mediterranean civilizations mediterranean sea: the sea that is surrounded by europe to the north,...
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Mediterranean Civilizations
• Mediterranean Sea: the sea that is surrounded by Europe to the north, Africa to the south, Asia to the east, Straits of Gibraltar to west (opening to the Atlantic)
Phoenician Sea Power
• Phoenicia: Mediterranean sea-faring civilization
• Created an empire throughout Mediterranean
• Tyre was their major city
Phoenician Sea Power
• Made profit from trading sea snails that made purple/blue dye
• Thrived from about 1100 – 800 BCE
• Kept other people from sailing Mediterranean by telling tales of sea monsters
Phoenician Sea Power
• Brought items from throughout the Mediterranean to their cities.
• Exotic items sold in bazaars
• Alphabet: set of symbols meant to represent sounds
• Phoenicians used alphabet of 22 letters to conduct trade; earliest alphabet
Rise of the Israelites
• Polytheism: Belief in many gods
• Monotheism: Belief in one god
• Israelites were monotheistic
• Early Israelites were shepherds & merchants
Rise of the Israelites
• South of Phoenicia a group called the Hebrews settled in the Jordan Valley
• Later called Israelites• Israelites=Jews=Hebrews
• Much of their history is told through the Hebrew Bible, the Torah
Rise of the Israelites• Abraham was an early
leader
• Abraham took Israelites from Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan
• He convinced them to believe in ONE god.
• Famine: a time where there is not enough to eat, and people starve
• Famine forced Israelites to leave Canaan and move to Egypt
Rise of the Israelites
• Israelites stayed in Egypt for a few hundred years
• Pharaoh: “King” of Egypt
• Pharaoh forced them into slave labor
• Prophet: a religious leader or teacher
Rise of the Israelites• Israelite leader/prophet,
Moses led them out of Egypt in the EXODUS (Israelite “retreat” from Egypt)
• They wandered the Sinai Peninsula for 40 years
• Torah says that God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, a set of laws
Egypt
Sinai
Peninsula
Canaan
Rise of the Israelites
• After Exodus, they returned to Canaan
• Began farming and built cities
• King David established capital in Jerusalem
• Jerusalem will become a holy city for Jews (Israelites), Christians, and Muslims
Rise of the Israelites• The Israelites’ faith
becomes known as Judaism (Jewish faith)
• They believed in one true god who was present everywhere, knew everything, and had complete power
• Believed that all people (even kings) were equal in before God
Rise of the Israelites
• Kingdom later split into two parts
• Northern area was called Israel
• Southern was called Judah
• Assyrians invaded and took over Judah
Rise of the Israelites
• Exile: to force people to live in another place or country
• Israelites resisted Assyrian control; thousands were exiled to other places in empire
• 612 BCE, Chaldean Babylonians conquered Assyria and Judah
Rise of the Israelites• 587 BCE, king of Judah
rebelled against the Chaldeans
• Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar responded by destroying Jerusalem and exile Judeans to Babylonia
• In 587 BCE the Romans took over their homeland; they drove Israelites out between 100 – 300 AD
Rise of the Israelites• The Roman exile forced
the Jews to resettle throughout the world
• In the 1940s AD modern Israelites came back to the Eastern Mediterranean and created the modern country of Israel
• Judaism had a strong influence on two modern monotheistic religions: Christianity and Islam