EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

MAJOR IN FOOD TECHNOLOGYSY 2011 – 2012 (1ST Semester)

A school report on Industrial Technology V (IT 315)

MEMBERS

E. OchigueM. R. RocodM. RejusoR. Jayoma

J. L. Villanueva

PROFESSOR

Madame J. Moreno

-- September 2011 --

MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND THEIR FOOD

2

MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND THEIR FOOD

I. THE MEDITERRANEAN SEAa. The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean

surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is technically a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a completely separate body of water.

b. The climate is a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Crops of the region include olives, grapes, oranges, tangerines, and cork.

II. NAME/ BACKGROUNDa. The term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus,

meaning "in the middle of earth" or "between lands" (medius, "middle, between" + terra, "land, earth"). This is on account of the sea's intermediary position between the continents of Africa and Europe. The Greek name Mesogeios (Μεσόγειος), is similarly from μέσο, "middle" + γη, "land, earth").

b. In the Bible, it was primarily known as the "Great Sea", or simply "The Sea"; however, it has also been called the "Hinder Sea", due to its location on the west coast of the Holy Land, and therefore behind a person facing the east, as referenced in the Old Testament, sometimes translated as "Western Sea". Another name was the "Sea of the Philistines", from the people occupying a large portion of its shores near the Israelites.

c. In Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYyam HaTtikhon ( ם י� יכון ה� ת ה� ), "the middle sea", a literal adaptation of the German equivalent Mittelmeer. In Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, "the white sea". In modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Abyaḍ al-Mutawassiṭ ( المتوسط األبيض البحر ), "the White Middle Sea," while in Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was referenced as Baḥr al-Rūm ( الروم بحر ), or "the Roman/Byzantine Sea."

III. HISTORYa. History of the Mediterranean region

As a sea around which some of the most ancient human civilizations were arranged, it has had a major influence on the history and ways of life of these cultures. It provided a way of trade, colonization

3

and war, and was the basis of life (via fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages.

The combination of similarly shared climate, geology and access to a common sea has led to numerous historical and cultural connections between the ancient and modern societies around the Mediterranean.

Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states and the Phoenicians. When Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Mediterranean Sea began to be called Mare Nostrum (literally:"Our Sea") by the Romans.

Darius I of Persia, who conquered Ancient Egypt built a canal linking Mediterranean to the Red Sea. Darius's canal was wide enough that two triremes could pass each other with oars extended and required four days to traverse.

The Roman empire began to crumble, however, in the fifth century and Rome collapsed after 476 AD. Temporarily the east was again dominant as the Byzantine Empire formed from the eastern half of the Roman one. Another power was rising in the east, that of Islam. At its greatest extent, the Arab Empire controlled 3/4 of the Mediterranean region.

Europe was reviving, however, as more organized and centralized states began to form in the later Middle Ages after the Renaissance of the 12th century.

Ottoman power continued to grow, and in 1453, the Byzantine Empire was extinguished with the fall of Constantinople. The growing naval prowess of the European powers confronted further rapid Ottoman expansion in the region when the Battle of Lepanto checked the power of the Ottoman navy. The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean, however. While once all trade from the east had passed through the region, the circumnavigation of Africa allowed spices and other goods to be imported directly to the Atlantic ports of Western Europe.

IV. BORDERING COUNTRIESa. Europe

1. Spain2. France3. Monaco4. Italy5. Malta

4

6. Croatia7. Slovenia8. Bosnia and Herzegovina9. Montenegro10. Albania11. Greece

b. Eurasia1. Cyprus

c. Asia1. Turkey2. Syria3. Lebanon4. Israel

d. Africa1. Egypt2. Libya3. Tunisia4. Algeria5. Morocco

V. MEDITERRANEAN CUISINEMediterranean cuisine is the food from the cultures adjacent to the

Mediterranean Sea. Whether this is a useful category is disputed:

The idea of the ‘standard Mediterranean’ ... is a modern construction of food writers and publicists in Western Europe and North America earnestly preaching what is now thought to be a healthy diet to their audiences by invoking a stereotype of the healthy other on the shores of the Mediterranean. Their colleagues in Mediterranean countries are only too willing to perpetuate this myth. The fact of the matter is that the Mediterranean contains varied cultures...

Around 1975, under the impulse of one of those new nutritional directives by which good cooking is too often influenced, the Americans discovered the so-called Mediterranean diet.... The name... even pleased Italian government officials, who made one modification: changing from diet—a word which has always seemed punitive and therefore unpleasant—to Mediterranean cuisine.

5

Despite this, given the geography, these nation-states have influenced each other over time in both food and culture and the cooking evolved into sharing common principles. Mediterranean cuisine is characterized by its flexibility, its range of ingredients and its many regional variations. The terrain has tended to favour the raising of goats and sheep.

Fish dishes are also common, although today much of the fish is imported since the fisheries of the Mediterranean Sea are weak. Seafood is still prominent in many of the standard recipes.

Olive oil and garlic are widely used in Mediterranean cuisine. It is widely believed that Mediterranean cuisine is particularly healthful; Grilled meats, pita bread, hummus, and falafel are very popular forms of the eastern type of the cuisine.

VI. MEDITERRANEAN NUTRITION and DIET

The Mediterranean diet is a modern nutritional recommendation inspired by the traditional dietary patterns of southern Italy, Crete and much of the rest of Greece in the 1960s.

On November 17, 2010, UNESCO recognized this diet pattern as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Italy, Greece, Spain and Morocco, thus reinforcing it not only as a fundamental part of their history and background, but also as a great contribution to the world.

Despite its name, this diet is not typical of all Mediterranean cuisine. In Northern Italy, for instance, lard and butter are commonly used in cooking, and olive oil is reserved for dressing salads and cooked vegetables. In North Africa, wine is traditionally avoided by Muslims. In both North Africa and the Levant, along with olive oil, sheep's tail fat and rendered butter (samna) are traditional staple fats.

HISTORY OF MEDITERRANEAN DIET

Although it was first publicized in 1945 by the American doctor Ancel Keys stationed in Salerno, Italy, the Mediterranean diet failed to gain widespread recognition until the 1990s. Objective data showing that Mediterranean diet is healthy first originated from the Seven Countries Study.

6

Mediterranean diet is based on what from the point of view of mainstream nutrition is considered a paradox: that although the people living in Mediterranean countries tend to consume relatively high amounts of fat, they have far lower rates of cardiovascular disease than in countries like the United States, where similar levels of fat consumption are found. A parallel phenomenon is known as the French Paradox.

A diet rich in salads was promoted in England during the early Renaissance period by Giacomo Castelvetro in A Brief Account of the Fruits, Herbs and Vegetables of Italy. He attempted, without success, to convince the English to eat more fruits and vegetables.

HEALTH EFFECTS

The Mediterranean diet is often cited as beneficial for being low in saturated fat and high in monounsaturated fat and dietary fiber. One of the main explanations is thought to be the health effects of olive oil included in the Mediterranean diet.

The Mediterranean diet is high in salt content. Foods such as olives, salt-cured cheeses, anchovies, capers, salted fish roe, and salads dressed with olive oil all contain high levels of salt. A study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry shows that people who followed the Mediterranean diet were less likely to develop depression.

In addition, the consumption of red wine is considered a possible factor, as it contains flavonoids with powerful antioxidant properties. Mireille Guiliano credits the health effects of the Mediterranean diet to factors such as small portions, daily exercise, and the emphasis on freshness, balance, and pleasure in food.

The Mediterranean Diet is the best way to live many years with a high quality of life. It is also the best way to keep your body in shape, your skin clean and beautiful and your internal organs working properly. It the best diet to lead you to a proportional weight and don’t endanger your health with urgent and unbalanced malnutrition. These fad diets may allow you to lose a few pounds, for a time, a weight that you will regain later after having lost part of your health. You may not know immediately, but the aftermath will come later.

In 1965 Dr. Ancel Keys, after completing the “Seven Countries Study” divulged the fact that in Crete, where 40% people food intake was olive oil, the heart diseases were considerably low. The research was

7

made with more than12.000 persons from Finland, Greece, Italy, Japan, Holland, USA and Yugoslavia.

The Original Mediterranean Diet characteristics are:

1. High consumption of virgin olive oil.2. High intake of vegetables and fruits and legumes.3. Use of non refined carbohydrates (portions to be adjusted to

physical activity).4. Consumption of fish, specially oily (or “bluish” one) three o for

times a week5. Consumption of milk and derivates, cheese and yogurt (the original

cheese was fresh goat cheese). Keep an eye on the saturated fats of the dairy products. Do not consume too much!

6. Three or four eggs per week.7. Moderate consumption of meat and saturated fats (natural, not

artificially hydrogenated!).8. One or two small glasses of wine a day, preferably red and at the

main meals. White wine and beer are alternatives.9. Nuts as snacks.10.In “special occasions” Mediterranean traditional desserts.

VII. MEDITERRANEAN FOOD PYRAMID vs. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) FOOD PYRAMID

a. Both pyramids recommend eating lots of fruits, vegetables and whole grains, but the Greeks ate very little red meat, and, they consumed far more plant foods - averaging nine servings a day of antioxidant-rich vegetables.

b. The Greeks ate cold water fish several times a week - another heart-healthy investment since fish contain omega-3 oils that not only reduce heart disease risk but also boost immune system functioning.

c. The USDA Food Guide Pyramid groups high protein foods together and does not separate out the red meat from the heart-healthy fish and nuts.

8

d. The Greek diet contains little of the two kinds of fats known to raise blood cholesterol levels: saturated fat and trans fat (also called "hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oil" in the ingredients section of food labels).

e. The USDA Food Guide Pyramid does not make the distinction between the healthy fats like monounsaturated oils and the unhealthy fats like saturated (found mostly in red meats and tropical oils) and trans fats (found mostly in margarines, snack foods, processed peanut butter and commercial baked goods). Both recommend limiting total fat if watching weight.

Mediterranean Food Pyramid

USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)

Food Pyramid

9

VIII.

MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND SOME OF THEIR POPULAR DISHES

SPAIN FRANCE ITALYPaella Spaghetti with Grilled

RatatouilleSourdough Panzanella with Grilled Chicken

GREECE ISRAEL MOROCCOPan-Fried Halloumi with

Fennel, Olive & Mint Compote

Red-Wine-Braised Brisket with Cremini, Carrots, and Thyme

Barbecue-Braised Moroccan Lamb Shanks with Honey-Mint Glaze

10

11

IX. SAMPLE MEDITERRANEAN RECIPE: SPANISH SIDE DISH

Magra con Tomate "Pork in a Tomato and Green Pepper Sauce"

INGREDIENTS:

1 pork chop cut into very small 1/4 inch cubes

16 oz. can of pealed tomatoes in tomato sauce

1 roasted red pepper finely chopped 1 small green pepper finely chopped 1 small yellow or white onion finely

chopped 2 cloves of garlic finely chopped 2 TB vinegar 2 TB olive oil salt and pepper to taste

DIRECTIONS:

Heat the oil in a small skillet and cook the pork until nearly done. Remove the

pork while reserving the oil.

Now put the vinegar, onion, garlic, and green pepper into the skillet with the oil

and cook over medium heat until the vegetables are nice and soft.

In a sauce pot, put in the tomato sauce and crush the tomatoes with your

hands. Put in the roasted red pepper add salt and pepper

and cook the sauce for about 15 minutes.

Add the vegetables and the pork to the sauce and slowly simmer for 10-15

minutes. Serve in a small dish with baguette (or other loaf bread) slices.

12

X. REFERENCES

a. Wikipediai. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seaii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mediterranean_countriesiii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisineiv. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diet

b. Mediterranean Dieti. http://www.mediterraneandiet.com/the-mediterranean-diet/ii. http://www.mediterraneandiet.gr/words.html

c. Sample Mediterranean Recipei. http://www.easy-spanish-recipes.com/magra-con-tomate.htmlii. http://www.easy-spanish-recipes.com/images/magra-con-tomate-

photo.gifiii. http://www.easy-spanish-recipes.com/images/Magra-con-tomate-

directions.gif

d. Photos (Used in Presentation an in Hard Copy)i. http://socialistmenace.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/

food_pyramid.jpgii. http://www.einfopedia.com/what-is-the-area-of-mediterranean-

sea.phpiii. http://free-extras.com/images/mediterranean_sea-12026.htmiv. http://free-extras.com/images/mediterranean_sea_map-12019.htmv. http://free-extras.com/images/mediterranean_sea-12022.htmvi. http://free-extras.com/images/mediterranean_sea-12025.htmvii. http://free-extras.com/images/mediterranean_beach-12024.htmviii. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/

Image:Mediterranean_Sea_political_map-en.svgix. http://www.janubaba.com/uploads/tasha/2008-1-

25_9456_great_ocean_road_sea_waves.jpgx. http://atlasnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/The-Great-

Sea.jpgxi. http://www.thesea.org/images/the-mediterranean-sea.jpgxii. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/

Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/270px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpgxiii. http://room162c.edublogs.org/files/2010/05/Zama.jpgxiv. http://www.forum.persianfal.com/upload/images/

8w9hneuxdqwvktfun1e.jpgxv. http://www.badassoftheweek.com/darius1.jpgxvi. http://i-cias.com/e.o/ill/darius1_01.jpgxvii. http://www.heritage-history.com/maps/philips/phil003b.jpg

13

xviii. http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5131/5548380256_47c1bbc777_o.jpgxix. http://www.ihu.edu.gr/gateway/cache/image/66e7dff9f98764da/

14.250.jpgxx. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/

Antonio_Millo_Bacino_del_Mediterraneo.jpg/350px-Antonio_Millo_Bacino_del_Mediterraneo.jpg

xxi. http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01377/veg_1377159c.jpg

xxii. http://images.sciencedaily.com/2009/06/090624093353-large.jpgxxiii. http://cardionutrition.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/mediterrean-

diet.jpgxxiv. http://www.healthcaremagic.com/article/images/mediterranean-

diet.jpgxxv. http://weightlosstweets.com/wp-content/uploads/

2010/07/1278621920-77.jpgxxvi. http://www.tomatocasual.com/wp-content/uploads/mediteranean-

diet.jpgxxvii. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT5mH9aHfENSHkS-

zTsXRZqcv-Kvs5-mLLtZoUpm9hifecLfKu4xxviii. https://images.anidori.com/crumbs/xl/115_65.jpgxxix. http://www.foodenquirer.com/img/300/214/custom/image_files/

photo_4636.jpgxxx. http://www.finecooking.com/cms/uploadedimages/images/

cooking/articles/issues_31-40/fc33jr051-01.jpgxxxi. http://www.finecooking.com/CMS/uploadedImages/Images/

Cooking/Articles/Issues_111-120/051111039-01-grilled-ratatouille-spaghetti.jpg

xxxii. http://www.finecooking.com/CMS/uploadedImages/Images/Cooking/Articles/Issues_111-120/051112020-01-chicken-panzanella-recipe.jpg

xxxiii. http://www.finecooking.com/CMS/uploadedImages/Images/Cooking/Articles/Issues_71-80/fc80qd003-02.jpg

xxxiv. http://www.finecooking.com/CMS/uploadedImages/Images/Cooking/Articles/Issues_91-100/051098058-01-brisket-recipe.jpg

xxxv. http://www.finecooking.com/CMS/uploadedImages/Images/Cooking/Articles/Issues_91-100/051099059-01-grilled-braised-lamb-shank-recipe.jpg