Memory (cont.)Memory (cont.)

CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9

Exercise on PrimingExercise on Priming

Say the 1Say the 1st,st, 2 2ndnd or 3 or 3rdrd answer that comes to answer that comes to mind based on what I ask you to mind based on what I ask you to remember.remember.

Example: I say “Name of a team 2Example: I say “Name of a team 2ndnd association”.association”.

If the 1If the 1stst team that comes to mind is the team that comes to mind is the Panthers and the second team is the Panthers and the second team is the Butler Bulldogs then what do you write?Butler Bulldogs then what do you write?

After we are done put these 15 away After we are done put these 15 away somewheresomewhere

Types of Encoding Types of Encoding

Visual Encoding – the encoding of picture Visual Encoding – the encoding of picture imagesimages

Acoustic Encoding – the encoding of soundAcoustic Encoding – the encoding of sound Semantic Encoding – the encoding of Semantic Encoding – the encoding of

meaningmeaning

ACTIVITY – On visual vs. acoustic encodingACTIVITY – On visual vs. acoustic encoding Q. Based on results which form of encoding Q. Based on results which form of encoding

works best?works best?

Visual Encoding Visual Encoding

Visual encodingVisual encoding – encoding of – encoding of picture imagespicture images ImageryImagery – mental pictures. – mental pictures. Jerry Lucas and ImageryJerry Lucas and Imagery Super autobiographical memory Super autobiographical memory

subjectssubjects

Memory Tendencies…Memory Tendencies…

Spacing effectSpacing effect – we retain info better – we retain info better when rehearsal is distributed out over a when rehearsal is distributed out over a period of time. (Studying every night is period of time. (Studying every night is BETTER than cramming) BETTER than cramming)

Next in line effect.Next in line effect.

Complete Activity with list of wordsComplete Activity with list of words

Serial Position EffectSerial Position Effect

Directions: Listen to the list of words Directions: Listen to the list of words then write down as many as you can then write down as many as you can remember (in any order). Don’t ask remember (in any order). Don’t ask how many there are supposed to be.how many there are supposed to be.

SPE wordsSPE words

sharp, point, hurt, syringe, thimble, sharp, point, hurt, syringe, thimble, haystack, thread, needle, prick, pin, haystack, thread, needle, prick, pin, sewing, knitting, painsewing, knitting, pain

Serial Position Effect Serial Position Effect

The tendency to be more/less likely The tendency to be more/less likely to recall items/names/events .etc to recall items/names/events .etc based on the position of when they based on the position of when they fall.fall.

Recency Effect- tendency to recall Recency Effect- tendency to recall last itemlast item

Primacy effect- tendency to recall Primacy effect- tendency to recall first itemfirst item

Priming/Deja Vu listPriming/Deja Vu list

Rest Awake Rest Awake Snore EatSnore Eat Sound WakeSound Wake Tired DreamTired Dream Bed SlumberBed Slumber Comfort NightComfort Night

Retrieval - PrimingRetrieval - Priming

PrimingPriming – the activation of a particular – the activation of a particular associations in memoryassociations in memory Oftentimes this does not require a conscious Oftentimes this does not require a conscious

efforteffort Can be words, tastes, smells, names, voices, Can be words, tastes, smells, names, voices,

pictures, pictures, Assignment: write down as many words as you Assignment: write down as many words as you

can remember after I prime you to recall themcan remember after I prime you to recall them YOUTUBE: YOUTUBE: psychological priming – YouTube YOUTUBE YOUTUBE Priming our brain - YouTube

RetrievalRetrieval

Déjà vuDéjà vu – (already seen) – cues – (already seen) – cues (associations) from the current (associations) from the current situation may subconsciously trigger situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. retrieval of an earlier experience.

What is déjà vu VIDEOWhat is déjà vu VIDEO

Mood-Congruent Mood-Congruent memorymemory

Mood-congruent memoryMood-congruent memory – – tendency to recall experiences that tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current are consistent with ones current mood (good or bad). P. 365mood (good or bad). P. 365

Ex. Psychotherapists have to sort Ex. Psychotherapists have to sort this out as patients discuss past this out as patients discuss past events. events.

State Dependent memoryState Dependent memory

State dependent memoryState dependent memory – – recalling events encoded while in a recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness. particular state of consciousness. Context relates to this.Context relates to this.

Ex. Caffeine (test taking), Car keys/ Ex. Caffeine (test taking), Car keys/ Vegas and intoxication.Vegas and intoxication.

ForgettingForgetting

Why do we forget?Why do we forget? Failure to encodeFailure to encode Storage decayStorage decay Retrieval failureRetrieval failure

Retrieval failureRetrieval failure

Retroactive interferenceRetroactive interference – New – New information keeps you from recalling information keeps you from recalling old information - Failure to old information - Failure to Remember the OLDRemember the OLD New phone number keeps you from New phone number keeps you from

recalling your old phone numberrecalling your old phone number New locker combination keeps you from New locker combination keeps you from

learning old.learning old. http://www.google.com/url?q=http://ww

w.prenhall.com/livepsych/livepsych_ad/index.html&sa=U&ei=ZjjETp_tHoeUtweX44HDCg&ved=0CBIQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNG6ia-j1uFYytjTEdrbzV3ebawS6A

Retrieval failureRetrieval failure

Proactive interferenceProactive interference – old information – old information keeps you from recalling information keeps you from recalling information learned more recently – Failure to learned more recently – Failure to Remember the NEWRemember the NEW Old locker combination keeps you from Old locker combination keeps you from

remembering your new combination remembering your new combination Old girlfriends phone number prevents you Old girlfriends phone number prevents you

from remembering your new girlfriends phone from remembering your new girlfriends phone number.number.

PsychSim 5e - Online Edition SLIDE 11 SLIDE 11

Storage Decay Storage Decay

Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curveEbbinghaus’s forgetting curve Ebbinghaus memorized nonsense Ebbinghaus memorized nonsense

syllables and then studied how quickly syllables and then studied how quickly he forgot the words.he forgot the words.

The course of forgetting is initially The course of forgetting is initially rapid and then levels off with time.rapid and then levels off with time.

Neuroscience (Biology) Neuroscience (Biology) and Memory and Memory AmnesiaAmnesia – the loss of memory – the loss of memory

Patients who show loss of memory are Patients who show loss of memory are evidence that memory is not in one evidence that memory is not in one location. location.

HippocampusHippocampus - a neural center in the - a neural center in the limbic system the helps process explicit limbic system the helps process explicit memories (conscious recall – memories (conscious recall – knowledge and episodic memories) for knowledge and episodic memories) for storage. storage. This is where new memories This is where new memories are encoded and temporarily are encoded and temporarily storedstored. With time these memories may . With time these memories may move to other parts of the brain. move to other parts of the brain.

Neuroscience - Neuroscience - hippocampushippocampus

Hippocampus is lateralized (found in each Hippocampus is lateralized (found in each hemisphere)hemisphere)

Damage to the leftDamage to the left hippocampus – trouble hippocampus – trouble remembering verbal informationremembering verbal information

Damage to the rightDamage to the right hippocampus – hippocampus – trouble recalling visual images and locationstrouble recalling visual images and locations

Our memories are NOT in one placeOur memories are NOT in one place Anterograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia – inability to encode – inability to encode

new memoriesnew memories Video – Media Archives Beginning with Video – Media Archives Beginning with

Debra Wearing talking.Debra Wearing talking.

Neuroscience and Neuroscience and MemoryMemory

Cerebellum Cerebellum – processes implicit – processes implicit (without conscious recall – skills and (without conscious recall – skills and conditioning effects) memoriesconditioning effects) memories

Amygdala Amygdala – emotional memories are – emotional memories are stored in the amygdalastored in the amygdala

Neuroscience and Neuroscience and memory memory

Video- Endless memory Part 2 (effects of Video- Endless memory Part 2 (effects of adrenaline)adrenaline)

Following high frequency stimulation, Following high frequency stimulation, synapses will strengthen – this is called synapses will strengthen – this is called Long Term PotentiationLong Term Potentiation LTP is the neural mechanism that LTP is the neural mechanism that

explains memory and learning.explains memory and learning. Examples: memorizing through repetition,Examples: memorizing through repetition,

Coaches “practice does not make perfect, Coaches “practice does not make perfect, perfect practice makes perfect.”perfect practice makes perfect.”

Memory and Eyewitness Memory and Eyewitness TestimonyTestimony

The Eyewitness Test: How do you stack up? – YouTube

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Can YOU spot the murderer? - Eyewitness - Can YOU spot the murderer? - Eyewitness - BBC Two – YouTubeBBC Two – YouTube

What Do They Remember About the Crime?- What Do They Remember About the Crime?- part 2part 2

11stst half of 60 Minutes video on Ronald half of 60 Minutes video on Ronald Cotton in Burlington, NC.Cotton in Burlington, NC.

Eyewitness Testimony Part 1 - YouTubeEyewitness Testimony Part 1 - YouTube

Constructive Memory Constructive Memory

Constructive MemoryConstructive Memory – false – false memories and recollections of memories and recollections of events, memories are distorted by events, memories are distorted by adding or changing detailsadding or changing details

Leading questions may cause us to Leading questions may cause us to recall an event differently than it recall an event differently than it actually occurredactually occurred

Constructive memories Constructive memories feelfeel like like accurate memoriesaccurate memories

Misinformation EffectMisinformation Effect Elizabeth Loftus and the Misinformation Elizabeth Loftus and the Misinformation

EffectEffect Show a film of a traffic accident and then asked Show a film of a traffic accident and then asked

“How fast were the cars going when they “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” or “How fast were smashed into each other?” or “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” the cars going when they hit each other?” Loftus and Palmer studyLoftus and Palmer study

A week later the witnesses were asked if there was A week later the witnesses were asked if there was glass at the scene of the accident. Those who were glass at the scene of the accident. Those who were asked the first question reported glass. (when there asked the first question reported glass. (when there was none) was none)

Video – True or False? – Disc 3 Psych American Video – True or False? – Disc 3 Psych American Frontier Frontier Misinformation effectMisinformation effect – incorporating misleading – incorporating misleading

information into one’s memory of an eventinformation into one’s memory of an event Source amnesia Source amnesia – attributing the wrong source to – attributing the wrong source to

an event we have experienced (Mr. Science, Ronald an event we have experienced (Mr. Science, Ronald Reagan, Hillary Clinton)Reagan, Hillary Clinton)

Misinformation EffectMisinformation Effect

Recall how false memories can be Recall how false memories can be implanted into our head:implanted into our head:

Q How did questions asked eyewitnesses Q How did questions asked eyewitnesses of a car crash differ (regarding speed and of a car crash differ (regarding speed and broken glass).broken glass).

NC has led the nation in using computers NC has led the nation in using computers to assist victims in picking out potential to assist victims in picking out potential criminals (eliminate victim bias) and criminals (eliminate victim bias) and requiring a course on human memory requiring a course on human memory and eyewitness testimony.and eyewitness testimony.

Misinformation EffectMisinformation Effect

Creating False Memories – YouTubeCreating False Memories – YouTube The Bunny Effect The Bunny Effect

Memory and Eyewitness Memory and Eyewitness testimonytestimony

Show 2Show 2ndnd half of video on Ronald half of video on Ronald Cotton explaining what went wrong Cotton explaining what went wrong with Jennifer’s memory.with Jennifer’s memory.

Eyewitness Testimony Part 2 - Eyewitness Testimony Part 2 - YouTubeYouTube