memory human neurobology 217 jana vukovic [email protected]
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Memory Human Neurobology 217 Jana Vukovic [email protected]. Key points:. Famous cases of memory deficit Brain structures involved – hippocampus Circuitry of memory – Papez Circuit synapse strengthening and long-term potentiation (LTP). What is memory?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Key points:
• Famous cases of memory deficit
• Brain structures involved – hippocampus
• Circuitry of memory – Papez Circuit
• synapse strengthening and long-term potentiation (LTP)
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What is memory?
• Memory is defined as the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information.
• All animals learn things from their interaction with the environment
• Human brain forms memories more effectively than others
• Maximum behavioural flexibility and most efficiently adaptation to environment.
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time
Brain damage occurs
Anterograde amnesiaCannot later remember
events that occur after brain damage
Retrograde amnesiaCannot remember
events prior to brain damage
Amnesias = memory disorder
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HM & NA• Which brain structures were removed from HM’s brain?
– Hippocampus, hippocampal gyrus, amygdala, uncus were removed on both sides
• Which brain structures are damaged in NA?– Thalamus and medial temporal lobe, mammilary bodies missing on
both sides
• Can HM and NA form new long-term memories (declarative)?– NO.
• Can HM and NA learn new skills (procedural)?– YES.
• What kind of amnesia do HM and NA have?– Sever anterograde amnesia.
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NA
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• Korsakoff's syndrome: – Found mostly in alcoholics who get most of their calories
from alcohol and become vitamin deficient (thiamine deficiency)
– Damages mammilary bodies and other nearby parts of the hypothalamus and thalamus
– This damage produces an amnesia similar to the type of NA and HM (sever anterograde amnesia)
• Altzheimer’s disease: – Loss of neurons in hippocampal and prefrontal cortex
produce first signs of memory loss.
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• Long-term memories are biologically different from short-term memories
• Long-term memories are stored throughout the brain, but the hippocampus is necessary for the information to reach long-term storage.
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Declarative Memory (explicit)
Procedural Memory (implicit)
Long-term memory
Remembering events
(episodic m.)
Knowing facts(semantic m.)
HippocampusNearby cortical areas,
diencephalon
Skills and habits
Emotionalassociation
Conditionedreflexes
StriatumMotor areas
of cortexcerebellum
amygdala cerebellum
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Hippocampus
• Essential for declarative memory
• Cylindrical structure
• Longitudinal axis surround thalamus
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Out put from hippocampus
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Prefrontal cortex
Association cortex
Cingulate gyrus
AnteriorThalamic nuclei
Mamillary body
HypothalamusAmygdala
Hippocampal formation
fornix
Mammillothalamic tract
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Strengthening of synapses
• Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the long-lasting strengthening of the connection between two neurons
• can last from hours to days, months, and years.
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Long-term potentiation of synapses• Hippocampal slice preparation to study LTP
• single stimulation to input path
• measure hippocampal response baseline
• Give train of stimulation to input path
• Again give single stimulation to input path
• hippocampus response is larger (potentiated)
• Give single stimulation a week later
• Hippocampus response still potentiated (long term potentiation)
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Synapses are strengthened
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More dendritic spines on dendrites where new synapses are made
Dendritic spines from a cerebellar Purkinje cell, drawn by Cajal (Ramón y Cajal, 1899b).
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Long-term potentiation
Only strong stimulus will dislodge Mg2+ from the NMDA receptor
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Exercise and trophic factor production in the adult brain
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Describe Papez circuit?
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