memory
DESCRIPTION
Memory. Information processing. Encoding - Getting information in Storage - Retaining information Retrieval - Getting information out. Automatic & Effortful processing. Instant encoding & storage. Flashbulb memories 9-11 Titanic President Kennedy Space Shuttle Challenger. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Memory
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Information processing
Encoding - Getting information in Storage - Retaining information Retrieval - Getting information out
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Automatic & Effortful processing
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Instant encoding & storage
Flashbulb memories 9-11 Titanic President Kennedy Space Shuttle Challenger
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Encoding - Getting information in
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Rehearsal (continuous repetition) Spacing Effect
Ebbinghaus’s retention curve
We retain information better when study time is spaced out
Spaced study beats cramming - E.g. 12 - 5 minute segments beat one hour of study
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Serial Position Effect
We remember the first and last items better than ones in the middle.
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Types on Encoding Words that lend themselves to mental images (e.g.
house) are remembered better that abstract low image words e.g. “domicile”
Semantic - meaning - Best (for words) Acoustic - sounds (hearing the word) -
Songs?
Visual - images (seeing the type) - Least Photos?
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Self-reference effect
You remember items that refer to yourself
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Encoding Imagery
Mnemonics (Greek for memory) Method of Loci Chunking
License plate Phone # Words
Association E.g. Grocery list
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Mnemonics (cont.)
“Peg word” system Numbers into pictures
1 = Bun 2 = Shoe 3 = Tree 4 = Door 5 = Hive
6 = Sticks 7 = Heaven 8 = Gate 9 = Swine 10 = Hen Attach items to be
remembered to the pictures
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Storage - Retaining information
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Sensory Memory
Iconic Memory - What our eyes register Fleeting photographic memory Lasts only a few tenths of a second
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Short term memory
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Memory decay
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Brain (synaptic) changes
Long-term potentiation (LTP) Stimulating neurons increased efficiency Sending neuron released its neurotransmitter more easily Receptor sights may increase. May explain why experience and repetition can increase
memory.
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Long term memories
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Implicit memories (procedural memory)
Remembering how to do something Can not be consciously recalled
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Explicit memories
Declarative memory Can be consciously recalled
E.g. A person may retain past skills, but not remember them.
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Retrieval - Getting information out
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Retrieval cues
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Priming
Memories are held by a web of associations - identify one strand and it leads to others
“Awakening of associations” E.g. Wedding song Retrieval cues can be sights,
sounds, smells and tastes
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Mood congruent memories - (State dependent memories)
We remember things best when we are in the same mood as when we did it or learned it. E.g. Happy times are more apt. to be remembered when
we are happy. If you were drunk when you hid something, you are more
apt. to remember where it is when you are drunk again. (However, drinking - in general - reduces memory
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Forgetting
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Encoding failure
Names are forgotten because they were never encoded.
Storage decay Penny example
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Retrieval Failure
Proactive (forward-acting) interference Earlier learning reduces later learning
Retroactive (backward-acting) interference Later learning reduces earlier learning
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Retrieval Failure (Cont.)
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Retrieval Failure (Cont.)
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Memory Construction
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Misinformation effect
Given misinformation about an event someone experienced, they misremember the event.
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Source amnesia (Source misattribution)
You remember something as real, but forget the source of the memory (e.g. a movie).
E.g. After repeatedly hearing false detailed accounts of an accident you were in, you begin to mistakenly “remember” that these events actually occurred. (You forgot that they were told to you)
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Repressed or constructed memories
Therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery can easily encourage construction of false memories.
Memories “recovered” under hypnosis or drugs are particularly unreliable.