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Medieval Western Medieval Western Europe Europe A Quest for Order A Quest for Order

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Page 1: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Medieval Western EuropeMedieval Western Europe

A Quest for OrderA Quest for Order

Page 2: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

PeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Page 3: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Western Europe. In the “Middle AgesWestern Europe. In the “Middle Ages

•The Medieval World—Conversion of Clovis links German barbarians with Christianity (496)•Problem of Order after collapse of Rome•Competing interests: single empire—reconstitution of Rome; Christendom under papacy; unforeseen third option—Dynastic States.

Page 4: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6c

Page 5: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Souces of the Medieval WorldSouces of the Medieval WorldSouces of the Medieval WorldSouces of the Medieval World

Memory of the Old Roman Empire

Memory of Greco-Roman Civilization

Emergence of the Institutional Church

Germanic Culture

Beginnings of Europe:St. Remi baptizes Clovis

Page 6: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church

v filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.

v monasticism:

§ St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

§ provided schools for the children of the upper class.

§ inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

§ libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

§ monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

Page 7: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

v bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.

v the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.

v tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.

v curb heresies crusades; Inquisition

v tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

v Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

Page 8: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day

Page 9: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

Page 10: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

Page 11: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

PapacyPapacy

• Under Church fathers, early heresy Under Church fathers, early heresy is overcome—nature of Jesus.is overcome—nature of Jesus.

• Triumph of St. Augustine’s world Triumph of St. Augustine’s world view (354-430) Civitas Deiview (354-430) Civitas Dei

• Leo I (440-61) and Gregory the Leo I (440-61) and Gregory the Great (590-604) elevate position of Great (590-604) elevate position of papacy—new converts accept papacy—new converts accept papal supremacy.papal supremacy.

• Is Pope superior to Kings?Is Pope superior to Kings?

Page 12: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Papacy-2Papacy-2

• Gelasian TheoryGelasian Theory

• Investiture ControvesyInvestiture Controvesy

• Innocent III (1198-1216)Innocent III (1198-1216)

• Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture

• ScholasticismScholasticism

Page 13: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural StyleStyle

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural StyleStylee Rounded Arches.

e Barrel vaults.

e Thick walls.

e Darker, simplistic interiors.

e Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Page 14: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style

eReplaced Romanesque

ePointed arches.

e High, narrow vaults.

e Thinner walls.

e Flying buttresses.

e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

e Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

Page 15: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

CathedralAt

Chartres—Romanesque

And Gothic

Page 16: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Cathedral atRheims

Page 17: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

So Why Doesn’t the Papacy So Why Doesn’t the Papacy PrevailPrevail

• CorruptionCorruption• Babylonian Captivity of the Babylonian Captivity of the

Papacy (1305-1377)Papacy (1305-1377)• Great Schism (1378-1415)Great Schism (1378-1415)• Failure of Conciliar Movement Failure of Conciliar Movement

(1422-1450)(1422-1450)• Success of Dynastic StatesSuccess of Dynastic States

Page 18: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

A Quest for a New RomeA Quest for a New Rome

• Collapse of the Merovingian Collapse of the Merovingian Dynasty—Les Rois FainéantsDynasty—Les Rois Fainéants

• Coming of the Carolingians—Coming of the Carolingians—Charles Martel; Donation of Charles Martel; Donation of PepinPepin

• Charlemagne—Crowned 800 as Charlemagne—Crowned 800 as H. R. E.H. R. E.

• Treaty of Verdun--843Treaty of Verdun--843

Page 19: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Page 20: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Page 21: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Page 22: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance

Page 23: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Carolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian Miniscule

Page 24: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Page 25: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Fedualism-Manorialism: Fedualism-Manorialism: Response to Collapse of Response to Collapse of

Carolingian OrderCarolingian Order

• Decentralized governmental Decentralized governmental systems—local nobles defacto systems—local nobles defacto rulers--feudalismrulers--feudalism

• ReciprocityReciprocity

• Localized economies tied to self Localized economies tied to self sufficient manors--manorialismsufficient manors--manorialism

Page 26: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Page 27: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Page 28: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

Page 29: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Feudal Socio/Political OrderFeudal Socio/Political Order

Page 30: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Emergence of Dynastic Emergence of Dynastic StatesStates

• Success in Western Europe—Success in Western Europe—forerunners of England, France, and forerunners of England, France, and SpainSpain

• Interference of Papacy deterred Interference of Papacy deterred evolution of more-or-less unitary evolution of more-or-less unitary states in the Italian Penensula and states in the Italian Penensula and the Germanies until the 19the Germanies until the 19thth century. century.

Page 31: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

Page 32: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Alfred the Great (871-899)Alfred the Great (871-899)

•King of Wessex who wielded power over all of Heptarchy•Defeated Vikings (Danes) •Issued a Code of Laws for all the realm•Began the English Navy•Commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (measure of stability)

Page 33: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

England England

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

England England

Page 34: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

Page 35: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

William I—King of England (1066-William I—King of England (1066-1087)1087)

• Introduced Introduced Norman Norman Feudalism Feudalism into Englandinto England—emphasized —emphasized power of King power of King (Salisbury (Salisbury Oath)Oath)

• Domesday Domesday SurveySurvey

• Great Council Great Council created out of created out of WitanWitan

• Curia Regis Curia Regis establishedestablished

• Much central Much central authority compared authority compared to earlier to earlier governmental governmental arrangements in arrangements in EnglandEngland

Page 36: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

v Henry I:

§ William’s son.

§ set up a court system.

§ Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

v Henry II:

§ established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

§ grand jury.

§ trial by jury.

Page 37: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

v King John IKing John I

v Runnymeade

v “Great Charter”

v Law was superior to the king/King could be compelled to obey the law.

v kings had to consult a council of advisors.

v kings could not tax arbitrarily.

Page 38: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

v Both tool of nobles and tool of crown:

§ 1295—Model Parliament under Edward III (1272-1307)—included all classes of representatives—Nobles, plus Burgesses (towns) and Knights of the Shire (Counties).

§ by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

Page 39: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Wars of the RosesWars of the Roses

• Long View—1399-1485Long View—1399-1485• Contingency—might not have been necessary if Contingency—might not have been necessary if

Henry V had lived a long time.Henry V had lived a long time.• Contingency—Richard III’s image and Contingency—Richard III’s image and

usurpation gave Tudors a chance to press the usurpation gave Tudors a chance to press the Lancastrian claim.Lancastrian claim.

• Henry VII not only had to prevail at Bosworth Henry VII not only had to prevail at Bosworth Field, he and his descendants had to create Field, he and his descendants had to create mythologies and interests that supported a mythologies and interests that supported a nascent nationalism.nascent nationalism.

• Dynastic State as alternative to feudal-based Dynastic State as alternative to feudal-based Civil War.Civil War.

Page 40: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Long View: Wars of the Long View: Wars of the RosesRoses

Edward IV (1483) Richard III (1485)

Edward V (1483)

Richard, Duke of York

Philippa Henry IV (1415)

Henry V (1422)

Henry VI (1461)

Roger Mortimer

Anne Mortimer

Richard II (1399)

William Lionel

Richard, Earl of Cambridge

Edmund

EDWARD III's Descendents

John of Gaunt

Edward III (1377)

Edward, Black Prince

Page 41: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

Page 42: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Dynastic State in FranceDynastic State in France

• Hugh Capet (r. 987-1328) held exclusive Hugh Capet (r. 987-1328) held exclusive title to Ile de France.title to Ile de France.

• Louis VI (r. 1108-37) added to Capetian Louis VI (r. 1108-37) added to Capetian lands and crushed nobles who resisted.lands and crushed nobles who resisted.

• Philip II (r. 1180-1223) was first French Philip II (r. 1180-1223) was first French King to be more powerful than any of his King to be more powerful than any of his Vassals.Vassals.

• Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) intimidated Pope Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) intimidated Pope Boniface VIII, leading College of Cardinals Boniface VIII, leading College of Cardinals to name a Frenchman Pope.to name a Frenchman Pope.

• Louis IX (r. 1461-1483) used nationalism—Louis IX (r. 1461-1483) used nationalism—hatred of English and defeated Duke of hatred of English and defeated Duke of Burgundy—master of “real politik” Burgundy—master of “real politik”

Page 43: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

SpainSpain

• Conquered by Muslims/Caliphate of Conquered by Muslims/Caliphate of Cordova (718)Cordova (718)

• La Reconquista—(718-1492)La Reconquista—(718-1492)

• Kingdom of Castile (early 13Kingdom of Castile (early 13thth Century—survived Wars of Century—survived Wars of Succession over Isabella’s Succession over Isabella’s ascension in 1374)ascension in 1374)

• Kingdom of Aragon (1150)Kingdom of Aragon (1150)

• Isabella m. Ferdinand—1469Isabella m. Ferdinand—1469

Page 44: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Waning of the Middle AgesWaning of the Middle Ages

• CrusadesCrusades

• Rise of Towns and CitiesRise of Towns and Cities

• TradeTrade

• End of Scholastic ConsensusEnd of Scholastic Consensus

Page 45: Medieval Western Europe A Quest for Order. PeriodizationPeriodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest