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Melodic Sta,s,cs and Melodic Contour as Key Links Patel ch. 4.1, 4.5 1 Melody key link

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Melodic  Sta,s,cs  and  Melodic  Contour  as  Key  Links  

Patel  ch.  4.1,  4.5  

1  Melody  key  link  

A  sentence  of  Bri,sh  English  sound  example  

2  Melody  key  link  

AM  analysis  of  the  sentence  

3  Melody  key  link  

Prosogram  analysis  of  the  sentence  

4  Melody  key  link  

Differences  between  the  two  models  

•  Autosegmental-­‐metrical  theory  is  focused  on  phonology.  – The  listener’s  language  interpreta,on  only  cares  about  the  points  in  the  intona,on  contour  that  define  the  relevant  linguis,c  contrasts.  

•  Prosogram  theory  is  focused  on  phone,cs.  – Concerned  with  specifying  all  the  pitches  that  a  listener  hears  when  perceiving  intona,on.  

Melody  key  link   5  

Melodic  sta,s,cs  

Melody  key  link   6  

Melodic  sta,s,cs  

•  Small  intervals  dominate  melodies.  – Motor  explana,on  

•  Easier  to  produce  in  succession  in  voice  and  instruments.  

–  Perceptual  explana,on  •  Too  many  large  pitch  movements  risk  spliQng  the  melody  into  separate  perceptual  streams,  destroying  the  perceptual  cohesion  between  successive  tones.  

–  Speech-­‐based  explana,on  •  Speech  melodies  are  dominated  by  small  pitch  movements,  and  sta,s,cal  learning  of  these  intervals  may  influence  music  composi,on.  

Melody  key  link   7  

Speech  sta,s,cs  

Melody  key  link   8  

Influence  of  speech  on  melody  

•  Look  for  quan,fiable  differences  between  the  sta,s,cs  of  speech  intona,on  in  different  cultures.  

•  See  if  these  sta,s,cs  are  reflected  in  the  instrumental  music  of  these  cultures.  

Melody  key  link   9  

Influence  of  speech  on  melody  

•  Patel,  Iversen  &  Rosenberg  2006  looked  at  speech  and  classical  music  of  England  and  France.  – Same  corpus  as  Patel  &  Danieel’s  2003  work  on  rhythm.  •  Using  prosograms,  measured  varia,on  in  pitch  height  and  variabiity  in  pitch  interval  size  in  sentences  (semitones).  

•  Using  musical  nota,on,  measured  pitch  height  and  pitch  interval  varia,on  in  music.  

Melody  key  link   10  

Melody  key  link   11  

Influence  of  speech  on  melody  

–  Spoken  French  had  significantly  lower  interval  variability  than  English,  and  music  mirrored  this  pa`ern.  •  MIV  (Melodic  Interval  Variability):    100  ,mes  the  CV  (Coefficient  of  Varia,on)  

•  Plot  posi,on  of  each  in  RM  (Rhythm-­‐Melody)  Space  to  measure  the  prosodic  difference  between  systems.  

–  By  what  route  do  speech  pa`erns  find  their  way  into  music?  •  Perhaps  sta,s,cal  learning  of  speech  pa`erns  unconsciously  influences  music  composi,on.  

•  English  speech  may  use  three  dis,nc,ve  levels  of    pitch  in  its  intona,on,  and  French  only  two.  

Melody  key  link   12  

Melodic  contour  percep,on  in  acquired  amusia  

•  Patel,  Peretz  et  al.  1998  •  CN  – An  “associa,ve  amusic”  was  able  to  discriminate  musical  pitch  and  rhythm  pa`erns  but  was  unable  to  iden,fy  culturally  familiar  tunes.    

•  IR  – An  “appercep,ve  amusic”  could  not  discriminate  musical  pitch  and  rhythm  pa`erns.  

Melody  key  link   13  

Melodic  contour  percep,on  in  acquired  amusia  

•  Pairs  of  linguis,c  s,muli  (French):  –  Statement-­‐ques,on  pairs:  

•  He  wants  to  buy  a  house  next  to  the  beach  (?)  –  Focus-­‐shii  pairs:  

•  Go  in  front  of  the  BANK  I  said.  •  Go  in  FRONT  of  the  bank  I  said.  

•  Paris  of  musical  s,muli  –  Tone  sequences  replaced  each  syllable.  –  The  tone  was    fixed  at  a  Hz  value  midway  between  the  maximum  and  minimum  F0  values.  

–  Rhythm  was  preserved.  –  Sound  examples.  

Melody  key  link   14  

Melody  key  link   15  

Melodic  contour  percep,on  in  acquired  amusia  

•  Two  hypotheses  –  If  the  amusics’  deficits  were  confined  to  music,  then  they  should  have  trouble  discrimina,ng  the  sentences  but  should  do  well  with  the  tone  sequences.  

–  But  if  sentence  and  tone-­‐sequence  processing  overlap  in  the  brain,  similar  performance  should  be  found.  

•  The  second  hypothesis  was  upheld  –  CN  did  well  on  both.  –  IR  had  difficulty  on  both.  

•  She  could  perceive  the  differences  but  had  deficits  in  working  memory  for  them,  perhaps  due  to  a  lesion  in  the  right  frontal  cortex.  

Melody  key  link   16  

Melodic  contour  percep,on  in  music  tone  deafness  

•  Congenital  amusics  (musically  tone  deaf  individuals—mTDIs)    –  4%  of  the  popula,on.  –  Unaware  when  music  (including  their  own  singing)  is  off-­‐key.  

–  Have  difficulty  discrimina,ng  even  culturally  familiar  melodies  without  lyrics.  

•  Ayo`e  et  al.  2002  found  that  mTDIs  could  discriminate  the  linguis,c  but  not  the  musical  s,muli  of  Patel  et  al.  1998.  

•  Perhaps  due  to  difficulty  in  detec,ng  fine-­‐grained  pitch  changes.  

•  Patel,  Foxton  &  Griffith  2005  synthesized  gliding  transi,ons  in  the  musical  s,muli.  

•  mTDIs  s,ll  had  difficulty  with  this.      Melody  key  link   17  

Melodic  contour  percep,on  in  music  tone  deafness  

Melody  key  link   18  

The  Melodic  Contour  Deafness  Hypothesis  

•  The  hypothesis:  – mTDIs  have  equivalent  problems  in  detec,ng  the  direc&on  of  pitch  change  in  music  and  speech.  

–  Intona,on  percep,on  is  robust  to  this  problem,  while  music  percep,on  is  not.  

•  Evidence:  –  Lochy  et  al.  2004  found  that  mTDIs  do  have  difficulty  discrimina,ng  the  statement-­‐ques,on  pairs.    •  Sensi,vity  to  direc,on  is  irrelevant  in  the  focus-­‐shii  task.    

–  Foxton  et  al.  2004  found  that  mTDIs  have  difficulty  in  detec,ng  pitch  change  direc,on  •  In  which  pair  of  two  tones  does  the  pitch  go  up  or  down?  

Melody  key  link   19  

The  Melodic  Contour  Deafness  Hypothesis  

Melody  key  link   20  

The  Melodic  Contour  Deafness  Hypothesis  

•  Why  is  speech  robust  to  this  deficit?  –  In  speech,  the  threshold  (2  semitones)  is  near  the  low  end  of  the  spectrum  for  rising  or  falling  accents.  

–  In  music,  melodies  are  dominated  by  pitch  intervals  of  2  semitones  or  less.  

•  Where  in  the  brain  is  the  deficit  located?  –  Pitch  direc,on  deficits  are  associated  with  damage  in  the  right  secondary  auditory  cortex.  

–  mTDIs  have  a  decrease  in  white  ma`er  in  the  right  inferior  frontal  cortex.  •  Area  involved  in  short-­‐term  memory  for  pitch  pa`erns.  

•  A  behavioral  dissocia,on  of  speech  from  music  may  thus  disguise  an  underlying  neural  commonality.  

Melody  key  link   21