meljun cortes manual animation cswd04

8/13/2019 MELJUN CORTES Manual Animation Cswd04

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CSWD04 Instruction Manual 2 nd tri 06-07

Prepared by: ELJUN P. CORTES

Animation A simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures or frames. Cartoons on television areone example of animation. Animation on computers is one of the chief ingredients of multimediapresentations. There are many software applications that enable you to create animations that you candisplay on a computer monitor.

Brief History of Animation

Animation is a graphic representation of drawings to show movement within those drawings. Aseries of drawings are linked together and usually photographed by a camera. The drawings havebeen slightly changed between individualized frames so when they are played back in rapidsuccession (24 frames per second) there appears to be seamless movement within the drawings. Pioneers of animation include Winsor McCay of the nited !tates and "mile Cohl and #eorges Meliesof $rance. !ome

consider McCay%s Sinking of the Lusitania from &'&( as the first animated feature film.

"arly animations) which started appearing before &'&*) consisted of simple drawings photographed oneat a time. +t was extremely labor intensive as there were literally hundreds of drawings per minute of film.The development of celluloid around &'&, -uic ly made animation easier to manage. +nstead of numerousdrawings) the animator now could ma e a complex bac ground and/or foreground and sandwich movingcharacters in between several other pieces of

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celluloid) which is transparent except for where drawings are painted on it. This made it unnecessary torepeatedly draw the bac ground as it remained static and only the characters moved. +t also created anillusion of depth) especially if foreground elements were placed in the frames.

Walt 1isney too animation to a new level. 3e was the first animator to add sound to his movie cartoonswith the premiere of Steamboat Willie in &'4(. +n &',5) he produced the first full length animated featurefilm) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs .

With the introduction of computers) animation too on a whole new meaning. Many feature films oftoday had animation incorporated into them for special effects. A film li e Star Wars by #eorge 6ucaswould rely heavily on computer animation for many of its special effects. Toy Story ) produced by Walt1isney Productions and Pixar Animation !tudios) became the first full length feature film animated entirelyon computers when it was released in &''7.

With the advent of personal computers) it has now become possible for the average person to createanimations. Clic on the 1raw button to learn how our students created their animations. Animation is agraphic representation of drawings to show movement within those drawings. A series of drawings arelin ed together and usually photographed by a camera. The drawings have been slightly changed betweenindividuali8ed frames so when they are played bac in rapid succession 942 frames per second thereappears to be seamless movement within the drawings.

Pioneers of animation include Winsor McCay of the nited !tates and "mile Cohl and #eorges Meliesof $rance. !ome consider McCay%s Sinking of the Lusitania from &'&( as the first animated feature film.

"arly animations) which started appearing before &'&*) consisted of simple drawings photographed oneat a time. +t was extremely labor intensive as there were literally hundreds of drawings per minute of film.The development of celluloid around &'&, -uic ly made animation easier to manage. +nstead of numerousdrawings) the animator now could ma e a complex bac ground and/or foreground and sandwich movingcharacters in between several other pieces of celluloid) which is transparent except for where drawings arepainted on it. This made it unnecessary to repeatedly draw the bac ground as it remained static and onlythe characters moved. +t also created an illusion of depth) especially if foreground elements were placed inthe frames.

Walt 1isney too animation to a new level. 3e was the first animator to add sound to his movie cartoonswith the premiere of Steamboat Willie in &'4(. +n &',5) he produced the first full length animated featurefilm) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs .

With the introduction of computers) animation too on a whole new meaning. Many feature films oftoday had animation incorporated into them for special effects. A film li e Star Wars by #eorge 6ucaswould rely heavily on computer animation for many of its special effects. Toy Story ) produced by Walt1isney Productions and Pixar Animation !tudios) became the first full length feature film animated entirelyon computers when it was released in &''7.

With the advent of personal computers) it has now become possible for the average person to createanimations.

Methods of Animations

;efore the advent of the computer animation) all animation was done by hand. All the frames in ananimation had to be drawn by hand. Considering that each second of animation contains 42 frames 9film )one can only imagine the tremendous amount of wor that has to go into creating even the shortest ofanimated films. A couple of different techni-ues were developed for creating animation by hand.

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ey !rames

Considering the immense amount of wor that has to go into the ma ing of an animation se-uence) thedrawing or painting is usually done by more than one person. After a storyboard has been laid out) thesenior artists go and draw the ma


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Time6ine of Animation

&(42 %The persistence of vision withregard to moving ob


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This C# animated movie won the Academy Award for ;est Animation.

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All time highest grossinganimation of all time) beating out;eauty and the ;east.

12 Principles of AnimationStrai$'t A'ead Action and (ose to (ose - animation starts at the first drawing and wor s drawing todrawing to the end of a scene. Pose?to?Pose is more planned out and charted with ey drawings done atintervals throughout the scene.

The basic difference is with Pose?To?Pose you plan out) and now exactly whatwill happen ahead of time) whereas with !traight Ahead) you%re not -uite surehow things will turn out until you are done. With computers) some people tend tocreate a hybrid of the two) planning out the overall poses) and then straightahead animating the stuff in between.

Solid Dra)in$ ? The basic principles of drawing form@ weight) volume solidity and the illusion of threedimensions apply to animation as it does to academic drawing.

Sta$in$ ? A pose or action should clearly communicate to the audience the attitude) mood) reaction or ideaof the character as it relates to the story and continuity of the story line.

taging multiple characters is also an important issue. !enerally you want to always make sure youknow where the audience is looking within the shot. "ackground characters must be animated suchthat they are still #alive#$ but not so much that they steal the viewer%s attention from the mainaction. taging like this is also related to a lot of directing and editing principles.

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Antici#ation - This movement prepares the audience for a maverlapping Action is an action that occurs because of another action. $or example if a dog is running andsuddenly comes to a stop) its ears will probably still eep moving for a bit. Another example) if an alien iswal ing and it has an antenna on it) the antenna will probably sway as a result of the main body motion.This is overlapping action. +t is caused because of the main motion and overlaps on top of the main motion.

Slo) In Slo) +ut or .ase In .ase +ut - "ase in and out has to do with gradually causing an obut ) until it hits the ground.Arcs - All actions) with few exceptions 9such as the animation of a mechanical device ) follow an arc orslightly circular path. Arcs give animation a more natural action and better flow. Thin of natural movementsin the terms of a pendulum swinging.

Secondary Action - This action adds to and enriches the main action and adds more dimensions to thecharacter animation) supplementing and/or re?enforcing the main action.

*imin$ - Timing is the essence of animation. The speed at which something moves gives a sense of whatthe ob


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./a$$eration - "xaggeration is not extreme distortion of a drawing or extremely broad) violent action all thetime. +t s li e a caricature of facial features) expressions) poses) attitudes and actions. "xaggeration is usedto accent an action.

>ne can exaggerate motions) for example an arm may move


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(lannin$ A'ead - 3opefully this doesn%t need much elaboration. +n general the more planning) andthumbnails) acting) brainstorming etc you can do) the stronger your animation will be.

>ne other piece of advice + would give anyone trying to figure out how to animate an action or character is)get up and act it outE Fou should find that if you can get up) and feel and see how the action is) you couldanimate it a lot easier.

*ifferent +inds of Animation Applied on ,nternet "rowsers

The number of ways to produce an animation for a web page grows daily. We%ll loo at a few of these andbegin with the simpler ways to ma e and place animations and progress to the more complex:

Animated $ifs : Animated gifs are perhaps the simplest ways to create an animation. !imple freeware toolsexist for their creation) and the process of fashioning a satisfactory animation is usually only a matter ofchoosing several regular gif files and placing them in the proper order in the animated gif program. Then)

once the animated gif has been created) it is placed on the web page the same way that a regular gif file is.a,aScri#t-3ased animations : Gava!cript 9a relatively simple programming script language that wor s

with 3TM6 in both Detscape and +nternet "xplorer and not to be confused with ne ofthe most popular plug?ins) for example) is the !hoc wave plug?in. +f it is installed on a browser) then a usercan view animations created by Macromedia%s 1irector program) a very powerful application to ma einteractive C1%s and other stand?alone applications. Another plug?in is the =ealPlayer plug?in which lets theuser view specially encoded video clips right on a web page.

Buildin$ a (rofessional We3site

+ntroduction: Why is a professional web site so importantH

3aving a professional web site is very important for translators and other freelancers because it enablesdirect communication with agencies) clients and fellow colleagues. Publishing a web site on the +nternet isli e sending your curriculum vitae and cover letter to all your potential clients and collaborators all over theworld.;ut it is also much more than that. Four web site becomes your business image. +t reflects your values)your -uality and your commitment to your clients. +n other words) it is your best advertising.

&. #etting started: 6earn the basics of 3TM6 and C!!

What is a web siteH A web site is a group of web pages bound together. A web page is a 3TM6 file. 3TM6 stands for 3yperText Mar up 6anguage. A 3TM6 file is a simple text file containing small mar up tags. These mar up tagstell the browser how to display the page. An 3TM6 file must have an .htm or .html file extension and can becreated using a simple text editor.

3ow do + begin building my web siteH

To every translator wanting to build a web site) + would recommend to learn the basics of 3TM6 and C!!first of all.

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' : CSS is another markup language. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. These styles define howto display T!L elements. CSS was added to T!L to enhance its visual effects.

3TM6 is very simple. The only thing you need to create a web page is a notepad and a browser:

"eci#e *'e sim#lest )e3 #a$e in 50 seconds5 copy this code in the notepad:I3TM6JI;>1FJ3elloEI/;>1FJI/3TM6J2 save it as hello.html on your des top% open your browser4 open hello.html from your browser 9file: open file: hello.html

!tart with 3TM6 and then move on to C!!. +t is ama8ing what you can do with a couple of tric sE

4. Moving on: se a WF!+WF# "ditor

>nce you are familiar with 3TM6 and C!! you can start using a WF!+WF# editor. A WF!+WF# editor willhelp you to build a complex web site more easily.

What is a WF!+WF# editorH

WF!+WF# 9pronounced Wi88y Wig. A WF!+WF# editor is a program that hides the 3TM6 code so that

you can design web pages visually. With a WF!+WF# editor you compose your web page as if you werecomposing a word document 9for instance while the editor writes the 3TM6 code for you.Then) why is it useful to learn 3TM6H

3TM6 is essential to ma e fine ad


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We3D)arf $ree WF!+WF# editor for web pages. Fou can download it for free and get more informationat: http://www.virtualmechanics.com/products/dwarf/index.html

,. ;uilding your site: Planning is the Key to !uccess

Planning is a ey factor to develop a successful web site. ;efore actually starting to build your site) ta esome time planning it carefully to ma e it as good and effective as possible.

Ho) can I #lan my site effecti,ely

a8 "esearc' A good idea is doing some research before getting started. Fou can browse through colleagues web sites toget some ideas: see what you li e and what you disli e in them) thin about what ma es a good web sitewor ) chec out clever structures and easy?to?navigate menus and consider what features you would li eyour personal web site to have.

38 Contents and structure The contents and structure of a web site are closely lin ed. Plan thoroughly the contents and sections ofyour site. 1o as many s etches and drafts on paper as necessary. My advice is to stic to simple and solidsolutions.

c8 Business Ima$e9 lan$ua$e and $ra#'ical layoutFour web site will become your business image) therefore you need to pay as much attention to languageand graphical layout as possible. Four web site must reflect your professional values) your -uality and yourcommitment to your clients. +t is really worth ta ing some time to create a consistent and appealingprofessional site.

d8 :ery im#ortant .ssentials=emember that it is essential nowing what you want to achieve before getting down to building your site.

2. !aving time: Templates are a =eady?Made !olution

What is a templateH

The next thing that you have to consider is whether you want to use templates or you prefer to start buildingyour site from scratch.*em#late A template is a ready?made web page layout that you can edit and fill in with your owninformation.!ome templates are great and can help you building a professional loo ing web site very easily but + guessthat if you are a creative person) you will prefer developing your site with your own design and style.

Where can + find templatesH

!ince they are so attractive and can really save you a lot of time) there are few web sites offering freetemplates. 3ere you have a couple:

7. 1iscovering advanced features: Applets and Gava!cripts

+f you are already familiar with 3TM6 and C!! and have developed your own web site) you can try addingsome special features to it) li e counters or navigation menus) by using applets and Gava!cripts.

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A##let An applet is a small application. +n terms of the +nternet) an applet is a little program that canperform animation and other tas s on a web page .

a,aScri#t Gava!cript is a scripting language commonly used to construct web pages. Programmers useGava!cript to ma e web pages more interactive@ for example) to display forms and buttons.

. Publishing your site: Web !ervers+f you want other people to view your pages on the +nternet) you must publish them. To publish your wor )you have to copy your files to a web server.

What do + need to publish my web site on the +nternetH

5 A ser,er or 'ostTo publish your wor ) you must copy your site to a web server. Four own PC can act as a web server if it isconnected to a networ but it is most common is to use an +nternet !ervice Provider 9+!P .

2 An IS(+!P stands for +nternet !ervice Provider. An +!P provides +nternet services. A common +nternet service isweb hosting. Web hosting means storing your web site on a public server.

% !*( soft)are$TP stand for $ile Transfer Protocol. An $TP is used to upload your web site files from your computer toyour server or host. !ome +!P allow you to upload your site files through a web page) in this case you donot need a $TP software.

5. 6ast but not least: some advice from Lmy own experience

5 no) your limitations +t is important to now your own limitations. 1o something simple to start with) html is very easy and you willlearn fast as you wor on your site. !oon you will be able to build advanced web sites.

2 &et 'ostin$ and ser,er information+t is very advisable to have some information about the server where you will upload your site. +f your serveris slow) for instance) you now that you should not use too many pictures because that would ma e yoursite slower.

% Ha,e reference at 'and3ave always some good 3TM6/C!! reference at hand that you can chec if you have a problem or adoubt. $or instance:

We3 Hostin$The World Wide Web is a massive collection of web sites) all hosted on computers 9called web servers allover the world. The web server 9computer where your web site%s html files) graphics) etc. reside is nownas the web host. Web hosting clients simply upload their web sites to a shared 9or dedicated webserver)which the +!P maintains to ensure a constant) fast connection to the +nternet.

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*y#es of We3 Hostin$

There are various types of web hosting solutions. 1epending on your needs) you could choose from one ofseveral web hosting solutions and therefore it is important to research and evaluate the services to pic thecorrect one. 3ere are some of the most common type of web hosting services available) clic on the lin sfor detailed information.

S'ared We3 Hostin$

!hared web hosting 9also called virtual hosting is the most common type of hosting service used. Asthe word implies) shared web hosting means that you are sharing one server 9CP time) memory) >!)applications) bandwidth) etc with a number of clients of your hosting company. The web host manages theserver to ensure uptime) upgrading hardware and software. The cost of shared hosting often depends on thenumber of clients being hosted on a server as the hosting company tries to maximi8e profits per server.

When shopping for shared web hosting) you must chec the terms of service to see if there are anyscripts or types of software that aren%t allowed by the host. !ince all the resources are shared) it is importantto ensure that no one user is hogging the pooled resources. !erver software li e Apache or ++! allows theadministrators to locali8e any errors or unusual CP utili8ation so as to not affect the other users) but thereremains a possibility of a problem occurring and all the websites on a given server going down.

(ros of s'ared )e3 'ostin$!hared or virtual web hosting has several things going for it. The main being price ? they are usually thecheapest and most affordable solutions for an online presence. !ince the company hosts tens of websiteson one server) they are able to pass the savings to the consumer. Performance could be a downside) butwith hardware getting cheaper and software getting better) this aspect might not be relevant for everyone.Ta e for example web storage space. 3ard drive si8es continue to increase 9over &** #; is now common

and prices fall) allowing providers to give the end?users a better deal. The same holds true for CP s andother components@ dual CP ) =A+1) ATA?&,,) and !C!+ based computers are common in the web hostingworld. With respect to software) better management tools have allowed virtual hosting clients to have muchof the functionality of their more expensive counterparts.

Cons of s'ared )e3 'ostin$"ven though a lot of websites run on shared or virtual hosts) this type of web hosting is not necessarily thebest solution in all cases. +f your web application re-uires an excessive amount of CP ) =AM or otherresources) or you need special software plug?ins and drivers) a shared hosting environment may not be foryou. The hosting company has to consider all the clients hosted on a computer and would not appreciatesomeone hogging the resources nor will they install foreign software as it could have a detrimental impacton their other clients. +f your web site needs to have guaranteed or very high rate of uptime) you wouldn%twant to ta e chances in a shared environment as it might be possible that other clients hosted on the

computer could cause problems for everyone.S'ared Hostin$ "e,ie)

sually the cheapest web hosting solution. #ood for small to medium si8e sites and email domains Can be used for emergencies or as a bac up hosting solution

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:irtual (ri,ate Ser,ers ;:(S8 Hostin$ (rimer

A Nirtual Private !erver 9NP! ) also referred to as Nirtual 1edicated !erver 9N1! ) provides the features ofa dedicated server for multiple web hosting customers to share. At first blush it sounds somewhatcontradictory ? how can you have a dedicated server if it is being shared by multiple usersH +sn%t that aregular shared or virtual hosting environmentH +t is true that with a Nirtual Private !erver you still sharesystem resources li e the CP and =AM with other users but the resources are allocated in such a waythat you cannot tell that the system has anyone else on it) much li e a dedicated server. !o resources areusually setup in such a way that each hosting client is only allowed to use an allocated percent) meaningthat resources assigned to you will always available to you.

(ros of :irtual (ri,ate Ser,er ;:(S8 )e3 'ostin$-ost hosting customers would rather have complete control of their server environments. Theydon t want to be hosted on a server with tens or hundreds of other users$ who could easily use upall the resources or cause the server environment to be unstable. "ut at the same time mostwebsites don t need a dedicated server. The /irtual 0rivate erver (/0 ) alternative is a veryattractive niche hosting solution for a fairly large chunk of web hosting clients who would like thestability of a dedicated server but on a smaller scale. 1ith the resources setup in such a way thateach person can only use what is allocated to them$ your site will be more consistent because it willalways have the same amount of access to the '0 $ memory$ and bandwidth. /irtual 0rivate

ervers are also more secure since even as you share the memory and '0 time$ you are allocatedyour own file system. ,f a website on the server is hacked$ the hackers will only have access to that

particular file system and would not harm the other websites. A /0 is also much cheaper than adedicated server.

Cons of :irtual (ri,ate Ser,er ;:(S8 )e3 'ostin$

Dow that you have read the pros of a NP! you are probably thin ing that this is the best thing since slicedbread. Well) almost ? as is the case with every other type of hosting service) not all providers setup or defineNirtual Private !ervers) also nown as Nirtual 1edicated !ervers) the exact same way. Fou must ma e surethat your provider guarantees that their setup is robust enough to handle operations at a pea level. A tricused by many providers in the reselling and shared space is %overselling%. What this means is selling morein terms of services than what physically available) with the hope that the end users wouldn%t use up all theservice that were advertised to them. +n the realm of NP! this can be a bit more serious) since at least theexpectation is that you are operating in a more robust environment and many clients could be running moreintensive applications li e message boards or custom web applications. A shortfall of resources could endup causing problems for everyone hosted on such a server) therefore negating the benefits of a NP!. +n ashared or dedicated environment you might be able to access more resources during pea or spi e periodsbut since the NP! environment limits you to your slice of the server resources) it can be a drawbac .

As if the technology rich lingo of regular web hosting wasn%t enough) the NP! services add a few newwrin les. Apart from storage space and bandwidth you must also deal with CP cycles and =AM. !o youwill see ads for hosting that might include "#$ Mh8 and %& M; =AM to go with the usual hosting relatedfeatures. +t is somewhat harder to figure out how much CP time or =AM you might need) so see out ahosting provider that will provide you with some benchmar s and the ability to upgrade or downgrade theNP! service if needed.

:irtual (ri,ate Ser,er ;:(S8 Hostin$ "e,ie) Allows complete control of your virtual server and its resources

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Prepared by: ELJUN P. CORTES Allows you to run web applications without adversely affecting other clients $lexible ? cheaper than dedicated hosting) more expensive than shared

Dedicated We3 Hostin$

nli e shared hosting where tens to hundreds of websites of various customers are hosted on onecomputer) dedicated web hosting solutions allow a client to lease the complete computer and have accessto all its resources to host one or multiple websites. This ma es a dedicated hosting solution especiallyattractive for large high?traffic websites) custom development pro


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system administration. The notch above is managed hosting) as it ta es the dedicated features and addsextra services li e reporting and monitoring) load balancing) security) setup) system administration andsoftware updates. This is the most hands?off solution for the client.

(ros of mana$ed )e3 'ostin$Managed hosting solutions continue to provide the benefits of a dedicated server that is you have access tothe complete server. Four pac age would be tailored to the amount of bandwidth and hard drive space thatyou might need and CP intensive applications could operate without hindering other sites or beingconflicted. Added as well is the management service that would ensure that the server operates at anoptimum level by installing the needed software) updating patches) and providing support for any hardwareor software issues. ;ut you must ma e sure that the provider has the speciali8ed people on staff andprovides 42/5/, 7 support.

Cons of mana$ed )e3 'ostin$Managed web hosting solutions are usually the premium offerings of a company and represent the top tierin terms of service. Therefore they usually command the highest prices ? managed hosting solutions aremore expensive than their dedicated cousins. Managed hosting pac ages will also li ely involve some sortof a setup fee as it is more time consuming to setup a complete server than it is to create a hosting accountin a shared environment. Managed solutions could also be over ill. +f you now your way around theoperation system being used and have system administration experience) you might be paying extra forsomething that you could do yourself.

Mana$ed Hostin$ "e,ie) Allows complete control of the server and its resources Allows custom web applications and higher level of uptime Provides complete server support and system admin More expensive than dedicated hosting

"nhance and system administration duties.Co- ocated We3 Hostin$

+n situations dedicated or managed servers provided by a web hosting provider do not meet your needs) itis always possible to custom build your own server and place it in the data center of a provider. Co?locatedhosting means that you purchase a server from 1ell) #ateway or your neighborhood hardware vendor andsupply it to the host. The host will in turn plug your server at its data center providing you access to itsnetwor and infrastructure. The web host is responsible for the networ infrastructure and the data centerwhile you are responsible for the server through remote access. This type of solution allows the verycustomi8ed and speciali8ed web sites to function at pea performance. Many of the ultra?popular websitesuse a co?location strategy to provide them with the combination of customi8ation and best possibleperformance. With co?location you would have to evaluate the specific providers to go over their terms ofservice) the security of their location) their bandwidth providers) bac up and power systems. !ome co?location hosting providers may also offer separate management contracts for the day to day maintenance ofyour server.

(ros of ser,er co-locationCo?location provides the ultimate in flexibility) choice and control. Fou as the customer now exactly whattype of hosting service you need) and if your own custom server is the answer) you can put it together)house it in a data center and manage it as you please. Most providers will include a secure cage thatensures security and will also allow you to use your own speciali8ed components li e routers to increase

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efficiency.

Cons of ser,er co-locationWith co?located servers) you as the customer are fully responsible for the e-uipment. Most data centers willmonitor and manage your system) but any problems will have to be dealt by the owner unless maintenanceagreements are in force 9extra costs . Co?located servers are most li ely to contain speciali8ed software oroperating systems as well) which have to be managed by experienced staff or the customer.

Co-located Hostin$ "e,ie) Allows complete control of the server and its resources Allows you to use customi8ed hardware and software for hosting sually the most expensive hosting solution

"eseller We3 Hostin$

The area of reseller web hosting is an interesting one for those who wish to create an e?commerce venture)selling web hosting and other related services. =eselling web hosting means that you contract with ahosting provider to sell their server space under your brand. =eseller agreements can be based on persignups) that is you sell one of a number of hosting pac ages and pay a certain amount of the fees to thehosting company. Another option involves a carte?blanche approach where you pay a set fee and receivecertain resources that you are free to resell. Fet another option would be to lease a dedicated server andresell the web space) eeping all the profits.

(ros of reseller )e3 'ostin$+t allows you as a client) to earn a potential income. +f you do web design services) you can easily offer yourclients a complete pac age that includes design and hosting. The clients would appreciate the lower costsand convenience of getting all the services under one roof and you can start building a business that bringsin recurring monthly income. Another good use of reseller accounts is if you have a networ or websites youwish to host. Fou might not have enough to


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!ree We3 Hostin$ (rimer

There are many times when you are not able to) do not feel li e) or don%t need to spend money to host aweb site. This could be the case for times when you are building a small site as an experiment) a hobby) asa test platform) or as a bac up for your other site. +n these and other cases) you can loo for free web hosts.

+n the +nternet%s heyday) when everything was free) web hosting was plentiful and -uite reliable and featurerich. As many of the web hosts succumbed to a slowdown in the online advertising mar et) the number offree web hosts decreased significantly. $urther more) those who provided free services scaled them downand switched to pay only models for the extra features. >thers inundated their free clients with a bevy ofbanners) popup) pop?under) inline ads) Gava!cript and flash advertising) and more.

(ros of free )e3 'ostin$The obvious thing going here is the cost of the web hosting 3 its 556 There are many free hoststhat provide a high level of service$ and even more that provide many of the e7tra features likescripting and databases that are usually seen in paid hosts. These services are an e7cellent way fornovices to cut their teeth and also allow backup sites along with a testing platform for moree7perienced webmasters.

Cons of free )e3 'ostin$There is no free lunch) so there must be some drawbac s to free web hosting) and there are. $or one) youare usually forced to show some sort of advertising. The web host has to re?coup their costs) they wouldeven li e to ma e money and you cannot blame them for that. ;anners) text lin s) pop?ups) pop unders andcombinations of them are common. $ree web hosts also tend to limit the storage space they provide) theylimit the type of files and the sub


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terrori8e the computing public) there are other) more dangerous hac er attac s of which computer usersmust be aware.

$irst type of hac er attac s cause systems to shut down) others simply destroy or corrupt data. This type ofattac is often more destructive than a system shutdown because it overwrites existing data) ma ing thatdata completely unrecoverable. The most dangerous data corruption viruses wait for a given period of timebefore attempting to destroy data so that the virus can spread to other computers before the original hostcomputer%s administrator discovers it.

A second type of attac is one that steals personal information. This can be done in two ways. !omeinformation theft attac s allow hac ers to remotely access system and view information from afar. >therssend files and eystro e logs bac to the hac er without alerting the computer administrator.

A third type of attac is a denial of service attac . These attac s attempt to overload a networ service byflooding it with data. The overload renders the networ service completely unusable. This is the simplesttype of attac and is often used to shut down business networ s and websites.

Criminal Hacnce the connection has been made) pac ets can flow between the hosts without further chec ing.

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Web 1esign Tips for "ffective Web 1esign

6isted below are some useful and rather important tips for designing a #rofessional and 'i$' uality website:

1eat and .asy 1a,i$ation Davigation of lin s on your site plays a big role in determining thestic iness of your site 9how long your visitor stays and explores your site . As yourself this) whatdo visitors do as soon as they open your siteH They would probably read the content of the presentpage and then loo around to find any other page that interests them.

Clean ayout Desi$n A clean layout that uses a lot of white space enhances a site%s loo s. Try toeep the focus on your content) use a template for this. se fonts that will be available on all

computers to prevent your site loo ing messed up.+#timum oad *ime Ma e sure your load time is low. $or this you must:Minimi=e &ra#'ics9 !las' and scri#ts They hugely increase your file si8e.+#timi=e your H*M > scri#t code Ma e sure that your site doesn%t have any unwanted tags orunused scripts.?se Ser,er Side Include ;SSI8 files wherever possible. !!+ files once called from the web serverreside in its cache so on subse-uent re-uests they load faster.

Desi$n for all Screen "esolutions A site that is easy?to?use always encourages visitors to stayand read your content. $or site with long pages of content this is very crucial as the amount ofscrolling re-uired is reduced. !uppose your site doesn%t loo good for a particular resolution it isvery probable that the visitor will close the browser window feeling that the web page is not for theirviewing. 1esigning stretch layouts that fit any screen resolution ensures that you now all yourvisitors see a visually appealing and professional site.

.nsure We3 site scala3ility Ma e sure your code and design is scalable. As technologyadvances and configuration of computers O their monitors eep increasing and varying it isimpossible to test your site in all screen si8es and platforms.

Cross Bro)ser Com#ati3le Ma e sure you chec your site for Internet ./#lorer @ 9 Mo=illa!irefo/ 5 0 and 1etsca#e 1a,i$ator 4 as they constitute '7 of the world s browsers.

&* +mportant Tips for a $ast 6oading Web !ite'ntroduction

+t is important to have a reasonably fast loading web site so that viewers are not made to wait for a long

time and to accommodate users on slow internet connections. !earch engine algorithms also do ta e intoconsideration your load time.

$ollow these tips while designing and developing your site:

+#timi=e your H*M code Ma e sure that your site doesn%t have any unwanted tags and that it isoptimi8ed.

.ffecti,e *a3le desi$nin$ 1esign using nested tables instead of using cell merges and splits.se separate tables where ever possible. Dot designing for &** height is better as if you use


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are present Qyou can have different tables for the header) content) footer) etc.R the page displays thecontent of each table as soon as its elements are loaded.

Ma/imi=e content area This not only reduces load time) it enhances the readability of your site.

Minimi=e use of $ra#'ics9 !las'9 scri#ts These are the ma


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There is no harm is s'o)casin$ im#ortant lin

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