memd221 lab manual sem 2 2015 2016

7/25/2019 Memd221 Lab Manual Sem 2 2015 2016

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DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF FOUNDATION AND

GENERAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY TENAGA NASIONAL


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Section: Page No.

A. Laboratory & Reports: An Overview 3B. Guie!ines "or #n"or$a! Laboratory Report %C. Guie!ines "or For$a! Laboratory Report '. Basi( Laboratory Sa"ety Ru!es )

E*peri$ent + Tensi!e Test ,E*peri$ent - Torsion Test +%E*peri$ent 3 Benin Test -/E*peri$ent % Bu(0!in Test -3E*peri$ent 1 2arness Test 3%E*peri$ent Tin Cy!iner %+E*peri$ent 4 #$pa(t Test 11E*peri$ent ) 5i(rostru(ture Ana!ysis +

Lab S(eu!e 1


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Type o" report

observation= ana!ysis= resu!ts an is(ussion= (on(!usion= an re"eren(es.

:

$roup %or"a Report vita! part o" oo enineerin pra(ti(e. Tey per$itte oranisation9 (onensation9 ana!ysis9 interpretation9 an trans$ission o"$eanin"u! resu!t. Te reports are to be ane in at te beinnin o" te ne*tperio un!ess oterwise ire(te by te instru(tor. No !ate reports wi!! bea((epte. Late sub$ission wi!! be sub>e(te to $ar0 eu(tion pena!ty. -/$ar0s wi!! be eu(te "or one ay !ate9 %/ $ar0s "or - ays9 / $ar0s "or 3ays an no report wi!! be a((epte a"ter tat.

Type o" report "or Se$ester + -/+1;-/+ as "o!!ows:

No E*peri$ent Type o" report

+ Tensi!e Test Group For$a! Report

- Torsion Test Group For$a! Report

3 Benin Test Group For$a! Report

% Bu(0!in Test #niviua! #n"or$a! Report

1 2arness Test #niviua! #n"or$a! Report

Tin Cy!iner Group For$a! Report

4 #$pa(t Test #niviua! #n"or$a! Report

) 5i(rostru(ture Ana!ysis #niviua! #n"or$a! Report

Grain : #n orer to obtain (reit "or ea( !aboratory perio9 a stuent $ust:a. answer te pre !ab


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$enera Instructions: In!or"a Report as to be prepared individuay and "anuay.

No #te$s 'es(ription

+. Cover pae Cover pae is (o$pu!sory an (o$p!ete wit "o!!owin in"or$ation:

+. Autors na$e an S#' no.

-. Tit!e o" e*peri$ent

3. 'ay an ate o" e*peri$ent

%. Course an (ourse (oe

1. Se$ester an A(ae$i( Dear ?e.. Se$ - -/+1;+@. Se(tion an roup nu$ber

-. State$ent o"

6urpose ;

#ntrou(tion ;

Ob>e(tive ?+@

Tis sou! be a brie" es(ription o" wat te e*peri$ent is

e$onstratin. Be spe(i"i(. #t sou! be (onsistent wit te state$ent o"

te e*peri$ent instru(tions.

3. 'ata ?-@ anObservations

?+@

Te ata an observations obtaine in te e*peri$ents sou! bepresente in an orer!y "or$ in a ata tab!e i" possib!e.

%. Ana!ysis an

Resu!ts ?)@

Te ata obtaine wi!! be ana!yse wit a view towars "u!"i!!in te

purpose state at te beinnin o" te report. #" tere is an a((epte or

e*pe(te va!ue "or a


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:Aisonese!y 6ub!. pp+//+/1.@

b. Title. Dear. Boo0 Tit!e. Eition. 6!a(e: 6ub!iser. 6ae

nu$ber. ?E*a$p!e:Materials Science Handbook. +,).

-/t E. Oio: C.R.C. 6ress. pp. +,)@

-. *ournas : Autor ?s@9 Dear9 Arti(!e Tit!e= Hourna! Tit!e9 o!u$e9

6ae nu$ber. ?E*a$p!e: Brant9 A. +,44. 5u!tti!eve! aaptive

so!ution to bounary va!ue prob!e$s. Math of Computation. 3+:

3333,/@

3. Internet : Title. Dear. RL. ?E*a$p!e: Se!e(te en(y(!opeiasan $a>or re"eren(e wor0s in po!y$er s(ien(e an te(no!oy at

Stan"or niversity. +,,). ttp:;;www

su!.stan"or.eu;epts;swain;po!y$er;en(ys.t$!

Note:

+. Lab 5anua! 5ar0 wi!! be aware to (urrent !ab $anua! on!y.

-. Boo0s an Hourna!s are i!y re(o$$ene.
http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/swain/polymer/encys.htmlhttp://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/swain/polymer/encys.htmlhttp://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/swain/polymer/encys.htmlhttp://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/swain/polymer/encys.html


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%. 'ay an ate e*peri$ent was per"or$e an ue ate1. Na$es an S#'s o" roup $e$ber

. Se(tion an roup nu$ber4. Na$e o" te !ab instru(tor

-. Tab!e o"(ontent ?-@

Tis sou! be p!a(e "o!!owin te tit!e pae ?"or reports $ore tan +/ paes@. #tsou! !ist up ea( se(tion o" te report an (orresponin pae nu$ber

3. Su$$ary ;

Abstra(t?+/@

Tis sou! en(apsu!ate te $a>or portion o" te report an provies a (on(ise

overview o" te wor0. Te !ent sou! be no $ore tan -//3// wors or -3pararaps. #t sou! i!it te ob>e(tives9 resu!ts an (on(!usions o" tee*peri$ent.

%. State$ent o"6urpose ;#ntrou(tion ;Ob>e(tive

?1@

Tis sou! be a brie" es(ription o" wat te e*peri$ent is e$onstratin. Bespe(i"i(. #t sou! be (onsistent wit te state$ent o" te e*peri$ent instru(tions.So$e e*peri$ents ave one or $ore parts an ea( part e$onstrates ai""erent aspe(t. Be sure to in(!ue a!! ob>e(tives o" te e*peri$ent in tis se(tion.

1. Teory ?1@ Any teory re!ate to te e*peri$ent sou! be in(!ue. Te teory $ust be(!ear!y e*p!aine an (o$p!ete wit iara$s were ne(essary. Te re!evante


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(o$puter so"tware pa(0ae to enerate raps9 ten tis pa(0ae $ust (onveyte sa$e in"or$ation as wou! a an enerate rap.

+/. 'is(ussions?+1@

Tis se(tion sou! tie te resu!ts o" te e*peri$ents to te purpose. Sour(es orerror9 eviations an un(ertainty sou! be is(usse an ow tey $it a""e(tte resu!ts. Any points tat are spe(i"i(a!!y as0e "or in e*peri$ent instru(tionssou! be is(usse in tis se(tion.

++. Con(!usions

?+/@

Tis se(tion su$$ari8es te !ab report. Any (on(!usions rawn "ro$ te resu!ts

sou! be iven in tis se(tion. E*press te i$p!i(ation o" te resu!ts. E*a$ine teout(o$e in te !it o" te state ob>e(tives.

+-. Re"eren(es?1@

A !ist o" a!! re"eren(es use in writin te report sou! be in(!ue in tis se(tion.se te "o!!owin "or$at:(oo) :

+. Autor ?s@. Dear. Title. Eition. 6!a(e: 6ub!iser. 6ae nu$ber.(example:L.2. van !a(0. +,),. Elements of Materials Science and Engineering. t E.

Reain :Aisonese!y 6ub!. pp+//+/1.@-. Title. Dear. Boo0 Tit!e. Eition. 6!a(e: 6ub!iser. 6ae nu$ber. ?E*a$p!e:Materials Science Handbook.+,). -/t E. Oio: C.R.C. 6ress. pp. +,)@*ournas : Autor ?s@9 Dear9 Arti(!e Tit!e= Hourna! Tit!e9 o!u$e9 6ae nu$ber.?E*a$p!e: Brant9 A. +,44. 5u!tti!eve! aaptive so!ution to bounary va!ueprob!e$s. Math of Computation. 3+: 3333,/@Internet : Title. Dear. RL. ?E*a$p!e: Se!e(te en(y(!opeias an $a>or

re"eren(e or0 in po! $er (ien(e an te(no!o at Stan"or ni er it


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6. Fo!!ow a!! written an verba! instru(tions (are"u!!y.7. Never wor0 a!one in te !aboratory. No stuent $ay wor0 in te !aboratory witout te presen(e

o" te instru(tor or te(ni(ian.8. 'o not eat sweets9 rin0 beveraes9 or (ew u$ in te !aboratory.9. Be prepare "or your wor0 in te !aboratory. Rea a!! pro(eures torou!y be"ore enterin te

!aboratory re$e$ber you ave to answer pre !ab


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#" a !oa is stati( or (ane re!ative!y s!ow!y wit ti$e an is app!ie uni"or$!y over a (ross se(tion

;sur"a(e o" a $e$ber9 te $e(ani(a! beaviour $ay be as(ertaine by a si$p!e stressstrain test.Tese tests are $ost (o$$on!y (onu(te "or $eta!s at roo$ te$perature. Tere are tree prin(ipa!

ways in wi( te !oa $ay be app!ie: tension9 (o$pression an sear.

Tension is one o" te $ost (o$$on $e(ani(a! stressstrain tests. Te stressstrain iara$ sows tei""erent beaviour o" te iniviua! $ateria!s parti(u!ar!y (!ear!y. Ea( $ateria! as a (ara(teristi(pattern o" stress an strain. A stanar spe(i$en is e"or$e9 usua!!y to "ra(ture wit a raua!!y

in(reasin tensi!e !oa tat is app!ie unia*ia!!y a!on te !on a*is o" a spe(i$en. 5ost o" te tensiontests "or $eta!s are (onu(te a((orin to te AST5 Stanar E ) an E )59 JStanar Test 5etos"or Tension Testin o" 5eta!!i( 5ateria!sK.

/ecnica 3escription o! te 48uip"ent

Te 6 3// $ateria! testin evi(e is a robust unit esine spe(i"i(a!!y "or te(ni(a! instru(tion an isone o" te (!assi(a! $ateria!s testin evi(e in $ateria!s s(ien(e. Te "!e*ib!e esin o" te unit per$its

a wie rane o" i""erent tests re


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-acine (ase

Te rii $a(ine base $ae o" (ast iron "or$s te"ounation an ensures stabi!ity o" te test unit in(onne(tion wit % rubbers "eat. Te $a(ine basesupports te yrau!i(s an te "ra$e.


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%orce dispay & eongation "easure"ent

$ripping eads

Te "or(e $easurin evi(e operates a((orin to te$ano$eter prin(ip!e. #t $easures te yrostati(pressure in te yrau!i( syste$. Te !are isp!ay wit aia$eter o" +/ $$ "a(i!itates pre(ise reain. A

$a*i$u$ pointer stores te $a*i$u$ "or(e. Tee!onation is $easure via an a>ustab!y $ounte ia!aue. Te ia! aue ini(ates te re!ative isp!a(e$entbetween te upper (ross $e$ber an te (rossea.

Te rippin eas are esine "or tensi!e sa$p!es witan 5+/ treae ea. #n aition9 "!at (o$pression pas(an easi!y be inserte in te (rossea an (ross$e$ber an are e! by nut.


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S!ow!y an (onstant!y !oae by rotatin te an wee!. App!i(ation o" te "or(e sou! sprea over a ti$e interva! o" 1+/ $inutes

#t is essentia! to avoi suen9 >er0y "or(e app!i(ation.

Observe te ia! aue an te sa$p!e.

For te "irst + $$ e*tension9 re(or te "or(e va!ue "or every /.+ $$ e*tension.

Above + $$ e*tension9 re(or te "or(e va!ue "or every /.- $$ e*tension

5onitor te sa$p!e an note wen (onstri(tion beins. Fro$ now on9 te "or(e wi!! be no !oner

i b t i t i!! t t

.

A>ust te ia! aue 6us te ia! aue upwars on te support bar unti!

te tra(er pin is tou(in te rive.

Set te rotatin s(a!e on te ia! aue to 8ero.

Set te $a*i$u$ pointer on te "or(e isp!ay to 8ero.


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47peri"ent ,

/orsion /est

Ob;ectives

+. To unerstan te prin(ip!e o" torsion test.-. To eter$ine te $ou!us o" sear9 G trou $easure$ent o" te app!ie tor


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1 Tra(0 base

'iita! tor


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Loading 3evice

/or8ue "easure"ent unit

Te torsiona! !oain is trans$itte to te spe(i$en by a wor$ear ?+@ an a an wee! ?%@. Te twistin an!e at te output

an te input is rea o"" by two 3/s(a!es ?-93@.

At te input sie o" te ear tere is in aition a 1iitrevo!ution (ounter ?1@ wi( sows te input revo!utions +:+.

Te wor$ ear as a reu(tion ratio o" -. Te spe(i$ens

e*aon ens are set into an a*ia! $oveab!e so(0et ?@ at tewor$ ear output en.

#n tis testin te tor


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To re>e(t tis error9 te spe(i$en o!er o" tetor


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Procedure

a6 9aibration

For (a!ibration o" te tor


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b6 Per!or"ing te test

-ounting te speci"en

+. #n tis test te sort spe(i$en is use.-. 5ount te spe(i$en between te !oain evi(e an te tor


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47peri"ent span> widt> eigt and de!ection o! abea"> paced on two bear a!!ected by a concentrated oad at te center.

a6 Investigate te reationsip between oad and de!ection

b6 Investigate reationsip between span and de!ection

c6 Investigate te reationsip between widt and de!ection o! te test speci"en.

d6 Investigate te reationsip between te eigt and de!ection o! te test speci"en.

/as) ,: /o ascertain te 9oe!!icient o! 4asticity 546 !or stee> brass> au"inu" and wood.

en E is (a!(u!ate9 te initia! !oa (ause by te !oa evi(e as no sini"i(an(e sin(e te aueas been set at 8ero wit te evi(e in p!a(e. 2owever9 wen (a!(u!atin "!e*ura! stress9 F + is in(!ue.


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47peri"ent ?

(uc)ing /est

Ob;ectives

+. To eter$ine (riti(a! bu(0!in !oas "or (o!u$ns wit support.-. To e*a$ination te Eu!er teory o" bu(0!in.3. To investiate te in"!uen(e o" i""erent $ateria! para$eters.

Introduction

A!! re!evant bu(0!in prob!e$s (an be e$onstrate wit te 6 +-/ test stan.Bu(0!in9 as oppose to si$p!e strent prob!e$s su( as rawin9 pressure9 benin an searin9 ispri$ari!y a stabi!ity prob!e$. Bu(0!in p!ays an i$portant ro!e in a!$ost every "ie! o" te(no!oy.E*a$p!es o" tis are:

Co!u$ns an supports in (onstru(tion an stee! enineerin Stop ros "or va!ve a(tuation an (onne(tin ros in $otor (onstru(tion 6iston ros "or yrau!i( (y!iners an


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b6 4uer %or"ua

Bu(0!in o((urs suen!y an witout warnin wen a (ertain !i$it !oa is attaine. #t is tere"ore ane*tre$e!y anerous type o" "ai!ure9 wi( $ust be avoie by a!! $eans. As soon as a ro beins tobu(0!e9 it wi!! be(o$e e"or$e to te point o" tota! estru(tion. Tis is typi(a! unstab!e beavior.Bu(0!in is a stabi!ity prob!e$. Te (riti(a! !i$it !oa F 0rit9 above wi( bu(0!in (an o((ur is epenent

on bot te s!enerness o" te ro9 i.e. in"!uen(e o" !ent an ia$eter9 an te $ateria! use. #n orerto e"ine s!enerness te s!enerness ratio wi!! be introu(e ere.

i

lk=

#n tis (ase l kis te (ara(teristi( !ent o" te ro. #t ta0es bot te a(tua! !ent o" te ro an te

$ountin (onitions into (onsieration.


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te $ou!us o" e!asti(ity o" te respe(tive $ateria! an A is te (rossse(tiona! area.Te in"!uen(e o" various "a(tors on te (riti(a! !oa are su$$ari8e in te so(a!!e JEu!er "or$u!a:

or e*presse in a i""erent "or$:

c6 In!uencing %actors

Be!ow te in"!uen(e o" various (ara(teristi( va!ues su( as te E $ou!us9 eo$etri( $o$ent o"inertia9 !ent an te type o" $ountin on bu(0!in beavior wi!! be e*a$ine usin te Eu!er "or$u!a.

E $ou!us

Te E $ou!us is a $easure o" te riiity o" a $ateria!. A sti"" $ateria! is sensib!e "or i resistan(e tobu(0!in. Sin(e strent as no in"!uen(e on bu(0!in9 $ateria!s wit as i an E $ou!us as possib!esou! be use. For e*a$p!e9 in te (ase o" bu(0!in strent a si$p!e (onstru(tive stee! St34 wit atensi!e strent o" on!y 34/ N;$$ sou! be iven pre"eren(e over a i strent titaniu$ a!!owTiA#r1 wit +-4/ N;$$.ereas te (onstru(tive stee! as an E $ou!us o" -+/ 0N;$$9 te titaniu$ a!!oy on!y "eatures +/10N;$$.

Geo$etri( $o$ent o" inertia

Te eo$etri( $o$ent o" inertia ini(ates te resistan(e aainst e"!e(tion resu!tin "ro$ te (rossse(tiona! sape o" te ro. Sin(e a ro bu(0!es in te ire(tion o" !east resistan(e9 te $ini$u$

i i i i i i b! i i i i

2

2

EA

Fcrit =

2

2

l

ElF

y

crit =


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s!enerness ratio (ritat wi( bu(0!in o((urs (an be (a!(u!ate.

For (onstru(tive stee! St34 wit pM+,- N;$$ te (rit= +/%. Above (ritbu(0!in a((orin to Eu!er

(an be e*pe(te. Te bu(0!in strain (urve (an be seen in 'iara$ 3.+/.

p

crit

E

2=


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/ecnica 3escription o! nit

a6 Layout o! /est 3evice

Te test evi(e $ain!y (onsists o" a basi( "ra$e9 teuie (o!u$ns an te !oa (ross bar.

Te basi( "ra$e (ontains te botto$ $ountin "or tero spe(i$en9 (onsistin o" a "or(e$easurin evi(e"or $easurin te testin "or(e an an atta($ent

so(0et wi( (an o! i""erent pressure pie(es "orrea!i8in various storae (onitions.

Te eit o" te !oa (ross bar (an be a>uste a!onte uie (o!u$ns an it (an be (!a$pe in position.Tis a!!ows ro spe(i$ens wit i""erent bu(0!in!ents to be e*a$ine.


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c6 Speci"en oders (otto" speci"en oder/wo di!!erent "ounting options are avaiabe:

For arti(u!ate $ountin

Trust pie(e wit not( "or 0ni"eee $ountin

For (!a$pe $ountinA trust pie(e9 wi( is "ir$!y (onne(te to te ro spe(i$en Te trust pie(es are inserte in te atta($ent so(0et

an are (!a$pe "ir$!y wit a s(rew.

/op speci"en oder/wo di!!erent "ounting options are avaiabe:

For arti(u!ate $ountin Lon trust pie(e wit not( "or 0ni"eee $ountin

For (!a$pe $ountin

Sort aapter an trust pie(e "ir$!y atta(e to te rospe(i$en. Te trust pie(es are inserte into te uie bus o"te !oa (ross bar


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!6 3evice /ecnica 3ata

3i"ensions

Lent: -/ $$it: %1/$$2eit: !!1/ $$eit: 31 0

5a*. test "or(e: -///N5a*. !atera! !oa: -/N

5a*. !atera! e"!e(tion: -/ $$

5a*. ro spe(i$en !ent: 4//$$

5a*. !oa spin!e stro0e: !/ $$Ro spe(i$en o!e: -/ $$ ia.

Rod Speci"ens


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b6 Accessories Set @P +,1.1+

No. 5ateria! 'ia$eter$$

Lent$$

5ountin

S+ A!u. A!5SiO.1 F-- -1 * 1// 0ni"eee;0ni"eee ?eM/ $$@

S- A!u. A!5SiO.1 F-- -1 * 1// Pni"eee;0ni"eee ?eM+ $$@S3 A!u. A!5SiO.1 F-- -1 * 1// Pni"eee;0ni"eee ?eM3$$@

S% A!u. A!5SiO.1 F-- %/ * 1// 0ni"eee;0ni"eee

S1 Fieber!ine -1 * +/ 4// 0ni"eee;0ni"eee

S 6C + * - %// 0ni"eee;0ni"eeeS4 6C -/ * +.1 %// 0ni"eee;0ni"eee

S) A!u. A!5SiO.1 F-- -/ * +/ * - 4// 0ni"eee;0ni"eee

S, A!u. A!5SiO.1 F-- + 1 * - 4// 0ni"eee;0ni"eeeS+/ A!u. A#5SiO.1 F-- + % 4// 0ni"eee;0ni"eee

Procedure

+6 Introductory /est


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b6 /esting

+. Set up te test evi(e in verti(a! or ori8onta! position. Te "or(e aue (an be turne ,/o"or tis

purpose


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). A!in te $easurin aue to te $i!e o" te ro

spe(i$en usin te support (!a$ps. Te $easurin

aue $ust be set at a rit an!e to te ire(tion o"

1. Te !oa (rossbar $ust be (!a$pe on te uie (o!u$n in

su( a $anner tat tere is sti!! appro*. 1 $$ "or te top

trust pie(e to $ove.

. A!in te ro spe(i$en in su( a $anner tat its bu(0!in

ire(tion points in te ire(tion o" te !atera! uie (o!u$ns.

2ere9 te ees $ust be perpeni(u!ar to te !oa (rossbar.

4. 6retiten te ro spe(i$en wit !ow9 non$easurab!e "or(e.


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Sa!ety

!A"#$%

/e oad cross ar" can drop o! te ca"ping screws are oosened

A rop (ou! a$ae parts o" te testin $a(ine !o(ate unerneat te (ross ar$.

Care"u!!y support te (ross ar$ by an wen !oosenin te (!a$pin s(rewsI

Be"ore re$ovin a ro spe(i$en $a0e sure tat te (!a$pin s(rews are titene

se(ure!yI 6ay attention to te top trust pie(e wen re$ovin te ro spe(i$enI

Te a8ars $entione o not app!y wen te test evi(e is set up ori8onta!!y.

9aution wen wor)ing wit britte "aterias

Te ro spe(i$en (ou! brea0 suen!y in tis (ase. 6ie(es o" spe(i$en (ou! "!y aroun

an (ause in>uriesI


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47peri"ent #

(RIN4LL AR3N4SS /4S/IN$

Ob;ectives:+. To stuy te arness o" i""erent $ateria!.-. To unerstan te prin(ip!es o" Brine!! Testin $eto.

/eory

(rine %unda"enta principes

ardness re"ers to te resistan(e9 wi( a boy as to te penetration o" anoter. A((orin!y9 in(o$$on arness testin $etos9 a ard test body is presse into te sa$p!e perpeni(u!ar to itssur"a(e.A treei$ensiona! stress "or$s in te sa$p!e beneat te penetratin test boy. Lastin i$pressions(an be a(ieve in very ar an britt!e $ateria!s witout resu!tin in (ra(0s. Tis istinuisesarness testin "ro$ tensi!e testin in wi( on!y a $onoa*ia! stress is enerate in te sa$p!e anno p!asti( e"or$ation is possib!e wit ar $ateria!s.


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(rine ardness

Te "a(tor /.+/- is an istori(a! one an ta0es into a((ount te (onversion "ro$ 0p;$$- to N;$$-.

#" te i$pression "ro$ te ba!! is not (ir(u!ar9 te averae "ro$ two verti(a!!y superi$pose $easure$ents sou! be use.

To ensure tat te arness nu$bers "or various $ateria!s9 sa$p!e "or$s an ba!! ia$eters are(o$parab!e9 (ertain ru!es $ust be observe.

Brine!! arness is (a!(u!ate "ro$ te test !orce F an tesur!ace area o! te I"pression A((ause by te ba!!. it te

ba!! ia$eter ' an te ia$eter o" te i$pression tis tenprou(es

( )225.0102.0102.0

dDDD

F

A

FHB

B

==


35/64

Loa Fa(tor2

102.0

D

Fx = epenin on $ateria!

Loa "a(tor * 3/ +/ 1 -.1 +.-1 /.1

5easurab!earness

rane 2B

4Q.%// --Q3+1 ++Q+1) ...4) 3...3, +...+1

5ateria! #ron$ateria!sStee!Cast stee!Cast iron

Lit $eta!sCopper BrassGun$eta!Ni(0e!

6urea!u$inu$5anesiu$in( Castbrass

Bearin$eta!s

LeaTinSo"t so!er

So"t $eta!s atierte$peratures

/ecnica description

Te 63// $ateria!s testin evi(e is a robust unit esine spe(i"i(a!!y "or tecnica instruction an

is one o" te (!assi(a! $ateria!s testin evi(es in $ateria!s s(ien(e. Te "!e*ib!e esin o" te unit

per$its a wie rane o" i""erent tests re


36/64

-acine base

Support

Te rii $a(ine base $ae o" (ast iron "or$s te

"ounation an ensures stabi!ity o" te test unit in

(onne(tion wit % rubber "eet. Te $a(ine base

supports te yrau!i(s an te "ra$e.


37/64

ydrauic syste"

Te test "or(e is enerate by yrau!i( $eans. A

piston in te $aster (y!iner ?-@ a(tuate via te

an wee! ?+@ an te treae spin!e (reates a

yrostati( pressure9 wi( inu(es te test "or(e in

te $ain (y!iner ?3@. Te yrau!i( trans$ission

ratio is -.44:+9 wi!st te $e(ani(a! trans$ission

ratio an wee!;spin!e is 1/3 : +. E*(!uin "ri(tion!osses9 tis wou! (orrespon to a $anua! "or(e o" +

N per +.3 0N test "or(e. Te "u!! stro0e o" te $ain

(y!iner o" %1 $$ re


38/64

ardness test

Set up

Te arnesstestin evi(e is $ounte in te

Te basi( unit in(!ues a evi(e "or arness testina((orin to Brine!!. 2arness testin is per"or$e wit

a arene stee! ba!! wit a ia$eter o" +/ $$.

5eta! p!ates +/ * 3/ * 3/ $$ $ae o" te $ateria!s

a!u$inu$9 (opper9 brass an stee! are use as

sa$p!es.

Te arness testin evi(e ?+@ is inserte in te

(o$pression 8one o" te test evi(e between te (ross

ea ?-@ an te !ower (ross$e$ber ?3@. Te sa$p!e

?%@ is p!a(e on te (o$pression pa ?1@ o" te !ower

(ross$e$ber.


39/64

Procedure

Sa$p!es o" % i""erent $ateria!s are teste. For a!! $ateria!s9a !oa "a(tor o" +/ is se!e(te. For te stee! sa$p!e9 a !oa"a(tor o" 3/ is re(o$$ene in a((oran(e wit te tab!e onpae 3). 2owever9 te ne(essary test "or(e o" -, 0N (annotbe app!ie wit te 63OO. As te Brine!! arness o" testee! sa$p!e is unoubte!y !ess tan 2B 3+19 te !oa "a(toro" +/ is sti!! per$issib!e.

?6art A@- +. 6osition te test pie(e on te !ower pressure p!ate so

tat te (enter o" te test ba!! is at !east -/ $$ "ro$ teee.

- -. Care"u!!y !ower te test ba!! onto te sa$p!e by rotatinte an wee!.

-3. S$oot!y app!y te test "or(e o" +/ 0N wit te an

wee!. 'o not app!y te "or(e too


40/64

47peri"ent B

/IN 9CLIN34R

Ob;ective

'eter$ination o" (ir(u$"erentia! stress uner open (onition9 an ana!ysis o" (o$bine an(ir(u$"erentia! stress.

/eorya6 9o"pe7 Stress Syste"

Te iara$s in Fiure .+ represent ?a@ te stress an ?b@ te "or(es a(tin upon an e!e$ent o"$ateria! uner te a(tion o" a twoi$ensiona! stress syste$.


41/64

Assu$in ?b@ to be a wee o" $ateria! o" unit ept an te sie AB to be o" unit !ent:

Reso!vin a!on wi!! ive:

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

( ) ( )

2sin2cos2

1

2

1

2sin2

2cos1

2

12cos

cossin2sincos

cossinsincossinsincoscos

22

+++=

+

++

=

++=

+++=

xyxy

xy

xy

xy

Reso!vin a!on wi!! ive:

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

2cos2sin2

1

cossin2

2sin

2

2sin

coscossinsincossinsincos

22

=

+=

+=

xy

xy

xy

Fro$ e


42/64

( ) )4(

4

22sin

22

+=

xy

an(

( ) )5(

42cos

22

+

=

xy

xy

Te stresses on te prin(ipa! p!anes are nor$a! to tese p!anes an are (a!!e prin(ipa! stresses.

Fro$ e


43/64

b6 /wo 3i"ensiona Stress Syste"

Fiure .%: 'iara$ o" prin(ipa! stresses on an e!e$ent

Strain in ire(tion o" +:

)10(211E

v

E

=

Strain in ire(tion o" -:


44/64

Fiure .1: Representation o" strain on a 5or (ir(!e

#n te usua! $anner9 re"errin to Fiure %.1:

OR is te $a*i$u$ prin(ipa! strain.

O6 is te $ini$u$ prin(ipa! strain at rit an!es to $a*i$u$

7 is te (enter o" te strain (ir(!e.

Fro$ te iara$ :

)12(2cos22

2cos22

2112

21212

+

+=

+

+=

m

m

an

)13(2cos

2cos22

1212

21212

+

+=

+=

n

n


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Fiure .: Stresses in a tin wa!!e (y!iner

a6 Open 4nds 9ondition

Te (y!iner in tis (onition as no en (onstraint an tere"ore te !onituina! (o$ponent o" stress

Lwi!! be 8ero9 but tere wi!! be so$e strain in tis ire(tion ue to te 6oisson e""e(t. Consierin an

e!e$ent o" $ateria!:

2wi!! (ause strains o":

H


46/64

E

v LH

= ?-+@

Te prin(ipa! strains are a (o$bination o" tese va!ues i.e.

( )LHH vE =

1?--@

an

( )HLL v

E

= 1

?-3@

Te prin(ipa! strains $ay be eva!uate an a 5or Strain Cir(!e (onstru(te "or ea( test (onition.Fro$ tis (ir(!e te strain at any position re!ative to te prin(ipa! a*es $ay be eter$ine.

c6 /o deter"ine a vaue !or PoissonDs Ratio

'iviin e


47/64

Fiure .4: Tin (y!iner S5+//4

Fiure .4 sows a tin wa!!e (y!iner o" a!u$inu$ (ontainin a "ree!y supporte piston. Te piston(an be $ove in or out to a!ter en (onitions by use o" te a>ust$ent s(rew. An operatin rane o" /3.1 5N;$- pressure aue is "itte to te (y!iner. 6ressure is app!ie to te (y!iner by (!osin tereturn va!ve9 situate near te pu$p out!et9 an operatin te pu$p an!e o" te se!"(ontaine anpu$p unit. To re!ease pressure uns(rew te return va!ve.


48/64

Fiure .,: Open Ens Conitions

en te an wee! is s(rewe out9 te pressuri8e oi! in te (y!iner "or(es te piston aainst (apsat te en o" te (y!iner an be(o$e (!ose Ens o" te (y!iner. Te (y!iner wa!! ten ta0es tea*ia! ?!onituina!@ stress as sown in Fiure .+/.


49/64

Strain $auges

Fiure .++= strain aues positions

Si* a(tive strain aues are (e$ente onto te (y!iner in te position sown in Fiure .++= tese arese!"te$perature (o$pensation aues an are se!e(te to $at( te ter$a! (ara(teristi(s o" te tin(y!iner. Ea( aue "or$s one ar$ o" a brie9 te oter tree ar$s (onsistin o" (!ose to!eran(e istabi!ity resistors $ounte on a p.(.b. Sunt resistors are use to brin te brie (!ose to ba!an(e in itsunstresse (onition ?tis is one on "a(tory test@. Te e""e(t on aue "a(tor o" tis ba!an(in pro(essis ne!iib!e.


50/64

/in cyinder tecnica in!or"ation

Ite"s 3etais

3i"ensions 34/ $$ i * 4// $$ !on * 3)/ $$"ront to ba(0

Nett weigt 3/ 0

4ectrica suppy )1 AC to -% AC 1/ 28 to /28%use -/ $$ .3 A Type F

-a7i"u" cyinder pressure 3.1 5N$-Set by a pressure re!ie" va!veon te an pu$p

Strain gauges E!e(tri(a! resistan(e se!"te$perature(o$pensation type

9yinder oi Se!! Te!!us 34 ?or e


51/64

To obtain te bia*ia! stress syste$: ?re"er to Fiure .+/@

Ensure tat te return va!ve on te pu$p is "u!!y uns(rewe. ns(rew te an wee! an pus te(rosspie(e to te !e"t unti! it (onta(ts te "ra$e en p!ate. Now (!ose te return va!ve an operate tean pu$p to pu$p oi! into te (y!iner an pus te piston to te en o" te (y!iner.

Tus9 wen te (y!iner is pressuri8e9 bot !onituina! an (ir(u$"erentia! stresses are set up in te(y!iner. Be"ore any test9 an at 8ero pressure9 ea( strain aue (anne! sou! be brout to 8ero orte initia! strain reains re(ore as appropriate.

Tis e


52/64

3ata

9yinder 9ondition: OP4N 4N3S

Reain6ressure?5N.$-@

'ire(t2oopStress

?5N.$-@

Strain

Gaue+

Gaue-

Gaue3

Gaue%

Gaue1

Gaue

+

,[email protected] is no sure $eto o" (a!(u!ation o" i$pa(t enery "or test pie(es9 "or tests (arrie out witi""erent instru(tions on te test pie(e.


56/64

I"pact Strengt

#$ % $educed length of pendulum% distance to center of impact

Fi.).1: 6enu!u$s potentia!

To be ab!e to (a!(u!ate te i$pa(t strent PC9 te penu!u$ potentia! enery wen re!ease9 is "irst(a!(u!ate.


57/64

pie(e s$a!!er ten stanar.

Te i$pa(t tester weits 3/ 0 an as i$ensions o" !01 * 3+1 * 10- $$.Te weit o" te penu!u$ is - 0.


58/64

-etod:

+. Set te pointer to + 1 >ou!es ?strait own@.

-. Raise te penu!u$ to te start point. Re!ease te penu!u$ by $eans o" te b!a(0 0nob.

PEE6 F#NGERS AN' 2AN'S CLEAR OF T2E 6EN'L5 5OT#ON T2S AO#'#NGHA55#NG ACC#'ENTS.

3. Stop te penu!u$ usin te "ri(tion bra0e. Ta0e te reain o" te pointer. Te pointer sou!

point to 8ero ?/@ i" te i$pa(t tester is proper!y set.

%. #" te pointer sows $ore tan 8ero9 "i*e i$pa(t testers sou! be an!e s!it!y by insertin aspa(er ?waser@ uner te penu!u$ sie. For te "reestanin $oe!9 s(rew own te a!!ens(rew usin an 5OO a!!en 0ey.

#" te pointer sows !ess tan 8ero9 i.e. te pointer is over te s(a!e9 ten te spa(er ?waser@9sa!! be p!a(e uner te ba(0 ee "or "i*e $oe!s en te a!!en s(rew in te "ree stanin$oe!9 turne anti (!o(0wise ?upwars@.

1. Ce(0 te settin wit an un!oae test. Co$p!ete "urter a>ust$ent unti! e*a(t!y 8ero isreistere.


59/64

1. Stop te penu!u$ by !i"tin te "ri(tion bra0e. Be sure tat te penu!u$ is at stansti!! be"orere$ovin te test pie(es.

. Te enery (onsu$e wen brea0in te test pie(e (an now be rea ire(t!y "ro$ te s(a!e9ini(ate by te pointer.

4. Rea an note te va!ue o" te i$pa(t enery. Ca!(u!ate te "ra(ture area an subseou!e@

#$pa(tStrent

?>ou!e;($-@

2'6E

L'6E

Questions

+. Ca!(u!ate te i$pa(t strent "or a!! test pie(es..

-. 2'6E an L'6E ave i""erent po!y$eri( (ain. E*p!ain ow it a""e(ts te i$pa(t strentobtaine


60/64

47peri"ent H

-icrostructure Anaysis

Ob;ective:

+. To be "a$i!iar wit $eta!!orapy te(ni


61/64

Te $eta!!orapy spe(i$en $ountin is one by en(apsu!atin te spe(i$en into:

+. A (o$pression;ot $ountin (o$poun ?ter$osets e.. peno!i(s9 epo*ies or ter$op!asti(s e.. a(ry!i(s@-. A (astab!e resin;(o! $ountin ?e.. a(ry!i(s resins9 epo*y resins an po!yester resins@

c6 $rinding

Grinin is re


62/64

%. !tra soni( (!eanser ++. 'ryer1. Soapy water +-. Cotton

. Nita! so!ution ?- 2NO3@ +3. A!(oo!4. 5eta!!ury $i(ros(ope +%. Sa$p!e $i! stee!

6ro(eure

+. Grinin is one usin rotatin is(s (overe wit si!i(on (arbie ?SiC@ paper an water. #n tis

operation "our i""erent rae o" paper is use. Starts wit te s$a!!est rit nu$ber= wi(represents (oarse parti(!es.

-. 'urin rinin app!y !it pressure on te (entre o" te sa$p!e. Continue rinin unti! a!! teb!e$ises ave been re$ove9 te sa$p!e sur"a(e is "!at9 an a!! star(es are ire(te in oneire(tion.

3. as te sa$p!e in water an $ove to te ne*t rit9 orientin te star(es "ro$ te previous rae

nor$a! to te rotation ire(tion.%. Repeat te rinin pro(eure unti! te "ina! rinin operation. A"ter tat was te sa$p!e

torou!y "o!!owe by (!eanin usin a!(oo! an ry te sa$p!e.

1. 6o!isin is one usin rotatin is( (overe wit so"t (!ot i$prenate wit ia$on parti(!es an!ubri(ant. Bein te po!isin operation wit $i(ron rae an (ontinue te pro(ess unti! terinin star(es ave been re$ove.


63/64

Question:

+. Labe! te $i(rostru(ture obtaine.

-. 'is(uss te i""eren(e between be"ore an a"ter et(in pro(ess.

3. 'is(uss te e""e(t o" et(in pro(ess. at wi!! appen i" te pro(ess is too !on ?$ore tan 3se(ons@

%. E*p!ain te re!ationsip o" rain an rain bounary wit $e(ani(a! properties o" $ateria!s.

1. Oter tan $eta!!ury $i(ros(ope9 ienti"y anoter two $etos app!i(ab!e to investiate te$orpo!oy an $i(rostru(ture in area re!ate to $e(ani(a! enineerin. State teavantaes o" tat e


64/64

!ime table

Section 1 2 " # 5

LecturerMuhammad

$ani%&o'emah &o'emah

Mohsenoliesardi

*+ieyanti,urain

*+ieyanti,urain

Day Monday Monday -ednesday !hursday !hursday -ednesday

!ime 1#00.100 000.1200 000.1100 000.1100 1"00.100 1#00.100

-1 -2 -" -# -5 - - - - -10 -11 -12 -1" -1# -15-1.-1

1 .2"ct2015

2."0ct2015

2.,o32015

.1",o32015

1.20,o32015

2".2,o32015

"0,o3.#Dec

2015

.11Dec2015

1#.1Dec2015

21.25Dec2015

2Dec.14an201

#.4an201

11.154an201

1.224an201

25.24an201

1.1eb201

1

*ddandDro6-ee)

7ntroduction

1 2 " # 58

MidSemester9rea)

&e6lacement:

&e6lacement:

E;am

memd221 lab manual sem 2 2015 2016

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