mems metrology - university of minnesota 13 metrology_full.pdf · metrology what is metrology? –...
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MEMS Metrology
Prof. Tianhong CuiME 8254
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Metrology What is metrology?
– It is the science of weights and measures Refers primarily to the measurements of length,
weight, time, etc.
Mensuration- A branch of applied geometry– It measures the area and volume of solids from
lengths and angles
It also includes other engineeringmeasurements for the establishment of aflat, plane reference surface
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What is a Measurement A measurement is an act of assigning a
specific value to a physical variable
The physical variable becomes themeasured variable
Measurements provide a basis forjudgements about– Process information
– Quality assurance
– Process control
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Measurable Parameters What do we want to
measure?
Length or distance
Mass
Temperature
Elemental composition
Viscosity
Displacements ordistortions
Time
Pressure
Forces
Stress
Strain
Friction
Resistance
Roughness
Depth
Intensity
etc.
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Measurement Systems and Tools Measurement systems are important tools
for the quantification of the physicalvariable
Measurement systems extend the abilities ofthe human senses, while they can detect andrecognize different degrees of physicalvariables
For scientific and engineering measurement,the selection of equipment, techniques andinterpretation of the measured data areimportant
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Components of a Measuring System
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Importance of Metrology In human relationships, things must be
counted and measured
Metrology is an absolute necessity forhuman development– This necessity increased greatly with the advent
of the industrial age
As society develops further, metrology mustalso be refined further
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How Important areMeasurements?
Measurement is the language of science
It helps us communicate about size, quantity, position,condition, time, etc.
Simple measurement errors can cost a company acontract, work, jobs, and lots of money
Three areas to which the basic principles ofmeasurement can be applied
– Communication of the measurement
– Act and application of the measurement
– Codification of the measurement
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Human Interaction inMeasurements
Almost always require the use of vision– Other senses not always good at “measurement”
Measurements usually require tools– They rely on the visual process
What happens if object is too small to perceive– At what size do things become too small to measure?
– Handling and/or perception problems
– Limits of vision/ perception without aid or assistance
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What is Microsystem Metrology Measurement of physical dimensions of
microsystems or structures that are at thedimension scale below our ability to perceivewithout the help of measurement systems orinstruments
Microsystems: IC, MEMS
Microstructures: Line widths, film thickness,surface structure and roughness, step heights,particle size, atomic composition, defectinspections, etc
Nanosystem metrology is emerging now!
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Where Metrology at the MicroLevel is Used
Precision engineering and measurements
Micro and nano manufacturing
Research and development
Calibration of instruments and standards
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Common Micro Objects Smoke particles
Dust particles
Hair
Thickness of foils and papers
Read and write heads in disk drives
Semiconductors
Can we see a human hair at 0.1 mm?
Can we see the difference between 1 or 2 hairs?
Can we see the fine structure of the hair?
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MEMS Measurement
Statistics and probability Statistical process control Optical microscopy Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) Laser/ White light interferometry Video Microscopy Surface Profiler Roughness Tester Ellipsometry
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Optical Microscopy Light propagation and Snell’s law Mirrors, prisms, lenses and beam splitters
Image formation, interference and diffraction
Simple and compound microscopes
Mirror and thin lens equations
Resolving power and resolution
Aberrations and corrections
Depth of field and focus
Measurement on the optical microscopic scale
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Optical Microscopy Problem
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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Used for observation, analysis, and measurement
Can produce images over a wide range ofmagnifications– High magnification and great depth of field
– High resolution (down to 2 nm)
Can provide morphological, compositional, andphysical information
3D appearance of image
Greater degree of freedom
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SEM Components Electron gun assembly
– Stable source of primary electrons
Electromagnetic lenses and apertures– Focus electron beam
Vacuum system– Allows passage of electrons without
interference
Electron collector, display, and recorder
Specimen stage– Goniometer stage
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SEM Operation Small area irradiated by electrons
E-beam can be static or swept
Secondary and backscattered electrons detected
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SEM Operation Current in the focused e-beam determines
magnitude of emitted signals
Size of focused beam determines the resolution
Optical SEM
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Transmission ElectronMicroscopy (TEM)
Only for thin materials
Usually used to study crystals
Gives good information on nanometer structure
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Com
paris
on o
fS
yste
ms
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Atomic Force Microscopy Atomically
sharp tip
Measuresminute atomicforces thatcause repulsion
Can measureindividualatoms
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ScanningTunneling
Microscopy
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Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Sharp tip
Tunneling currentor voltagemeasured
Current increasesrapidly onapproach tosurface
Atomic resolution
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Roughness Step Tester (RST)
Surface characterization
Interference microscope
Optical measurement ofsurface
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Surface Texture Definition
– Repetitive or randomdeviation from nominalsurface that forms the 3-Dtopography of the surface
Roughness– Closely spaced irregularities
Waviness– Wider spaced irregularities
(tool marks)
Form– Does not contribute to
surface texture
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Surface Profiler Large tip scans across surface
Excellent for measuring height of objects
Sidewalls are not accurate
Variation dependent on tip diameter
Vertical accuracy in angstroms
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Interferometry Ellipsometry
Reflected light waves interfere with each other
Used to measure thickness of thin films ordeflections
Interference occurs at different locations based onwavelength
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CCD Cameras (VideoImaging)
Charge Coupled Devices (CCD)– Metal - insulator - semiconductor devices
(MIS)
– Incident light generates charge on gate
– Induced voltage causes charge separation
CCD cameras are arrays of MISdevices– Can be 10 microns square
– Charge collected and moved sequentiallyto edge of device
– Dyes can be applied to transistor to detectcolors