memory
DESCRIPTION
Memory. Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies. We will be focusing on two models of memory. The Multi-Store Model of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968. The Multi-Store Model of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968. Three step process…. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Memory
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Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.
We will be focusing on two models of memory.
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The Multi-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson and Shiffrin 1968
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The Multi-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson and Shiffrin 1968
Three step process….
1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
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The Multi-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson and Shiffrin 1968
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Sensory Memory
• A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.
• Sperling’s research on Iconic Memory
• Echoic Memory
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Short Term Memory
• The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.
• Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically.
• Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 6-15 seconds.
• We recall digits better than letters.Short Term Memory Activity
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Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM
• Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
• Mnemonic devices or Peg Systems
• Rehearsal
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
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Long Term Memory
• Unlimited storehouse of information.
• Explicit (declarative) memories
• Implicit (non-declarative) memories
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Explicit Memories
• Episodic Memories
• Semantic Memories
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Implicit Memories
• Procedural Memories
• Conditioned Memories
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The Multi-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson and Shiffrin 1968
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Forgetting
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Forgetting
• Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information.
• Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.
Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.
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Spacing Effect
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
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Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…
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Encoding Information
• Primacy Effect
• Recency Effect
• Serial Positioning Effect
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Glanzer and Cunitz 1966
Aim:• To investigate recency
effect in free recall.Procedure:• This was a laboratory
experiment where participants first heard a list of items and them immediately had to recall them in any order.
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Glanzer and Cunitz 1966
Results:• Participants recalled
words from the beginning of the list and end of the list best.
• The results showed a U shaped curve.
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Glanzer and Cunitz 1966
• If the participants were given a filler task (something to do) right after the last words, the primacy effect disappeared but the recency effect remained.
Why?• Maybe the words are still
active in STM.
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Glanzer and Cunitz 1966
Evaluation• The study supports the
idea of multiple stores (STM and LTM).
• Controlled lab experiment.
• Ecological validity issues?
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Case study example of Multi-Store Model
• Amnesia is caused by damage to hippocampus and related networks.
• MRI scans showed that H.M. had severe damage to hippocampus which is critical to store info in LTM.
• H.M. could store implicit memories but not explicit memories.
• This shows that the memory system contains different systems.
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Multi-Store ModelStrengths and Weaknesses
Strengths• It was the first modern
model of memory.• The fact that we have
multiple stores is supported by research.
• Most of the newer models have been based of this one.
Weakenesses• Very simplistic