memory
DESCRIPTION
Memory. The Memory Process. Three step process…. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Three Box Model of Memory. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Memory
![Page 2: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Memory ProcessThree step process….
1. Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
2. Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
3. Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
![Page 3: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Three Box Model of Memory
Haptic memory – tactile sensations(1.3 secs)
![Page 4: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Info-Processing• Brain processes many things at
different levels at the same time
• Automatic (not conscious)
– Remembering space, time, frequency, well-learned info
– i.e. driving slowly down a street (automatic) while looking for an address (conscious)
• Effortful (conscious)
– Rehearsal/repetition
– Must consciously attend to/
– think about
![Page 5: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ebbinghaus Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the
fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 = RELEARNING EFFECT
![Page 6: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Spacing Effect• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!• Distributed practice is better than
massed practice for enhanced memory • Overlearning = continuing to rehearse
even after learned does enhance later memory
![Page 7: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Encoding Information• Primacy Effect
– Items @ beginning of list
• Recency Effect– Items @ end of list
= Serial Positioning Effect (more likely to remember items at the beginning & end of list (less likely to remember items in middle of list)
![Page 8: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The ways we can encode…
• Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
• Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
• Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning (such as the meaning of words).
![Page 9: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Encoding – Techniques for
Memory Imagery (technique for visual
encoding) mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing,
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics memory aids especially those techniques that use
vivid imagery and organizational devices
![Page 10: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Encoding Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units like horizontal organization--
1776149218121941
often occurs automatically use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream
![Page 11: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Encoding: Chunking Organized information is more easily recalled
in groups
![Page 12: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Peg-Word System• One is a bun• Two is a shoe• Three is a tree• Four is a door• Five is a hive
• Six is sticks• Seven is heaven• Eight is a gate• Nine is swine• Ten is a hen
![Page 13: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Method of Loci – Uses your cognitive map!!
![Page 14: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Method of Loci – Uses your cognitive map!!
• Honey• Dog food• Sugar• Oranges• Ice cream
• Peanut butter• Bread• Pork chops• Milk• Potato chips
![Page 15: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Three Box Model of Memory
Haptic memory – tactile sensations(1.3 secs)
![Page 16: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Storage: Sensory Memory
• Iconic memory– Brief sensory
memory of images (tenths of a second)
• Echoic memory– Brief sensory memory
of sounds (2-4 secs)
• Haptic memory– Memory for touch/tactile sensations
![Page 17: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Storage: Short-Term (STM)/Working Memory
• Limited duration & capacity
• Magical number (7+/-2 items)
• Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically.
• We recall digits better than letters.
![Page 18: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How does storage work? Engrams (physical traces of
memory) Karl Lashley (1950)
Memories must be stored throughout the brain (no single place)
Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation
Biological evidence of memory increase in synapse’s firing potential
after brief, rapid stimulation
Storage: Long-Term Memory (LTM)
![Page 19: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Retrospective Memory
Memory of the past
(i.e. remembering your first day of school, remembering the Homecoming dance, etc.)
Prospective Memory
Memory for things that will happen in the future
(i.e. I have a dentist appt. tomorrow at 3, next week is my sister’s birthday, etc.)
![Page 20: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems
Types oflong-termmemories
Explicit(declarative)
With consciousrecall
Implicit(nondeclarative)
Without conscious recall
Facts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)
Personally experienced
events(“episodic memory”)
Skills-motorand cognitive
Dispositions-classical and
operant conditioning
effects
![Page 21: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Strong emotions make for stronger memories = FLASHBULB MEMORIES
• Mood-dependent memory we remember info in same mood as when it was encoded/learned
• State-dependent memory remember when in same conscious state as learned/
rehearsed
Storage: Long-Term Memory (LTM)
![Page 23: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Retrieval: Context Effects/Context-Dependent Memory• Godden and Baddeley (1975)
0
10
20
30
40
Water/land
Land/water
Water/water
Different contexts for hearing and recall
Same contexts for hearing and recall
Land/land
Percentage ofwords recalled
![Page 24: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Retrieval• Recall v. Recognition
tasks
• Priming - activation of unconscious associations in memory (déjà vu)
![Page 25: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Mood-dependent memory we remember info in same mood as when it was encoded/learned
• State-dependent memory remember when in same conscious state as learned/rehearsed
![Page 26: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Retrieval: Context Effects• Godden and Baddeley (1975)
0
10
20
30
40
Water/land
Land/water
Water/water
Different contexts for hearing and recall
Same contexts for hearing and recall
Land/land
Percentage ofwords recalled
![Page 27: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Why Do We Forget?Why Do We Forget?• The White House is pictured on the back
of a $20 bill. What is the on the back of a $10 bill? $5 bill? $1 bill?
• Whose faces are on Mt. Rushmore? • What letters accompany the number 4 on
a phone?• What is the Statue of Liberty holding in
her left hand?• How many sides are there on a #2 pencil?
![Page 28: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Forgetting: Encoding Failure
![Page 29: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Ebbinghaus Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the
fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
If not rehearsed, forgetting occurs rapidly, but then levels off
![Page 30: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Forgetting: Encoding Failure• Info never gets to LTM
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Encodingfailure leadsto forgetting
![Page 31: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Forgetting: Storage Decay
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time
12345 10 15 20 25 30
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
Time in days since learning list
Percentage oflist retainedwhen relearning
![Page 32: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Forgetting: Storage Decay The forgetting curve for Spanish learned in school
Retentiondrops,
then levels off
1 3 5 9½ 14½ 25 35½ 49½Time in years after completion of Spanish course
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage oforiginal
vocabularyretained
![Page 33: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Forgetting: Retrieval Failure
Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory
Externalevents
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieval failureleads to forgetting
Retrieval
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
![Page 34: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Forgetting: Interference• Proactive (forward-
acting) interference old info disrupts memory of new info
• Retroactive (backward-acting) interference new info disrupts memory of old info
![Page 35: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Forgetting- Interference
Motivated Forgetting (retrieval failure) people unknowingly revise memories
Repression defense mechanism that banishes from
consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
![Page 36: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Amnesia:Disruption of explicit memories
• Infantile amnesia: difficult to remember vivid memories from before ages 2-3
• Dissociative amnesia: inability to remember info due to psychological trauma
![Page 37: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Memory Construction
Elizabeth Loftus We filter information and fill in
missing pieces Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
![Page 39: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Memory Construction
Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questioned
Depiction of actual accident
Leading question:“About how fast were the carsgoing when they smashed intoeach other?”
Memoryconstruction
![Page 40: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Memory](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/5681342f550346895d9b1de2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
ReferencesKaplan, H. Memory (PPT file). Retrieved from
AP Psychology Commune Web Site:
http://www.appsychology.com
Myers, D.G. (2011). Myers’ psychology for AP. Holland, MI: Worth Publishers.