memory wait…what were we talking about?. before we begin… memorize the definitions of the...
TRANSCRIPT
MemoryWait…what were we talking about?
Before We Begin…Memorize the definitions of the following words:
Tortuous: full of twists and turns
Decorous: proper; polite and restrained
Surfeit: an excessive amount of something
Ere: (archaic) Before
Prevaricate: speak or act in an evasive way
Question!How do we define “memory”?
How About This?Memory: the ability to store and retrieve
information over time
Three Functions of Memory:EncodingStorageRetrieval
EncodingThe process by which we transform what we
perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
Question: How many lines can you memorize?
Digit Memorization Test
28
Digit Memorization TestUse your brain!
Digit Memorization Test
28
691
Digit Memorization TestDon’t overthink it!
Digit Memorization Test
28
691
0473
Digit Memorization TestNo pressure!
Digit Memorization Test
28
691
0473
87454
Digit Memorization TestSO MANY NUMBERS
Digit Memorization Test
28
691
0473
87454
902481
Encoding Part 2Memories are NOT copies of sensory experience
Memories ARE made by combining information we already have in our brains with new information that comes through our senses
Elaborative EncodingLong-term retention of information is greatly
enhanced by elaborative encoding
Actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
Difference between semantic judgments, rhyme judgments, and visual judgments in word memorization
Bubbles!
Visual Imagery EncodingStoring new information by converting it into
mental pictures
How does it work?When you create a visual image, you relate
incoing information to knowledge already in memory
When you use visual imagery to encode words and other verbal information, you end up with two different mental “placeholders” for the items—a visual one and a verbal oneMore ways to remember
Organizational EncodingNoticing the relationships between a series of
items and mentally “grouping” them accordingly
Question!How many words can you memorize in 15
seconds?
Peach, cow, chair, apple, table, cherry, lion, couch, horse desk
Organizational Encoding, Anyone?
Fruits Animals Furniture
Peach Cow Chair
Apple Lion Couch
Cherry Horse Desk
StorageMemory storage: the process of maintaining
information in memory over time
Sensory MemorySensory memory store: the place in which
sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less Iconic memory: fast-decaying store of visual
informationEchoic memory: a fast-decaying store of auditory
information
George Sterling’s Sensory Memory Test
Short-term memory!Short-term memory: a place where nonsensory
information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
Typically lasts 15-20 seconds
Rehearsal: the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
Cheating Short-Term Memory
Short-term memory typically holds seven meaningful items
Chunking: combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks
But is memory a PLACE?Working memory: active maintenance of
information in short-term storageSubsystems store and manipulate visual images
and verbal information
Human working memory vs. Chimp working memory
Long-Term Memory StoreA place where information can be kept for hours,
days, weeks, or years
Has no known capacity limits, unlike sensory and short-term memory
Who am I?Anterograde Amnesia: the inability to transfer
new information from the short-term store into the long-term store
Retrograde amnesia: the inability to retrieve information that as acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation
Hippocampus helps group pieces of information together to form long-lasting memories
Memories and the Brain“Cells that fire together wire together”: the cat
of sending neurotransmitters across a synapse CHANGES the synapse.
Strengthens the connection between the two neurons, making it easier for them to transmit to each other the next time
Long-term potentiation (LTP): enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections
Aplysia slug!
RetrievalBringing memories to consciousness in the present
Retrieval cue: external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
Encoding Specificity Principle: a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded
Retrieve the DefinitionsTortuous:
Decorous:
Surfeit:
Ere:
Prevaricate:
Drinking: Good or Bad for Memory
State-dependent Retrieval: the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
Implicit and Explicit Memory
Explicit memory: when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experience“Knowing THAT”
Implicit memory: occurs when past experiences influence later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are rememberingProcedural memory: the gradual acquisition of
skills as a result of practice—knowing HOW to do things
“Knowing HOW”
PrimingPriming: an enhanced ability to think of a
stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Priming Part 2Study the following words:
avocado, mystery, climate, octopus, assassin
Now Fill in the Blanks!Ch – – – – nk
O – t – p – –
– o g – y – – –
– l – m – te
7 Sins of Memory