meeting computing needs across campus mark guzdial, school of interactive computing
TRANSCRIPT
Meeting Computing Needs Across CampusMark Guzdial, School of Interactive Computing
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Story
• Why we should teach computing to everyone
• Making computing work for everyone at Georgia Tech.– Lesson Learned: Contextualized Computing
education.– What the courses are like
• Side trip into second course
– Results• Side trip: Applying the lesson to the BS in
CS.• Finally, what does it buy us in CS?
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Time Warp to Fall 1999
• Fall 1999: All students at Georgia Tech must take a course in computer science.– Considered part of General Education,
like mathematics, social science, humanities…
• Why did Georgia Tech make that decision?– Computing was a College.– ABET might start requiring CS.
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More reasons forcomputing across curriculum
• Everyone needs to learn about process (Alan Perlis)
• Algorithms control our lives: The tyranny of the computationally literate (C.P. Snow)
• The tools of learning for computational scientists and engineers brought home.– Computers are cheaper than cyclotrons
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1961 MIT Sloan School Symposium
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Computing for Everyone
• In 1961, Alan Perlis argued that computer science should be part of a liberal education.– Explicitly, he argued
that all students should learn to program.
• Why?– Because Computer
Science is the study of process.
– Automated execution of process changes everything
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The Power and Fear of Algorithms
• The Economist (Sept., 2007) wrote on the algorithms that control us, yet we don’t understand.– Credit Scores,
Adjustable Rate Mortgages, Google
• C.P. Snow foresaw this in 1961.– Those who don’t
understand algorithms, can’t understand how the decisions are made.
“A handful of people, having no relation to the will of the society, having no communication with the rest of society will be taking decisions in secret which are going to affect our lives in the deepest sense.”
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Adopting Computing—without us
• At Georgia Tech and other Universities:– Biology teaches programming for mathematical and
computational models.– Physics teaches VPython for labs where they solve three-
body problems.
• Computer science provides the tools and metaphors for understanding science.
• Scientists and engineers use computing to model, simulate, and understand.– Why shouldn’t science and engineering students?– History repeating: Telescopes, microscopes.– Unlike other scientific instruments, computers are
already cheap and plentiful.
• Problem: They’re doing it without us.
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Richard Dawkins on Fresh Aire
GROSS: You close your book saying, "I am thrilled to be alive at a time when humanity is pushing against the limits of understanding." How do you think that's happening in your field of evolutionary biology?
Mr. DAWKINS: Well, it's the most exciting time to be a biologist…Since Watson and Crick in 1953, biology has become a sort of branch of computer science. I mean, genes are just long computer tapes, and they use a code which is just another kind of computer code. It's quaternary rather than binary, but it's read in a sequential way just like a computer tape. It's transcribed. It's copied and pasted. All the familiar metaphors from computer science fit.
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Back to Georgia Tech in 1999
• Key Point: Only one course met the requirement:CS1321 Introduction to Computing– Shackleford’s pseudocde approach in
1999– Later Scheme: How to Design Programs
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CS1321: Pass (A, B, or C) vs. WDF (Withdrawal, D or F)
Pass WDF
02 Fall Total 74.01% 26.74%
Female 62.99% 36.65%
Male 77.00% 22.90%
02 Spring Total 65.03% 34.87%
Female 65.56% 34.44%
Male 64.81% 35.04%
01 Fall Total 70.98% 29.02%
Female 59.55% 40.45%
Male 73.63% 26.37%
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Contextualized ComputingEducation
• Since Spring 2003, we teach 3 introductory CS courses.– Responding to research results
about CS being “irrelevant”– Based on Margolis and Fisher
“alternative paths”• Each course introduces
computing using a context (examples, homework assignments, lecture discussion) relevant to majors.
• Make computing relevant by teaching it in terms of what computers are good for (from the students’ perspective).
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Our Three CS1’s Today
• CS1301 Introduction to ComputingTraditional CS1 for our CS majors and Science majors (math, physics, psychology, etc.).
• CS1371 Computing for EngineersCS1 for Engineers. Same topics as CS1301, but using MATLAB with Engineering problems in homework and examples.
• CS1315 Introduction to Media Computation
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Introduction to Media Computation
• Average 400 students/term– Overall, CS1315 has been 51% female– Required in Architecture, Management, Ivan Allen
College of Liberal Arts, and Biology
• Focus: Learning programming and CS concepts within the context of media manipulation and creation– Converting images to grayscale and negatives,
splicing and reversing sounds, writing programs to generate HTML, creating movies out of Web-accessed content.
– Computing for communications, not calculation
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Media Computation: Teaching in a Relevant Context• Presenting CS topics
with media projects and examples– Iteration as creating
negative and grayscale images
– Indexing in a range as removing redeye
– Algorithms for blending both images and sounds
– Linked lists as song fragments woven to make music
– Information encodings as sound visualizations
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Syllabus for Introductory Course
• Getting started: Defining and executing functions• Pictures
– Psychophysics, data structures, defining functions, loops, conditionals (red-eye removal, posterizing)
– Bitmap vs. vector notations
• Sounds– Psychophysics, data structures, defining functions, loops,
conditionals– Sampled sounds vs. synthesized, MP3 vs. MIDI
• Text– Converting between media, generating HTML, database, and
networking– A little trees (directories) and hash tables (database)
• Movies• Then, Computer Science topics (last 1/3 class)
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Computer Science Topicsas solutions to their problems
• “Why is PhotoShop so much faster?”– Compiling vs. interpreting– Machine language and how the computer works
• “Writing programs is hard! Are there ways to make it easier? Or at least shorter?”– Object-oriented programming– Functional programming and recursion
• “Movie-manipulating programs take a long time to execute. Why? How fast/slow can programs be?”– Algorithmic complexity
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def negative(picture): for px in getPixels(picture): red=getRed(px) green=getGreen(px) blue=getBlue(px) negColor=makeColor(255-red,255-green,255-blue) setColor(px,negColor)
def clearRed(picture): for pixel in getPixels(picture): setRed(pixel,0)
def greyscale(picture): for p in getPixels(picture): redness=getRed(p) greenness=getGreen(p) blueness=getBlue(p) luminance=(redness+blueness+greenness)/3 setColor(p, makeColor(luminance,luminance,luminance))
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Examples of Student Work
Soup-Audio Collage
Canon- LinkedList of (MIDI) Music
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Examples of Teacher Work
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Student voices
• Intro CS student (female): “I just wish I had more time to play around with that and make neat effects. But JES [IDE for class] will be on my computer forever, so… that’s the nice thing about this class is that you could go as deep into the homework as you wanted. So, I’d turn it in and then me and my roommate would do more after to see what we could do with it.”
• High School teacher: “This was the best (non-college credit) workshop I have ever taken.”
• Students in multimedia data structures: “Data structures is an important step. Use of media! It makes it fun.”
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A Media Computation Data Structures Course
• Driving question: “How did the wildebeests stampede in The Lion King?”
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Connecting to the WildebeestsIt’s all about data structures
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Rough Syllabus for CS1316
• Weeks 1-4: Recreate media computation in Java (Images, sounds, turtles, MIDI).
• Linked lists of MIDI.– Goal: Creating flexible structures for design
• Linked lists and trees of images.– Scene graph as first tree.
• Linked lists and trees of sampled sounds.– Recursive traversals.
CanonSwan
Bells Fur Elise
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Similar Assignments,but with Objects and Agents
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Syllabus (continued)
• Generalized lists and trees.
• Graphical User Interfaces as trees– Layout managers as
renderers• Continuous Simulations
– Predator-prey, disease propagation
– UML (design notation) and reuse
• Mapping Simulations to Animation– Finally! The wildebeests
and villagers• Discrete Event
Simulation– Stacks and queues are
natural here
gal1-rightface.jpg gal1-
right2.jpg
gal1-right1.jpg
gal1-rightface.jpg
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Results: CS1315 “Media Computation”
Pass WDF
04 Fall Total 80.33% 19.65%
Female 82.90% 17.10%
Male 77.46% 22.54%
04 Spring Total 89.87% 9.37%
Female 91.94% 7.58%
Male 87.50% 11.41%
03 Fall Total 86.47% 12.54%
Female 88.36% 10.27%
Male 84.71% 14.65%
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Success Rates for Specific Majors
Success rates in traditional CS1 for students in various majors average Fall ’99 to Fall ’02, compared to Spring ’03 to Fall ’05 in Media Computation.
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Results: CS1371 “Engineering”
Pass WDF
04 Fall Total 85.03% 14.87%
Female 85.55% 14.45%
Male 84.92% 14.96%
04 Spring Total 75.27% 24.27%
Female 75.54% 23.74%
Male 75.19% 24.42%
03 Fall Total 73.94% 26.06%
Female 71.72% 28.28%
Male 74.49% 25.51%
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Results of four years of evaluation
• MediaComp students are more motivated and engaged (retention data, interviews), and find the course social, creative, and relevant.– Replicated at several institutions now.
• Students in the contextualized courses program outside of class.– Immediately (engineers) and even a year
later (MediaComp)• Students in MediaComp classes (both)
spend extra time on homework “because it’s cool.”
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The Other Results
• We don’t know if they learn the same.– The challenge of comparative studies
when there is no common reality.
• In reality, majority of students do not find the course relevant to their degrees or professions.– Many do find it relevant to their lives.
• Students distinguish between “more MediaComp classes” and “more CS classes”
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Next steps…An alternative path and a minor
• What happens when you have an intro to CS course for non-majors that students pass and even enjoy?
• Define a CS minor– About 100 students today
• Create new BS in Computational Media– Joint with School of Literature,
Communications, and Culture– 58 majors in first year, 24% female
Over 200 majors today, still about ¼ female
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How about CS? Back to CS1321
Pass WDF
04 Fall Total 84.34% 15.26%
Female 89.36% 10.64%
Male 83.17% 16.34%
04 Spring Total 68.26% 31.74%
Female 67.57% 32.43%
Male 68.46% 31.54%
03 Fall Total 81.42% 18.45%
Female 77.86% 22.14%
Male 82.18% 17.67%
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A Context for CS1 for CS majors: Robotics• Microsoft Research has
funded the Institute for Personal Robotics in Education– Tucker Balch, Directing
Joint between Bryn Mawr and Georgia Tech
– http://www.roboteducation.org
• Goal is to develop a CS1 (and CS2) with robotics as the context.– Homework:
• Recursively follow a light• Enter a pyramid and take a
picture of it• Film a movie and use
MediaComp for special effects
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Using Context throughout the CS Curriculum
• The future of computing is not in merely being a good programmer.– Those skills are now
commodities that can be outsourced anywhere.
• When “The World is Flat” (Friedman), we become competitive by bridging areas and differentiating.
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Microsoft wants employees who bridge• “The nature of these jobs is not closing
the door and coding,” (Bill) Gates said. “The great missing skill is somebody who’s good at understanding engineering and bridges that [understanding] to working with customers and marketing…We can promise these people most of what they’re doing won’t be coding.”
– Gates worried over decline in US computer scientists, ComputerWorld, July 18, 2005 (by Elizabeth Montalbano)
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The Threads™ Curriculum
• We have defined 8 Threads in Computing:– Computing and People– Computing and Information
Internetworking– Computing and Media– Computing and Platforms– Computing and Intelligence– Computing and Foundations– Computing and Computational Modeling– Computing and Devices (was Embodiment)
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The BS in Computer Science under Threads™
• Each Thread specifies the courses needed to know that area well.– From introductory computing,
through advanced courses,to beyond Computer Science (Psychology, Physics, Computer Engineering).
• A degree is the union of any two Threads.– Every Combination is a
full Computer Science degree, but bridging disciplines and clearly different from “just programming.”
– No Thread choice is necessary in first year,Can always choose different Threads during degree.
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Next steps in Threads: Roles
• Threads are about conceptual focus.• Within any Thread, might play different roles:
– A Master Practitioner– An Entrepreneur– A Researcher– A Communicator/Teacher– A Public Policy Maker
• We are defining recommendations for these roles in terms of experiences and elective classes in software engineering, management, and other areas.
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Back to Computing Across Curriculum• What do we get from teaching the
rest of campus?– Problems to work on.
• The difference between Computer Science and Computing.
– Where the interesting stuff is.
– A change in culture.• Pedagogical methods.
– Critical design in Architecture
• Research methods
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Computer Scientists andReading
• Alan Perlis, Norbert Weiner, J.C.R. Licklider, C.P. Snow• Others included Vannevar Bush, Herbert A. Simon,
Marvin L. Minsky, Jay W. Forrester, Grace M. Hopper, Claude E. Shannon, John G. Kemeny, Gene M. Amdahl
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Summary
• The rest of campus needs what we have to offer.• We have found that the way they need
computing education is different than the way we offer it to our students.– Maybe we need to change what we offer to our own
students!
• We have found a contextualized computing approach works (for the measures we have now).
• There may be benefits for our culture in making more connections to the rest of campus.
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Thank you!
Mark Guzdialhttp://www.cc.gatech.edu/~mark.guzdialhttp://home.cc.gatech.edu/csl
For more on MediaComp approach (including papers, software, and slides):
http://coweb.cc.gatech.edu/mediaComp-plan
Media Computation Teachers’ Site:
http://coweb.cc.gatech.edu/mediaComp-teach
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What Georgia Tech TeachesCS1301Intro to
Programming in Python for CS
majors
CS1331CS1+2 in
Java
CS1332Data
Structures and
Algorithms in Java
CS1315 (Media Computation CS1 in Python)
CS1316 (Structure & Behavior—Multimedia data structures in Java)
CS1371(Computing forEngineering in MATLAB (only))
CS2110(Low-level programming in C)
CS2260: Media Device Architectures
CS1372Algorithm Design in C
Institute for Computing Education (ICE@GT) Summer Workshops for High School Teachers: Media Computation CS1 in Java
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Computing and Devices
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Computing and Information Internetworking
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Want a job in Information Security?• Information Internetworking +
Foundations– Encoding and storing information
securely for organizations
• Information Internetworking + Platforms– Making information flow securely
between large databases and small cell phones and PDAs.
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Preparing for Jobs to Come
• The Future of Robotics:Devices + People
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Preparing for Jobs to Come
• Platforms + Media• Platforms +
People
