meiosis
DESCRIPTION
Meiosis. IB Biology. Match up the key words to their definitions and copy them into your notes!. Gene locus ( loci ). Homologous pair. Diploid. Gamete. Allele. Haploid. n=23. human sex cell. sperm. n=23. n=23. 2n=46. haploid (n). n=23. n=23. diploid (2n). n=23. meiosis I. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MeiosisIB Biology
Match up the key words to their definitions and copy them into your notes!
Definitions
• Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position and centromere location.
• A cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes.• A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes. One set of
chromosomes is donated from each parent.• Location of a gene on a chromosome• Different forms of the same gene• Sex cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new
cell called a zygote
Homologous pair
HaploidDiploid
Gene locus (loci)
Allele Gamete
Spermatogenesis
2n=46
humansex cell
diploid (2n)
n=23
n=23
meiosis I
n=23
n=23
n=23
n=23
sperm
haploid (n)
meiosis II
Interphase I
• Similar to mitosis interphase.
• Chromosomes replicate (S phase).
• Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres.
• Centriole pairs also replicate.
Interphase I
• Nucleus and nucleolus visible.
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
cell membrane
chromatin
Meiosis I (four phases)
• Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one-half.
• four phases:a. prophase Ib. metaphase Ic. anaphase Id. telophase I
Prophase I
• Longest and most complex phase (90%).
• Chromosomes condense.
• Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad.
• Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).
Prophase I - Synapsis
Homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids sister chromatidsTetrad
Homologous Chromosomes• Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar
in shape and size.
• Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits.
• Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on homologues.
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
a. 22 pairs of autosomesb. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Paternal Maternal
eye color locus
eye color locus
hair color locus
hair color locus
Crossing Over
• Crossing over (variation) may occur between nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata.
• Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid.
• Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing over.
Crossing Over - variation
nonsister chromatids
chiasmata: site of crossing over
variation
Tetrad
Sex Chromosomes
XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male
Prophase I
centriolesspindle fiber
asterfibers
Metaphase I• Shortest phase
• Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
• INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS:1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random.2. Variation3. Formula: 2n
Example: 2n = 4then n = 2
thus 22 = 4 combinations
Metaphase I
metaphase plate
OR
metaphase plate
Question:
• In terms of Independent Assortment -how many different combinations of sperm could a human male produce?
Answer
• Formula: 2n
• Human chromosomes: 2n = 46 n = 23
• 223 = ~8 million combinations
Anaphase I
• Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
• Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.
Anaphase I
Telophase I
• Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes.
• Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.
Telophase I
Meiosis II
• No interphase II (or very short - no more DNA replication)
• Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis
Prophase II
• same as prophase in mitosis
Metaphase II
• same as metaphase in mitosis
metaphase platemetaphase plate
Anaphase II
• same as anaphase in mitosis• sister chromatids separate
Telophase II
• Same as telophase in mitosis.
• Nuclei form.
• Cytokinesis occurs.
• Remember: four haploid daughter cells produced.
gametes = sperm or egg
Telophase II
Meiosis
2n=4
sex cell
diploid (2n)
n=2
n=2
meiosis I
n=2
n=2
n=2
n=2
sperm
haploid (n)
meiosis II
Variation
• Important to population as the raw material for natural selection.
• Question:What are the three sexual sources ofgenetic variation?
Answer:
1. crossing over (prophase I)
2. independent assortment (metaphase I)
3. random fertilization
Remember: variation is good!
Question:
• A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?
Answer:
• 10 chromosomes (haploid)
Fertilization
• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.• A zygote is a fertilized egg
n=23egg
sperm n=23
2n=46zygote
Question:
• A cell containing 40 chromatids at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?
Answer:
• 10 chromosomes
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your Meiosis
worksheet