member country report of korea - ccopkores is executing a drilling support programme for operating...

CCOP-47AS/3-8

47th CCOP Annual Session 17-21 October2010 Manado, Indonesia

Member Country Report of

KOREA

Submitted by

Korea Delegation

(For Agenda Item 3)

COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMMES IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CCOP)

CCOP Member Country Report: KOREA 1

ANNUAL MEMBER COUNTRY REPORT

Country: KOREA Period: 1 July 2009 – 30 June 2010

GEO-RESOURCES SECTOR 1. MINERAL PROGRAMMES

1.1 Summary National programmes of mineral exploration and investigation in Korea are carried

out by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) and the Korea Resources Corporation (KORES). KIGAM’s domestic mineral exploration project is focused on the evaluation of the potential of domestic mineral resources such as epithermal Au and hydrothermal clay deposits in southwestern Korean Peninsula, also abandoned mines all over the South Korea as well. KIGAM’s overseas mineral exploration and evaluation programmes which are targeted on three major regions of Central Asia, Far-Eastern Asia and South America. KORES is running a drilling support programme (total 50,000m) and is carrying out 5 detailed exploration projects for domestic metallic and non-metallic mines/deposits funded by the government. KORES is also actively carrying out overseas mineral exploration and survey projects, which are mainly preliminary surveys in many countries abroad, and these projects will be gradually expanded.

1.2 Annual Review of Technical Programmes / Activities

KIGAM’s domestic mineral exploration project is summarized in Table 1. This project aims to evaluate and confirm potential resources.

Table 1. KIGAM’s Activities of the Domestic Mineral Exploration

Title Period Target Deposits Activities Technical Development on Life Cycle of the Haenam Epithermal Mineralized Area and Hydrothermal Clay Resources

Jan. 2009 ~ Dec. 2011

Sunshin Au deposit - Surface geochemical and drilling exploration

- Dressing & leaching of Au ore

Seongsan porcelain deposit

- Geologic mapping and alteration zoning survey

- Mineralogical study

Evaluation of development possibility for the security of industrial mineral resources (Cu, Pb, Zn, Au etc.) on the domestic mines

Jan. 2010 ~ Dec. 2012 All deposits in Korea

- Deduction of developable minesamong the metallic deposits in Korea

- Secure the potential resources and evaluation of development possibility

KORES is executing a drilling support programme for operating mines and

prospecting deposits such as Au-Ag, Pb-Zn, Ti(Fe), Mo, limestone, quartzite, pyrophyllite, bentonite, and talc deposits in Korea. . In 2010, KORES has a plan to support a total drilling depth of 50,000 m (22,000m for metallic deposits and 28,000m for non-metallic deposits). KORES is also actively carrying out 50 detailed exploration projects for Au-Ag, W, Fe, Mo, limestone, quartzite and dolomite deposits to secure new resources (Table 2).

COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR GEOSCIENCE PROGRAMMES IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (CCOP) CCOP Building, 75/10 Rama VI Road, Phayathai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2644 5468, Fax: +66 (0) 2644 5429, E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.ccop.or.th

2 CCOP Member Country Report: KOREA

Table 2. KORES’s Activities of the Domestic Mineral Exploration Title Period Activities

Drilling support programmes for domestic mineral deposits and prospecting areas

2010

- About 28,000m drilling of non-metallic mineral deposits (limestone quartzite, pyrophyllite, bentonite and talc deposits)

- 22,000m drilling of metallic mineral deposits (Au, U, Pb-Zn, Mo deposits etc.)

50 detailed exploration projects for Mo, U etc. 2010

- Drilling of the U, Mo and Limestone deposits (black slate type) - Exploration on the porphyry type Mo deposits, U deposit and some

Limestone deposits KIGAM’s overseas mineral cooperation programmes are summarized in Table 3. At

the moment, all target countries are non-CCOP member countries.

Table 3. KIGAM’s Cooperative Activities on Overseas Mineral Resources Title Period Target Countries Activities

Potential evaluation and exploration of overseas mineral resources

Jan. 2010 ~ Dec.2012

Peru, Mongolia, Uzbekistan

-Surface geological explorations -Target drilling

KORES is actively carrying out about 30 overseas mineral exploration and survey

projects for deposit evaluation in CCOP Member Countries (China, Philippines) and Cooperating and Related Countries (Australia, Canada, Mongolia, Peru, Bolivia, Mexico, Madagascar, Uzbekistan). The summary of the main projects is shown in Table 4.

Table 4. KORES’ Cooperative Activities on Overseas Mineral Resources Title Period Target Countries & Deposit Activities

Preliminary Overseas Mineral

Exploration

Jul. 2009 ~

Jun. 2010

Australia Queensland Emerald Athena Coal deposit Target drilling

Australia Queensland Emerald Taroborah Coal deposit Regional drilling

Australia New South Wales Newcastle Wyong Coal deposit Environmental approval process

Australia New South Wales Moolarben Coal deposit In production

Australia New South Wales Lithgow Springvale Coal deposit In production

Australia Queensland EmeraldMinerva Coal deposit In production

Australia New South Wales Lithgow Angus-place Coal deposit In production

Australia Queensland Bowen Cockatoo Coal deposit In production & Target drilling

Australia Queensland Bowen Togara NorthCoal deposit Feasibility study

Australia New South Wales Narrabri Coal deposit In production

Peru Ancash Selendin Cu deposit Regional drilling Canada Sudbury Shakespeare Cu deposit Test drilling for productionMexico Sata Rosalia Boleo Cu deposit Preparatory production

Philippines RapuRapu Cu deposit In production Bolivia La Pa CoroCoro Cu deposit Target drilling

Mongol Bulgan Erdene Erdenet Cu deposit Regional drilling Panama Colon Donoso Cobre Panama Cu

deposit In construction

Peru Rima Marcona Cu deposit Feasibility Study China Shanxi Beifang Tongye Cu deposit In production China Hunan Lishudang Pb-Zn-Cu deposit Target drilling


Australia Queensland Bolia Cu-Zn deposit Regional exploration

Madagascar Ambatovy Ni deposit Construction and preparatory production

Australia Westaustalia White Cliff Ni deposit Regional exploration China Jiangsu Changjiahang Ni-Lime deposit In production

Uzbekistan Navoi Zarafshan Zapadno Au deposit Target drilling

China Pao-t’ou Yongxian REE deposit In construction China Shaanxi Xian-Maxon REE deposit In production

Australia South Australia Maree Ur deposit Target drilling Canada Sasketchewan Cree-East Ur deposit Target drilling

Niger Niamey Teguidda Ur deposit In construction

1.3 Proposed Future Activities and Assistance Required from CCOP/Other Member Countries in Support of Future Activities

The overseas mineral exploration and preliminary survey projects of Korea can be increased and extended to meet the governmental policy and the CCOP Member Countries’ needs.

Programme Contact Person:

Dr. Sang-Mo, Koh / [email protected]

2. ENERGY PROGRAMME

2.1 Summary Regarding the hydrocarbon upstream activities, the R&D elementt is mainly carried

out by KIGAM, and the exploration and production operations are managed by the Korea National Oil Corporation (KNOC). KIGAM has been conducting four hydrocarbon R&D projects in Korea (Figure 1) and in countries abroad. KNOC has been exploring and producing hydrocarbon resources domestically and in every part of the world including the CCOP region.

Figure 1. Sedimentary basins and blocks offshore Korea.


2.2 Annual Review of Technical Programmes / Activities The research project ‘Exploration of Petroleum Resources on the Korean Continental

Shelf’ has been carried out by KIGAM. The main study area of the research from 2010 to 2012 is the Jeju Basin in the continental shelf of South Sea, Korea. In 2010, 2D seismic data of 780 Line-km were acquired in the Jeju Basin (Figure 2). At the same time, OBS (Ocean Bottom Seismometer) data of 135 Line-km were acquired in the area where the basement structure is not clear in the 2D seismic data. To produce seismic sections, computer processing is being conducted. Previously acquired data in the study area are also being collected for data interpretation.

Figure 2. 2D seismic data of 780 Line-km were acquired in the Jeju basin

of the continental shelf of South Sea, Korea. The 'Construction of a Petroleum Information System of the Korean Continental Shelf' consists of the designing of the data model, development of software system, setting of the hardware system and collection of petroleum exploration data. The petroleum information, including well data, seismic data, maps and reports, has been collected from the offshore the Korean Peninsula and integrated into the software system. The data will also be reinterpreted and modeled to move to the database system. A Prototype system was completed in 2009. The system will be upgraded and additional data will be collected and input to the system.

The ‘Cooperative Research for Overseas Petroleum Resources Information and E&P Technology’ Project of the year 2009 has studied the petroleum geology of the 14 important petroliferous basins of the nine countries (i.e. Algeria, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Columbia, China, India, Indonesia, Yemen) and arctic area. The fiscal systems of three hydrocarbon-bearing countries (i.e. Brazil, Egypt and Columbia) have been reviewed. The review of E&P technologies has included geophysical characterization of the fractured reservoir, 4D seismic monitoring, hydraulic fracturing, DME technology and so on. These data will be provided to domestic private petroleum enterprises via an online petroleum information system. For the 2nd Phase of the Overseas Petroleum Resources Project, KIGAM has commenced the ‘Research on Petroleum Geology of Petroliferous basins and International Cooperation with Oil/Gas-Producing Countries’ from 2010 through 2012.


With regard to the ‘Gas Hydrate Development’ project, a total of 6600 Lkm of multi-channel seismic reflection data were collected by the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources using the research vessel, Tamhae II. 3D seismic data was also acquired for assessing the gas hydrate reserves near the drilling sites of UBGH-09 and UBGH-10. An ocean-bottom seismometer survey was also carried out in the Ulleung Basin wherein UBGH-9 and UBGH-10 sites are included. A 13 sites’ data set was acquired using 8 OBSs and R/V Tamhae II. Analysis of the acquired seismic profiles associated with drilling data reveals several distinct seismic signatures indicative of the existence of natural gas-hydrate in the basin that is associated with vertically and/or laterally stacked mass-transport complexes. Among them, the BSR associated with enhanced reflections is most commonly found over much of the Ulleung Basin indicating a physiochemical boundary of gas hydrates overlying free gas. In the Ulleung Basin, seismic chimneys are also characterized by velocity pull-up on the seismic records (Figure 3), which appear to be caused by active migration of fluid gas vertically into the gas hydrate stability zone.

Sediment cores obtained from the Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Expeditions were

analyzed for the following purpose: Identification of ground truth indicating presence of near seafloor gas hydrate and gas flume; Estimation of index properties for environmental impacts due to exploitation of gas hydrate; development of well bore stability model for gas-hydrate-bearing formation; characterization of methanotrophic microorganisms and dissolved methane concentration; estimation of molecular biomarkers of methanotrophic microorganisms, and so on.

Figure 3. Multi-channel seismic profile showing seismic chimney

associated with pockmarks. On the other hand, KNOC has been conducting exploration and production of

domestic and overseas hydrocarbon resources including the CCOP region. Domestic E&P: After commencing production at the Donghae-1 gas field in July

2004, another gas layer, designated the B5 Layer, with reserves of 42 billion cubic feet, was discovered in early 2005. With the completion of the layer development in November 2009, the company started the production of natural gas and oil by linking with existing production facilities at the Donghae-1 gas field. During 2009, the overall production at Donghae-1 gas field grew by 2 million barrels compared to the previous year, totaling 3.8 million barrels.


Meanwhile, KNOC drilled 1 well(BP-1X) to explore untapped oil reserves under the continental shelf at Block VI-2 in the Jeju basin between November 2009 and February 2010, and found oil and gas shows from Eocene sandstone. From January to July 2009, while evaluating exploration potential on Block VIII in the deep waters of the East Sea through joint operation with Woodside Energy Ltd. Australia, KNOC and Woodside jointly found prospective resources and entered into the second two-year exploration period in August 2009 which is the first deep water drilling campaign in Korea.

Overseas E&P: Through its expansion strategies, KNOC is transforming itself into a world-class national oil corporation with a daily production volume of 300 thousand barrels and reserves of 2 billion barrels by 2012. KNOC took a step closer to these goals with the acquisitions of SAVIA-Peru, Harvest Energy Trust in Canada and Sumbe in Kazakhstan in 2009.

In Exploration and Production, KNOC will stimulate the efficient and optimal operation of its existing production fields by stabilizing the operations of newly-acquired blocks and implementing an integrated HSE management system. The company expects an annual and average daily production volume to reach 53.8 million barrels and 148 thousand barrels, respectively, by the end of 2010. Moreover, the company's construction of production facilities are continuing on schedule for the BlackGold oil sands block in Canada, the ADA Block in Kazakhstan, and the Block 4 in the Yemen, as well as LNG production facilities in Yemen.

2.3 Proposed Future Activities and Assistance Required from CCOP in Support of

Future Activities CCOP Member Countries and Cooperating Countries are welcomed to join KIGAM’s

hydrocarbon and gas hydrates projects. Programme Contact Person: Dr. Park, Young-Soo / [email protected]

3. GROUNDWATER PROGRAMME

3.1 Summary KIGAM has conducted its work “Integrated technology development for securing and

applying groundwater resources to cope with earth environmental changes” as a basic project. The research is composed of the following sub-topics: (1) vulnerability of the groundwater resource and recharge characteristics in Geum river area, (2) managed artificial recharge as a groundwater source security at Jeju and Nonsan-si and (3) prospecting for high-mineral water and CO2-rich water in Jeju Island.

KIGAM newly commenced “Assessment of Sustainable Groundwater Availability and Development of High Value Added Groundwater in Jeju Island” for sustainable and higher value-added groundwater development in Jeju Island in October, 2009.

3.2 Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities (1) Vulnerability of the groundwater resource and recharge characteristics in the Geum

river area.

Watershed scale vulnerability of the groundwater resource and recharge characteristics were evaluated in response to climate change in Geum river area. Evaluation of the changes in climate and land use in the past, measurement of base flow to evaluate


groundwater recharge, analysis of long-term changes in groundwater level and quality, lineament analysis, evaluation of the effect of climate change on the surface water, evaluation of infiltration characteristics of contaminants, evaluation of vulnerability to contamination, and environmental ecological evaluation were carried out in this study. A preliminary water balance model was formulated to quantitatively evaluate spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge through the analysis of change in water balance induced by the change in climate and land cover. This study also focused on applying forecast methods for comparative analysis on the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination in order to propose a standardized method to forecast groundwater contamination. DRASTIC model developed in US EPA, M-DRASTIC model upgraded from DRASTIC by Greek researchers, and a logistic regression model were applied to the Geum river watershed, and forecast of each model was comparatively analyzed and efficacy was examined using BOA (Buffer Overlay Analysis). Long-term monitoring of water quality in alluvial deposit was carried out to evaluate how surface contaminants infiltrate into the groundwater system, and the results showed that vertical change in water quality was determined by geological conditions. Also, biological reaction to contaminant (arsenic) was studied and an environmental ecological evaluation method was established.

(2) Managed artificial recharge as a groundwater source security

Managed artificial groundwater recharge has a great potential as a promising technology to address the threat to water supplies posed by climate change. Two managed artificial recharge application sites have being investigated and constructed at Jeju and Nonsan-si. A modified aquifer storage, transfer and recovery (ASTR) method is adapted to a site beside Han stream in the northern part of Jeju island to secure groundwater for future needs and to mitigate a disaster from a severe flood. A protected cultivation system by greenhouse capable of geological circulation of groundwater and rainfall artificial recharge is conceptually designed and developed and applied to an artificial recharge site in the Nonsan area.

The Jeju artificial groundwater recharge project, which directs water from seasonal

flash flooding into a volcanic aquifer, is being conducted in a high-elevation area at a site adjacent to Han Stream. Jeju is a volcanic island composed of overlapping permeable structures, such as clinker and scoria, and less permeable structures, such as tuff, massive volcanic rock body and fine-grained volcanic material. Multi-depth injection tests were performed during drilling to evaluate the unsaturated zone permeability above the regional aquifer in the vicinity of the proposed artificial groundwater recharge site. Infiltration characteristics indicate that the clinker zones more than 40 meters from surface would be the likely most suitable for artificial groundwater recharge within the vadose zone. Mt. Halla is situated at the centre of the island and the area above approximately the 600m contour is a protected as national park that is good for source water quality from stream discharge occurring in case of precipitation over about 80 mm/day. Jeju island has a very thick vadose zone more than 100 meters in high-elevation area which is good condition to inject source water through the vadose zone and then to naturally filter the injected water during long-term transport. A Jeju-friendly aquifer recharge technology (J-ART) was conceptually designed based on these hydrological, meteological, and geological properties. This artificial recharge system using a reservoir adjacent to the stream could reduce the threat of flooding and secure groundwater resources for Jeju island.

There are more than 150 clustered areas of protected cultivation with geothermal

heating systems using groundwater during winter. Most of the protected water curtain


cultivation systems dispose the used groundwater to nearby ditches, which is a main reason to cause the groundwater level to decline. To solve this problem two basic element systems are developed: geological recirculation system of used groundwater and artificial recharge system of rainwater on the rooftop of greenhouses. The protected water curtain cultivation system is designed for heating greenhouses preventing groundwater level decline from late Fall to early spring. Used groundwater is not directly sent to a ditch. Instead, it is injected back to the aquifer through an injection well adjacent to the pumping well to prevent depletion of groundwater resource, and to make continuous water curtain cultivation possible. Rainwater on the rooftop of greenhouses during the rainy season is collected by rainwater collection and injection system, and injected into the groundwater system to recover the groundwater level that was lowered due to water curtain cultivation during the winter. Rainwater collection and injection system is an appropriate method for the recent situation in which natural recharge gradually decreases due to more frequent heavy rainfall for a short duration which was known to be the typical precipitation pattern in Korea caused by global warming.

(3) Prospecting for high-mineral water and CO2-rich water in Jeju Island

Groundwater in Jeju island is known to have low-mineral contents due to high permeability of volcanic rocks and high precipitation. Recent work shows high-mineral water and CO2-rich water occur in some parts of the island. The new types of groundwater were investigated for the mountainous area in the southwestern part of Jeju Island by integrating the results from geology, mineralogy, hydrogeochemistry, electrical survey and borehole logging. Lithologic evaluation for the three drilled-cores (BH, BH2 and BH3) revealed that each core contained various lithologic units such as trachyte, trachybasalt, trachyandesite, tuff, scoria with the minor presence of basanite and basalt. Thick tuff layers underlie at the bottom of each drilled-hole. For Holes 1 and 2, underground water was labeled at the lithic clinker layer on top of tuff layers. It is apparent that the occurrence of a lithic clinker layer on top of tuff layers is a necessary condition for the existence of CO2-rich water.

Hydrogeochemical study on the mountainous area was carried out on the

southwestern part of the island. Regional study revealed CO2-rich water and high-mineral water occurred in the area higher than 200 m, but only low-mineral water occurs in the lower land. Groundwater was classified as low-mineral water, high-mineral water, CO2-rich water based on mineral contents and PCO2. Water with higher mineral contents is estimated to occur in narrow zone within 1 km and has various chemical compositions depending on lithology. Resistivity survey was performed to identify the scale of CO2-rich water producing zones. In the shallow depth, low-resistivity area was found, where upper groundwater mainly occurs and trachytic rocks was also found. These complex structures suggest that high-permeable zones and low-permeable zones are mixed.

3.3 Assistance Required from CCOP in Support of Future Activities

KIGAM has started new framework of 3-year project under the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) which deals with groundwater resources in relation to climate change. Any information on global or regional climate change needs to be shared and we need the assistance and support from CCOP in relation to those subjects.

3.4 Assistance Offered to CCOP/Other Member Countries in Support of Future

Activities An international network is required to solve the groundwater problems in relation to

climate change, since it happens globally. Also, groundwater modeling coupled with global


climate change is required for the assessment of groundwater resources, for which we strongly need the assistance from other Member Countries.

Programme Contact Person: Dr. Ha, Kyoochul / [email protected] on the issue of groundwater in Jeju Island

GEO-ENVIRONMENT SECTOR

Sector Contact Person: Dr. Yum, Byoung-Woo / [email protected]

4. COASTAL ZONE PROGRAMME

4.1 Summary The government plays a major role in policy-making and execution of coastal zone

programs in Korea in order to secure and maintain national wealth and public welfare. Most of the long-term national programs are conducted either by governmental sectors or by government organizations. Representative entities of the former could be listed with the Ministry of Land, Transport and Marine Affairs (MLTM), the Ministry of Knowledge and Economy (MKE), the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MIFAFF) and the Ministry of Environment (ME). Examples of the latter are the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration (KHOA), Korea Oceanographic Research and Development Institute (KORDI), Korea Maritime Institute (KMI), Korea Environment Institute (KEI) as well as the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM).

Large-scale coastal zone programs are also conducted in several areas by public

enterprises or private companies mainly through government investment. Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Company Ltd. (KHNP), Korea Rural Community Corporation (KR), Korea Water Company (KOWACO), including major private companies (Samsung, Hyundai, Daewoo, etc.) could the representative examples. International cooperation programs are continued, and apparently increased, in order to enhance academic achievement or to support the UN’s millennium goals. Most of the programs are executed dominantly by the Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST), MLTM and MKE based on topic-oriented supporting projects.

Table. Representative coastal zone projects and activities

Area Major Activities Organization

Shoreline &

Coastal Plain

Shoreline delineation and database construction on the basis of precise geodetic surveys and tide gauges measurements KHOA

Inundation risk area estimation based on precise elevation models in the southern coast of Korea KIGAM

Sediment dynamics and beach morphology evolution along Korean coasts

KORDI Universities

Coastal wetland monitoring and management planning KEI

KORDI Universities


Intertidal &

Nearshore

Comparative study on the modern tidal sand bars and ancient oil sand reservoirs KIGAM

Pollution monitoring on the south and southeastern coast MLTM KIGAM

Sediment dynamics in the muddy intertidal and subtidal zones

KORDI Universities

Coastline environment changes based on satellite images KORDI

Nearshore to

Offshore

Marine sand aggregate exploration and post-excavation monitoring of dredging sites

KOWACO KIGAM KORDI

Commercial companies

Geologic stability assessment of the eastern coastal zones MLTM KIGAM

Universities

International Corporation

International training on coastal geology and geohazard mitigation for human resources development in the Asia-Pacific region (GeoCoast)

KME KIGAM MEST

4.2 Annual Review of Individual Technical Activities

4.2.1 Shoreline delineation and database construction on the basis of precise geodetic surveys and tide gauges measurements

The KHOA has been making continuous surveys along the coastlines in order to determine precise boundaries of Korean territory as well as to better use and preserve the coastal zones. Information is acquired on changes of the coastline itself, sizes or characters of adjoining environments, tourist sites, reclamation areas, wastewater release, land use, tidal ranges, water depths and topography, which are finally collected in databases to be used to ensure the environment-friendly development and use of our coasts.

Source: http://www.khoa.go.kr/english/open_content/function/csurvey.asp

4.2.2 Inundation risk area estimation based on precise elevation models in the southern coast of Korea

Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and digitized map data were compiled by KIGAM with a geographic information system (GIS) in order to construct digital elevation models (DEMs). The objective of the project is to supply local and regional high-resolution topographic data so that the areal distribution under inundation risk could be estimated for enhancing the storm-induce surge forecast of the Korean Meteorologic Agency (KMA). KMA developed its own numerical forecast model to secure life and properties in the coastal zones.


Digital elevation model of the southeastern coast of Korean peninsular near the mouth of the Nakdong river.

Dots denote the ground-check points based on RTK-GPS survey.

4.2.3 Sediment dynamics and beach morphology evolution along Korean coasts Sediment dynamics of the mid-eastern Korean coast was studied by KORDI on the

basis of precise morphologic surveys using LiDAR and multi-beam echo-sounder data. The characteristic coastal morphology and geology could show morphodynamic responses to the local or regional hydraulic system. The results are expected to contribute to establishing a sustainable management plan as well as to mitigate potential geohazards in an environment-friendly way.

Precise coastal morphology based on land topography and multi-beam echo-sounder data

Source: http://esri.kordi.re.kr/home/act/act01002v.asp?mcd1=2&mcd2=2&sno=2&vgbn=res

4.2.4 International training on coastal geology and geohazard mitigation for human resources development in the Asia-Pacific region (GeoCoast)

KIGAM launched an international training course on coastal geology and geohazards in order to support human resources development of the Asia and Pacific countries. The course will be opened through the international school of KIGAM (IS-Geo) and is mainly arranged for government staffs, researchers and students working in the geosciences-related sectors. The in-house lectures will be made by distinguished professors and researchers from various countries together with field trips to representative sites on Korean coasts.


In-house lecture of the international school of KIGAM

4.3 Proposed Future Activities As the influence of global climate change and its impact on human society increases,

the number and dimension of coastal zone programs is expected to be expanded. Because of their spatial and temporal scope, either domestically or internationally, the government and governmental organization will seemingly continue its main role to establish and execute various projects on coastal zones. ‘Green’ issues together with globalization are also expected to become more important motives to promote coastal zone programs especially on management of coastal wetlands, renewable energy generation, shallow gas, CO2 storage, etc. International cooperation and support programs either through UN or through non-governmental organization would be enlarged mainly by government and government agencies.

Programme Contact Person: Dr. Kim, Seong-Pil / [email protected]

5. GEO-HAZARDS PROGRAMME

5.1 Summary In 2009, KIGAM conducted several R&D projects on geohazards: earthquake

monitoring; landslides on natural terrain; impact from seawater intrusion; erosion and sedimentation disasters at gully and river; and surface subsidence. These projects are conducted as basic research programmes of KIGAM and a newly commenced national research program supported by the government. Several other organizations also perform activities related with geohazards in Korea.

Table. Technical Programmes/activities in Geo-hazards Programme

Discipline Achievement Organization

Earthquake Operation of seismic observatories for monitoring the Korean Peninsula and its vicinity KIGAM,KMA

Development of real-time strong motion monitoring system KIGAM

Landslide

Assessment of landslide susceptibility and counter measures for a slope of coal mine wastes KIGAM

Real time monitoring system for landslides on natural terrain KIGAM

Construction of debris control dams KFS A database of Cut-Slope Management System KICT


Erosion and Sedimentation

Disaster

Fingerprinting of pond sediment KIGAM Monitoring and analysis of overland flow and soil erosion under different canopy species KIGAM

Coastal LiDAR survey in Southwest coast MOMAF,NORICoastal geosciences and physical oceanography ONR, NORDI

Seawater Intrusion

Hydrochemical logs for evaluation of coastal aquifer in Jeju Island KIGAM

Operation of National Seawater Intrusion Monitoring Network in the coastal area KARICO

5.2 Annual Review of Technical Programmes / Activities

5.2.1 Earthquake KIGAM and the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) operate seismic

observatories in over 130 sites in order to monitor earthquake activities in the Korean Peninsula and its vicinity. KIGAM is operating 8 arrays and 33 single stations (Figure). KIGAM has been playing the role of the National Data Center (NDC) of Korea since 1996 related to Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).

Figure: Seismic stations of KIGAM KIGAM replaced obsolete equipments at old stations in Gyeongsang Province so that

seismogram is transmitted to KIGAM in real time. In 2010, KIGAM installed one more borehole seismometer at Chulwon area (Figure). The upgrade and new installation of the equipment will improve the data quality for seismic study.


Figure: New borehole seismic station at Chulwon KIGAM has been studying seismo-acoustic signals from various sources since 1999.

With the unique data base of seismo-acoustic signals for the last eleven years, KIGAM is developing a technique of discrimination between man-made events and natural earthquakes. An investigation on the relationship between propagation of seismo-acoustic waves and media is another important issue on which KIGAM is focusing.

KIGAM has performed several R&D projects for seismic hazard mitigation. KIGAM

developed a real-time strong motion monitoring system for important infrastructures, such as gas facilities, the international airport and the high speed rail system.

5.2.2 Landslides

KIGAM performed a research project to assess landslide susceptibility and mitigation measures for a slope of coal mine waste. There is a landslide on natural terrain with huge stack of coal mine waste at Dogye, Gangwon Province, Korea. Because the landslide is located very near a residential area composed of 40 houses, it has a high potential to cause huge damage to the civilians. It is supposed that the landslide has been occurring for the past four or five years due to the large amount of coal mine wastes, as much as 3.2million tons over an area of 0.5km2. The geologic hazards department performed detailed field survey and field measurement to analyze the mechanism and the state of slope displacement at the area and to suggest optimal countermeasures. For the field survey, detailed field mapping for slope geometry and crack distribution was performed. The mapping data were compared with old topographic data to recognize the current amount of slope displacement. Seven boreholes were drilled to identify the composition of soils and rocks of the slope. Slope movement was measured with field measurement sensors such as inclinometers, tension meters and a laser distance measurement sensors. Groundwater level was also observed to understand the relationship between slope displacement and fluctuation of groundwater level. Based on the results of field measurements, it was revealed that the slope has high movement velocity and continuous displacement along the boundary of basement rock and soil. KIGAM plans to observe the long term behavior of the landslide and to suggest optimal countermeasures to mitigate damage induced by the landslide.


Figure: The coal mine slope and monitoring devices for landslide. In case of the research on manmade slopes, the Korea Institute of Construction

Technology (KICT) continuously constructs a database using the cut-slope management system (CSMS).

5.2.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Disaster

KIGAM undertook fingerprinting of pond sediment to assess pond sediment sources and their seasonal variation for a small mountainous catchment in central Korea. Source fingerprinting of pond sediment was conducted using the fallout radionuclides. KIGAM also have monitored and analyzed overland flow and soil erosion under different canopy species.

Figure: Contribution of each possible source of pond sediment during study period

Figure: Experimental plots to monitor overland flow and soil erosion under different

canopy species.


5.2.4 Seawater Intrusion In Jeju Island, KIGAM studied the characteristic of the eastern coastal aquifer using

hydrochemical logs such as temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and Redox, DO and turbidity, and earth tidal data in seawater intrusion monitoring. Using the periodical data we understood the change of vertical profiles of hydrochemical logs and the effects of earth tidal variation.

Figure: The change of hydrochemical logs (left) according to earth tidal in borehole JD-1, and time series of hydrochemical data (right) in the depth of 30 m and 90 m, respectively.

Korea Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure Corporation (KARICO) is continuing

operation of a National Seawater Intrusion Monitoring Network and long-term monitoring of groundwater level, temperature and electrical conductivity in the coastal area. Currently a total of 97 monitoring well all over the country are in operation, and data from them have been accumulated and analyzed in a geostatistical approach.

5.3 Others

Programme Contact Person: Dr. Chae, Byung-Gon / [email protected]

GEO-INFORMATION SECTOR 6. GEO-DATA AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

6.1 Summary The Information programme conducted by KIGAM in 2009-2010 included the

development of a drill core information system. The purpose of building this system is to manage and understand the comprehensive 3D geologic information.

KIGAM is supporting the OneGeology-CCOP project. OneGeology is an

international initiative of the geological surveys of the world and a flagship project of the ‘International Year of Planet Earth’in 2008-2009. Its aim is to create dynamic geological map data of the world available via the web. As a result of level 1, KIGAM constructed the Web Map Server for providing the 1:1M Korea Geological Map covering the Korean Peninsula.


6.2 Annual Review of Technical Programmes / Activities Title Period Activities Funding Agency

Information System

Jan. 2009 ~ Dec. 2010 Development of drill core information system Ministry of Knowledge

Economy

OneGeology

Feb. 2008 ~ July. 2008 Level 1: Web Map Service

Jan. 2009 ~ Feb. 2011 Level 2 : Web Feature Service

6.3 Development of drill core information system

The purpose of the programme this year is to develop the digital image information system on drilling core information and geological information of metal mines. The scope of the programme is about the drill core data on metallic mineralization zones. To develop the system 3D Drill cores analysis has been done in alteration and mineralization area, and 3D scanned core images, analyzed physical property data are constructed as a database. The drill core digital image information management system can be applied for effective management and use of drill core information.

Figure 9. Drill core information management system main screen which displays 3D topological map

and mine underground tunnels. This system also manages geologic maps and other thematic maps


Figure 10. Geologic columnar section of a drilling hole of the developed system.

It shows scanned core images and core physical property data.

6.4 OneGeology KIGAM took part in the OneGeology-CCOP kick-off meeting held on 25 Jan. 2008 at

GSJ/AIST, Japan. After this meeting, KIGAM prepared the digital geological map data (translating Korean into English) covering the Korean Peninsula and set up the Web Map Server using the Open Source MapServer software in HP DL380 hardware system. The Web Map Server was registered on the OneGeology portal website in July 2008. The URL of Web Map Server is as follows:

http://onegeology.kigam.re.kr/cgi-bin/KIGAM_Bedrock_Geology/wms? In January 2009, KIGAM took part in the OneGeology Technical Working Group

Meeting held in GEUS(Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland), Denmark. In this meeting, the OneGeology technical guidance and decisions to improve the OneGeology Portal and the OneGeology Level 2 Web Feature Service (WFS) based on GeoSciML V2.0 were discussed. Currently, KIGAM is working on follow-up against the OneGeology Level 2 Web Feature Service.


Figure 9. Korea Geological Map Retrieved from the OneGeology Portal Website

(http://portal.onegeology.org)

KIGAM will continue to support the OneGeology Level 2 Web Feature Service scheduled in late 2009 or early 2010.

6.5 Seminar on Geo-information sharing ASEM + 3

Seminar on Geo-Information sharing ASEM three plus was held in Shanghai, China on 6-7 April 2009. The seminar was attended by delegates from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, PR China, Japan, and Republic of Korea. In this seminar, KIGAM presented an overview of geoscience information of KIGAM including organization of KIGAM, geoscience information systems, and applications. For the future activities for information sharing among ASEM countries, KIGAM is considering providing technical assistance to the ASEAN Member States, under the ASOMM+3 umbrella, in the field of minerals information database and geo-information system. The technical assistance will be provided in the form of a database modeling for database construction seminar as well as a landslide hazard mapping seminar.

6.6 Others

Programme Contact Person: Dr. SaRo Lee / [email protected]


KOICA INVITATION TRAINEE PROGRAM 7. Introducing More About KOICA Invitation Trainee Program

7.1 Summary of KOICA Program The Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) was founded as a government

agency on April 1, 1991, to maximize the effectiveness of Korea's grant aid programs for developing countries by implementing the government's grant aid and technical cooperation programs. In the past, development cooperation efforts were focused on meeting the Basic Human Needs (BHNs) of developing countries and on fostering their Human Resources Development (HRD). However, the focus has now shifted to promote sustainable development, strengthen partnerships with developing partners, and enhance the local ownership of beneficiaries. Additionally, global concerns such as the environment, poverty reduction, and gender mainstreaming, have gained significant importance in the international community. KOICA is striving to adapt to these changes by using its limited financial resources effectively in areas where Korea has a comparative advantage. In particular, Korea has the unique experience of developing from one of the poorest countries in the world to one of the most economically advanced, "and know-how gained from this experience" is an invaluable asset that helps KOICA to efficiently support the sustainable socio-economic development of its partner countries. KOICA has 8 aid theme programs, including education, health, governance, rural development, ICT, industry & energy, environment & gender, and climate change. KIGAM’s Mineral Exploration and GIS/Remote Sensing Program corresponds to KOICA’s Industry & energy aid theme, and that encouraged KIGAM to provide 4 KOICA invitation trainee programs for mineral experts from 21countries over the last 19 months.

7.2 KIGAM-KOICA Invitation Trainee Programs (September 1 2008~July 30 2009)

Year Name of the Projects

(Date)

Participating Countries

(Number of Participating Experts) Funding Agency

2008 Advanced Technologies for Mineral Resources: Mineral Exploration and GIS/Remote Sensing

(September 6 ~ September 19)

Afghanistan (1 Country, 20 Experts) KOICA


(November 6 ~ November 21)

Indonesia, Congo DR, Nigeria, Peru, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Vietnam, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar (10 Country, 19 Experts)

KOICA


(June 29 ~ July 10)

Nigeria, Madagascar, Vietnam, Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Peru, (8Countries, 14 Experts)

KOICA


(March 29 ~ March 10)

Myanmar, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, East-timor, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Turkmenistan, Philippines (8Countries, 14 Experts)

KOICA


7.3 KIGAM’s Mineral Exploration and GIS/Remote Sensing Program for Foreign Experts

The objectivities of those programs are to transfer professional knowledge of ore genesis as well as the modeling and exploration of mineral resources, to transfer the advanced technology of GIS and Remote Sensing, and to establish an international network of professionals and officials related to mineral resources.

The programs are consisted of series of lectures, on-site visits in Korea, and group

discussions and presentations. Lectures are, on those above three programs, Introduction of New Technology for Mineral Exploration, Analysis of Stable Isotopes for Mineral Exploration, and Geological Application of GIS and Remote Sensing and etc. Instructors also encourage numerous times of group presentations and discussions for enhancing foreign experts’ learning statuses. KIGAM also values human networks to cope with international research cooperation. As for those rationales, acquainting and impressing every expert who visits KIGAM and Korea are very important, and we coordinate those needs by taking them to famous Korean tourist and industrial sites.

7.4 Others

Programme Contact Person: Dr. Young-Joo Lee/ yjl@ kigam.re.kr Dr. Saro Lee / [email protected]


8. Introducing More About Training programs of International School for Geoscience Resources (IS-Geo)

8.1 International School for Geoscience Resources The International School for Geoscience Resources of KIGAM was established to

spread the accumulated research know-how achieved by KIGAM's legacy of more than 90 years. The major goals of Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resource are to cultivate the creative talents and meet training needs in the field of mineral resources, geo environments, groundwater, CO2 sequestration, oil & gas and marine & coastal geology to prepare the nation's future by operating world class job training and education programs. Futhermore, the International School for Geoscience Resources will contribute to the national development through the accomplishment of the central role in securing national strategic mineral and energy resources by fostering the experts of overseas resources exploration and development through on the job training with creative corel education by cultivating the future kernel human resources for resource development through the expansion of international cooperative training programs with industries, universities and institutions and by constructing international human networks for resource diplomacy through global capacity building and the promotion of international cooperation.

8.2 Training Program Structure

8.2.1 Certificate Course

Regular Training Course Mid-to short term practical training on-site using the latest equipment and facilities regularly offered by IS-Geo to accomplish excellent research

Focused on 4 Research Divisions

Geology Mineral Resources Petroleum & Marine Geological Environment


Training Course on Geological Research

Through various training courses on geology, the International School for Geoscience Resources strives to provide training courses addressing major societal issues that involve geologic hazards and disasters, geological mapping, geoscience information and geothermal resources. The International School for Geoscience Resources characterizes the geological issues and also provides participants with fundamental geological data necessary to address these issues. After completion of a training course, all registered participants are provided with access to online E-learning material composed of one or more courses. This learning component provides participants with important background material which increases their understanding and appreciation of the training course.

Training Course on Mineral Resources Research

Through intensive and various training course on mineral resources, the International School for Geoscience Resources strives to provide a comprehensive guide to understanding of various and systematic techniques for mineral resources such as mineral resources, metal recovery and processing. We will especially provide participants with distinguished lectures and intensive field trips to study the mineral occurrences and the new technologies with mineral processing and smelting of metal resources to secure the supply of metals and protect pollution by recycling. We will also try to give intensive lectures which are concerned to mining and metal resources to be efficient and environment-friendly way for specialists who want to glow economics with mining activities. After completion of training course, all registered participants are provided with access to online E-learning material composed of one or more courses. This learning component provides participants with important background material which increases their understanding and appreciation of the training course.

Training Course on Petroleum & Marine Research

The International School for Geoscience Resources strives to provide participants with an overview, comprehensive guide and overall information all the way on petroleum & marine researche. Courses on petroleum are specifically designed to give a technical overview in the fields of geology, geophysics and petrophysics, engineering and petroleum business. Its purpose is to develop an understanding of the WHAT, WHY, and HOW for each of these areas of petroleum & marine practice. The participants shall learn to visualize what is happening in “Petroleum & Marine”, discover what can be accomplished and gain an overall understanding. The participants will become conversant with specific technical terminology and aware of practical applications, which should enhance communication and interaction between participants. After completion of the training course, all registered participants are provided with access to online E-learning material composed of one or more courses. This learning component provides participants with important background material which increases their understanding and appreciation of the training course.

Training Course on Geologic Environment

The International School for Geoscience Resources strives to provide participants with a clear understanding of fundamental concepts in the fields of geologic environment. We are also to cover all aspects of geologic hazards, CO2 sequestration, underground space, groundwater & soil, surficial environment & global change and geochemical analysis. Participants are encouraged to experience actual cases of their current work through general discussion and integrated ‘hands-on’ problem solving


during training course. Case studies provide good illustration material which helps understanding tecnologies used extensively. After completion of training course, all registered participants are provided with access to online E-learning material composed of one or more courses. This learning component provides participants with important background material which increases their understanding and appreciation of the training course.

Customized Training Courses in Needs Education and training programs will be continuously offered to cultivate the experts effectively through the courses requested from the private sector or other institutions as well

8.2.2 Geo Future Course

Creative Geo Educamp To donate the accumulated research achievements of KIGAM scientists to public education for elementary, middle & high school teachers and students.

Earth School To provide on-the-job training courses for students in the field of geoscience resources for graduate & undergraduate students.

8.2.3 Degree Courses

University of Science & Technology ( UST ) To meet the needs of accomplished professionals with highly advanced research facilities and practical on-site programs offered by KIGAM through the Ph.D. or Master's degrees by UST.

Partnership Program between IS-Geo and Local Universities A partnership to provide the opportunity to obtain university credits at Ph.D. or Master's level in KIGAM. This unique collaboration between KIGAM and local universities will combine lab training at KIGAM with normal academic courses with local universities, allowing students to complete Ph.D. or Master's degrees there.

8.3 Main Training Program in 2010

Course name Duration Participating Countries

Mineral Resources Exploration

April 26~ June 4

Cambodia(2), Indonesia(2), Malaysia(2), Mongolia(2), Peru(2), Philippines(2), Thailand(2),

Uzbekistan(2), Vietnam(2),

Geological Application of

GIS/RS

June 7 ~ June 25

Cambodia(2), Indonesia(2), Japan(1), Malaysia(2), Mongolia(2),

Nepal(1) Papua New Guinea(2), Peru(2), Philippines(2), Thailand(2), Uzbekistan(2), Vietnam(2)

Groundwater and Surface Water,

Science & Management

August 26 ~

September 6

Cambodia(1), Egypt(1), FijiIslands(1), Indonesia(1), Laos(1), Malaysia(1),

Mongolia(1), Nepal(2), Papua New Guinea(1), Peru(1), Philippines(1),

Samoa(1), Thailand(1), TimoreLeste(1), Uzbekistan(1), Vietnam(1),


8.4 Others

Contact Person Director: Dr. Se Won Chang / [email protected] Coordinating officer: Mr. Hyun-chul Kang / [email protected] Secretary: Ms. Yeon Ji Yang / [email protected]


JOINT COMMITEES FOR ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

9. Introducing Joint Committees for Energy and Mineral Resources Cooperation

9.1 Summary of Joint Committees for Energy and Mineral Resources Cooperation Korea is extremely sensitive to energy and mineral resources issues. The imminence

of scarcity increases potential threats to Korea’s economy and stable development of industrial growth. The Korean government, quasi-government research institutes, and private sector companies are fully aware of possible imminent crises, and to resolve and to relieve the burdens of the lack of natural resources, the government is very actively engaging in energy diplomacy among other developed countries. As for the first step to energy diplomacy, agreements between governments are contracted for founding Joint Committees for Energy and Mineral Resources Cooperation. The Korean government has contracted the agreements with 32 countries so far, and those committees function as the primary channels between Korea and partner countries to link public and private sectors inclusively, regarding mineral ores and petroleum explorations and developments. With versatile investing and collaboration channels, inter-contracts such as MOU with similar industries are encouraged and expected to expand inter-cooperation concerning major resources. KIGAM supports Joint Committees for Energy and Mineral Resources Cooperation numerous times, and assists government’s energy diplomacy by attending with VIPs and high-level government officiaries.

9.2 KIGAM’s Energy Envoy Records in 2009 (January ~ July) - Vietnam(Hanoi, 2009.10.21) - Cambodia(Pnon Penh, 2009.10.22) - Uzbekistan (Seoul, 2010. 2. 9) - Indonesia (Seoul, 2010. 5. 3) - Russia (Moscow, 2010. 5. 19) - Turkey (Seoul, 2010. 6. 15) - Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar, 2010. 6. 25)


9.3 MOUs for Joint Committee for Oil and Mineral Resources Cooperation

9.4 Others

Programme Contact Person: Dr. Young-Joo Lee/ yjl@ kigam.re.kr Mr. Dae-In Kim/ money6@ kigam.re.kr

member country report of korea - ccopkores is executing a drilling support programme for operating...

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