n B`yxktp kl Ukyx/Ikmkg`nm Qnod`n' Mj`hjg1 Dt`mm- >88/>- ::/>' @gxtkhzix`kg1 Gjfkx`nx`gf Ujtykgbkkh `g Ntìng Ibt`yx`ng`x`jy'Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg g Nltìn8>'9- 489/4::'

Ikmykg- Jm`yndjxb' 455


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Hk|jt- Unzm' 455:' Fjghjt ngh Jodkhòjgx1 Jrujixnx`kgy k Ongm`gjyy `g n Qnod`ng\`mmnfj' @g M' Kzqfngj ngh T' Okttjmm "jhy')-Nlt ing Onyizm g`x jy1 Ojg `g Nltìn ltkoxbj Mnxj G`gjxjjgxb Ijgxztp xk xbj Utjyjgx' Gjv Pktc1 Unmftn|j Onio`mmng- >69/>22'

Jgfjmcj- Onxxbjv' 4558' H`yikgx`gz`xp ngh xbj H`yikztyj k Ikg|jty`kg'Akztgnm kl Tjm /f`kg `g Nlt in98'>/4- 24/>50'

Ltnbo/Ntu- Ont`n' 45>5' Utkljyy`kgnm Vkojg `g Ykzxb Nltìng Ujgxjikyxnm Ibnt`yonxìIbztibjy' Mj`hjg1 Dt`mm "Yxzh`jy k Tjm`f`kg `g Ntìn- 92)'

Fjvnmh- Ang/Dntx- Ontan B`gjmnnt- ngh F`nikon Onikmn' 4552' @gxtkhzix`kg' @gA'D' Fjvnmh- O' B`gjmnnt- ngh F' Onikmn "jhy')- Kgj Qnod`n- Ongp B`yxkt`jy1kvnthy n B`yxktp kl Ukyx/Ikmkg`nm Qnod`n' Mj`hjg1 Dt`mm- >/>9'

F`dykg- H`ngn ngh Ng`xn Bnthkg "jhy')' 455:' Tjxb`gc`gf Onyizm`g`x`jy- \`kmjgij nghN@HY' Noyxjthno1 Bjx Yu`gbz`y'

F`lkth- Unzm' >002' Ib`mzdny Ibt`yx`ng Gnx`kg1 Ibt`yx`ng`xp ny n Lnixkt `g Qnod`ng Ukm`/

xìy >00>/>005' Ikg|jty`kg Gnttnx`|jy' @g N'B' Nghjtykg- O' Djtfzghjt-N' Htkkfjty- ngh I' |ng hjt Mnng "jhy')- Yxzhp`gf Fmkdnm Ujgxjikyxnm`yo1 Xjkt`jy nghOjxbkhy' Djtcjmjp- Mky Ngfjmjy- ngh Mkghkg1 Zg`|jty`xp k Inm`ktg`n Utjyy- 09/>>4'

Bzgxjt- Ontc' 45>5' Mk|j `g xbj òj kl N@HY1 @gj~znm`xp- Fjghjt- ngh T`fbxy `g YkzxbNltìn' Dmkko`gfxkg1 @gh`ngn Zg`|jty`xp Utjyy'

Cnmz- Kfdz Z' 4552' Nltìng Ujgxjikyxnm`yo1 Ng @gxtkhzix`kg' Gjv Pktc ngh Krkth1Krkth Zg`|jty`xp Utjyy'

Cmn`xy- Ltjhjtìc' 45>>' @gxtkhzix`kg1 Yjm- Kxbjt ngh Fkh `g Ntìng Ibt`yx`ng`x`jy'Akzt/gnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn8>'4- >89/>:9'

Ckmmong- Unzm' 45>5' Imnyy`p`gf Ntìng Ibt`yx`ng`x`jy1 Unyx- Utjyjgx- ngh Lzxztj1 Untx

Kgj'Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn85'>- 9/94'M`ghynp- M`ghn N' ngh Yxjubng O`jyibjt "jhy')' 4559'Ojg ngh Onyizm`g`x`jy `g Okhjtg

Nltìn' Uktxyokzxb- GB1 Bj`gjongg'Ongfmky- Gìkmjxxj H' 45>5' Dktg Nfn`g `g Dnmncn1 Ujgxjikyxnm |jtyzy Inxbkmì Gnttnx`|jy

k Tjm`f`kzy tngyktonx`kg `g Tztnm Onmnv`' Yki`kmkfp kl Tjm`f`kg 6>'8- 850/89>'Ontybnmm- Tzxb' 4550' Ukm`xìnm Yu`t`xznm`x`jy1 Xj Ujgxjikyxnm Tj|kmzx`kg `g G`fjt`n' Ibìnfk-

@M ngh Mkghkg1 Zg`|jty`xp k Ibìnfk Utjyy'Ontx`g- Djtgìj' 455>' Xj Ujgxjikyxnm Fjghjt Untnhkr1 N Inzx`kgntp nmj kt xbj Yki`km/

kfp k Tjm`f`kg' @g T'C' Ljgg "jh')- Xj Dmnicvjmm Ikoung`kg xk xbj Yki`kmkfp kl Tjm`f`kg' Onmhjg1 Dmnicvjmm- :4//65d' Ujgxjikyxnm`yo ngh Fmkdnm`qnx`kg' @g N'B' Nghjtykg- O' Djtfzghjt-N' Htkkfjty- ngh I' |ng hjt Mnng "jhy')- Yxzhp`gf Fmkdnm Ujgxjikyxnm`yo1 Xjkt`jyngh Ojxbkhy' Djtcjmjp- Mky Ngfjmjy- ngh Mkghkg1 Zg`|jty`xp k Inm`ktg`n Utjyy->>9/>95'


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' 4558' Ibt`yx`ng`xp `g Ntìn1 Ltko Ntìng @ghjujghjgx xk Ujgxjikyxnm/Ibnt`yonxì Ibztibjy'Nggznm Tj|`jv kl Ngxbtkukmkfp99- 886/868'

' >002' Oncj n Ikoumjxj Dtjnc v`xb xbj Unyx1 Ojoktp ngh Ukyx/Ikmkg`nmOkhjtg`xp `g Fbngn`ng Ujgxjikyxnm`yx H`yikztyj'Akztgnm kl Tjm`f`kg `g Nltìn42'9-9>5'Onyizm`g`x`jy `g Nltìng M`xjtntpngh Izmxztnm jrxy' Dngdztp1 Npjd`n Imntcj Uzdm`yb`gf Mxh'

Gnhnt- Yntka`g`' 4550' Xj D`dmj Ynpy. Ljo`g`yo- Bjtojgjzxìy ngh Gjk/Ujgxjikyxnm

Ibnmmjgfjy'Akztgnm kl Xjkmkfp lkt Ykzxbjtg Nltìn>98- >9>/>8- >59/>48' bxxu1++vvv'tjm`f`kgnghfjghjt'ktf+`ghjr'ubu+tf+ntxìmj+|`jv+>0+44'

' Lktxbiko`gf' tngylkto`gf Onyizm`g`x`jy `g Nltìng Ibt`yx`ng`xp1 Fjghjt Ikgxtk/|jty`jy `g òjy kl N@HY' Nmhjtybkx1 Nybfnxj Uzdm`yb`gf'

Gkxjy

>' Xj dtknh xjto Ujgxjikyxnm/Ibnt`yonxì Ibt`yx`ng`xp tjjty xk n |nt`jxp k Ujgxjiky/

xnm ngh gjk/Ujgxjikyxnm kt Ibnt`yonxì Ibt`yx`ng xtnh`x`kgy g Ntìn v`xb h`ljtjgx b`yxkt`/inm tkkxy ngh yki`nm ngh xbjkmkfìnm ibntnixjt`yxìy "yjj Ckmmong 45>53 Ojpjt 4558)' @g xb`y


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ntxìmj @ yòump tjjt xk Ujgxjikyxnm`yo y`gij op inyj yxzhp vny ikghzixjh g n ikgftjfnx`kgk xbj Ujgxjikyxnm Nyyjodm`jy k Fkh `g Qnod`n- n hjgko`gnx`kg xbnx ing dj djxxjt imnyy`/jh ny Ujgxjikyxnm xbng ny gjk/Ujgxjikyxnm+Ibnt`yonxì'

4' @g xb`y ibztib- Gktxbojnh Nyyjodmp k Fkh- @ kzgh n tnxbjt jrumì`x h`yikztyj kgonyizm`g`xp' Lkt jrnoumj- `g 4552 n yjt`jy k yjtokgy vny utjnibjh kg xbj xbjoj Lnxbjt/bkkh g xbj 4>yx Ijgxztp' @g xbjyj yjtokgy xbj utjnibjt it`xì`qjh xbj h`yxktx`kg k ong/bkkh bj kdyjt|jh `g yki`jxp ngh utkokxjh ng nmxjtgnx`|j `hjnm k d`dmìnm ongbkkh'@ ngnmpqj xbjyj yjtokgy ngh xbj dtknhjt h`yikztyj kg ojg ngh onyizm`g`xp `g xb`y ibztib`g op ktxbiko`gf okgkftnub'

men in the remaking: conversion narratives and born-again masculinity in zambia

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