memory taking in and storing information. what do we remember? phone numbers social security number...
TRANSCRIPT
What do we remember?
Phone numbers Social Security Number Lyrics Dates/Birthdays Names Movie lines Write down the very first memory you can think of! How old
were you?– Neural pathways are still developing– Language barrier– Survival responses may take precedence
Flashbulb Memories
Surprise-induced memorization
– Empirical research shows that flashbulb memories may be formed in response to surprising stimuli and events in general.
Hormonal basis hypothesis
– Cortisol is released in response to stressful incidents causing the brain to remember things to avoid in the future.
Reinforcement Theories
Three Stages of Memory: Sensory
Sensory Memory: very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus.
Our senses hold onto memories for fractions of a second.– Iconic Memory: visual sensory memory– Echoic Memory: auditory sensory memory that lasts for 1-2
seconds
Sensory Memory
Prevents us from being overwhelmed Chance to decide: should I pay attention? Fragile, short lived Capacity is thought
to be around 12 items
Sensory Memory: Iconic George Sperling : Present stimulus for 50ms to participants
D H F GV J S AD H A U
In one condition he asked for whole (recall was 4) In another condition, he told them which row of letters (after they viewed the
letters: first, second or third, he would like participants to try to recall. (recall 3-4 letters)
This meant that for a brief period of time the grid was available to the participants as sensory memory.
This suggest we “see” more than we can “say”
How well do you observe?
Count how many times the students in the white t-shirts pass the basketball.
If you have seen this video before, shhhh!!
Selective Attention
We can’t encode everything! We pay attention to what is meaningful to us.
– Cocktail Party Effect
Inattentional Blindness– Highlights the crucial
role of expectations in
perception. This helps to
explain how we can’t see
things that are really there!
The Processes of Memory
First we encode information.
– Encoding: the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.
– We encode information through our senses.
Acoustic Codes: listening, saying something out loud
Visual Codes: mental pictures, images
Semantic Codes: give meaning to the information
Write down the number of “F’s” Appearing
in the Statement Below.
Finished files are
the results of years
of scientific study
combined with the
experience of years.
How many did you count? 3, 4, 5, 6 ? (acoustic or visual encoding?)
Finished files are the results of years
of scientific studycombined with the
experience of years.
Instructions will appear on the next slide.
Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.
Group 1
FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY RATE THE USEFULNESS OF THE ITEM, ON A 1-5 SCALE, IF YOU WERE STRANDED ON A DESERT ISLAND.
Instructions will appear on the next slide.
Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.
GROUP 2
FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF SYLLABALS FOUND IN THE WORD.
The Processes of Memory
Second, we store information.
– Storage: The process by which information is maintained over a period of time.
– How much effort was put into encoding?
The Processes of Memory
Finally, once information is encoded and stored, we can retrieve information.
Retrieval: The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory.
– Information is brought back to mind from storage.
– Depends on how information was encoded and stored.
Three Stages of Memory: Short-Term
Short-Term Memory: memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal.
Information needs to be repeated to keep in short term memory.
Short-Term Memory
Maintenance Rehearsal: a system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it.
Lasts about 20 seconds
Short-Term Memory
Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember.
“Rule of 7” (7 +/- 2) We can remember
about 7 “chunks” Try to remember as
many of the following letters as possible.
FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV F ABC, PBS, NBC,
CNN, MTV. T-HED-OGS-AWT-HEC-AT THE-DOG-SAW-THE-CAT Social Security Numbers Phone Numbers
Let’s Test Your Short Term Memory!
925 8642 37654 627418 0401473 19223530 486854332 7290035673 61531797264
Put Your Pens/Pencils Down and Listen to the List of Words I Read.
5 10 1520
DreamNightTossTurnSoundRestSnoreAwakeNightSlumberEatArtichokeComfortWakeTiredClockFatigueSilenceDarkQuiltNightBedSleep
Short-Term Memory
The Serial Position Effect: we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list.
Three Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory: information is stored for long periods of time.
Long-Term Memory: Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory: knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings.
Long-Term Memory: Episodic Memory
Episodic Memory: memory of one’s life, including time of occurrence.
Long-Term Memory: Declarative Memory
Declarative Memory: memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed.
Explicit Memory:– deliberate & effortful
Implicit Memory:– automatic