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IJRAR1BEP087 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 601

Medicinal properties and extraction methods for Tulsi,

Cinnamon and Clove: A Review

Chikala Sivanand, Gupta Prerna and Kaur Jasleen

Department of Food Technology & Nutrition, Lovely Professional University.Jalandhar. 144411

Abstract

Tulsi, Cinnamon and Clove are few important ingredients used in every household's kitchen, because of their exotic

flavor and aroma. They also wear benefits like medicinal, health and food. Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi or Holy Basil)

has a very unique place in Hindu culture. It is also used to treat fever, bronchitis, asthma, stress, kidney stones, etc.

Clove and Cinnamon also possess anti-inflammatory, anti-hyper triglyceridemic, antitumor, anticancer and anti-

diabetic property, mainly due to the presence of phytochemicals such as phenols and volatile compounds. Also, due

to the increasing demand for preservative-free cosmetics, antimicrobial herbal extracts have recently been used in

the cosmetic industry to reduce the risk of methyl parabens as an allergen. The present review emphasises the

extraction methods and medicinal property of various herbs and spices along with their industrial significance.

Introduction

Tulsi

Plants, animals, and microbes represent an unlimited source of compounds having medicinal

properties (Pandey Govind et al., 2006). Of the various plants and their species, spices and herbs

are used as handful sources of medicines (Gupta et al 2002) possessing different properties like

anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-platlet, antitumor, anti-carcenogenic and also serve as nutraceutical.

They can also be used in multi dimensional fields as flavour and health enhancer as well as for

preservation (Banerjee et al., 1996) Certain bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant property

like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, tannins, alkaloids, and essential oils are present in

them (Chiang et al., 2005)

The aromatic vegetable substances (may be in whole, broken, or grounded form) used mainly for

seasoning and from which “no portion of any volatile oil or other flavouring principal have been

removed” (Bansod et al., 2008) are termed as spices. Different plant parts such as root, stigma, leaf,

bark, berry, bud, seed, and flower that has been authenticated by several archeologists and used for

cooking purposes are subjected as herbs and spices (Singh et al., 2018& Siva et al., 2016). The

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Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 classifies herbs as dietary

supplements.

Some common herbs and spices like tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), cinnamon (cinnamomum

zeylanicum), clove (syzygium aromaticum), turmeric (curcumalonga), cumin (cuminum cyminum),

fennel (foeniculum vulgare), ginger (zingiber officinane), and garlic are being used worldwide for

their flavoring and medicinal properties (Sikmon et al., 1990)

The paper presented describes the medicinal and various extraction properties of clove, cinnamon

and tulsi.

EXTRACTION PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS HERBS

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum): The magical plant

Holy Basil or the queen of herbs “Tulsi” is matchless (Kayastha, 2014) having about 250 genera

and more than 6500 species is a member of family Lamiaceae (Deo et al., 2013). In modern

Ayurveda Tulsi is enlisted as a true herb that cannot be compared (Cohen, 2014) because of its

diuretic, antipyretic and antitussive effects (Sarang Jain and Ameeta Argal.(2013). Due to its

fascinated past it has influenced many researchers among India as a possible source with

pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials. (Bast et al., 2015).

It is proposed for its wellbeing and resilience for treating number of health conditions like anxiety,

bronchitis, diarrhea, general illness, dysentery, arthritis, otalgia, hiccups, vomiting, gastritis, cardiac

arrest and genitourinary disorders, back pain, skin and eye diseases, insect bite and malaria as well.

(Mohan, et al., 2011). Periodontitis is an infection of subgingival area caused commonly by

bacteria. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract (Ocimum sanctum) on periodontal

pathogens has been used as an adjunct in periodontitis patients, as widespread use of drugs lead to

increased resistance of the bacteria, uncommom side-effects and infections (Mallikarjun et al,

2016).

GENOTYPE

The height of the plant ranges from 0.5 to 1.5m and leaves size from 2-5cm in length (Khan and

Ali, 2014). The three important varieties of Tulsi are Vana (Ocimum gratissimum), Rama (Ocimum

sanctum) and Krishna Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum ). In Hindu relegion it is known as Vishnupriya

as a source to please Lord Vishnu (Bhargava et al., 2013).




Table.1.Medicinal benefits of Tulsi

Medicinal benefits

Property Benefits References

Diabetes--Western medicine:

Leaves of tulsi may improve pancreatic

beta cell function and enhance insulin

secretion.

The study of patients with type 2 diabetes

found blood glucose fasting levels lower in

patients who took 2.5 grams of powdered

tulsi compared to patients who took a

placebo

(Orwa et al., 2009)

(Bhamra et al., 2015)

Anti-inflammatory

Pegenin is the principal element

responsible for the controlling the levels of

blood sugar in the body.

(Mitra et al., 2014)

(Okoli et al., 2010)

Antibacterial

Terpene, carvacrol sesquiterpene and B-

caryophyllene helps to keep body free

from disease-causing bacterium.

(Devra et al., 2012)

Antioxidant

Rosmarinic acid polyphenol present in the

chemical composition of Tulsi acts as the

potent antioxidant. Due to the presence of

free radicals it protects the cells in the

body from smashing up.

(Okomolo et al., 2011)

Beauty and Restoration

Tulsi powder is used to remove skin

blemishes. Boil water with Tulsi leaves

and lemon juice in it, for natural freshness.

Cover your head with towel, and clean the

emitting steam on your forehead.

Hecapedia recommends Tulsi Paste for

treating acne. A Tulsi paste home made

treatment helps people with leucoderma.

(Dhar et al., 1968)

Anti-Aging:

Tulsi contains ursolic acid, as well as a

compound that prevents wrinkles and

helps retain the elasticity of young faces.

(Bhargava et al., 1981)




Table. 2. Health benefits of Tulsi:

Health benefits

Property Benefits References

Healing powder The tulsi plant has many medicinal

importance. The leaves are tonic to

the nerve and strong memory as

well. The leaves stimulate the

stomach and cause excessive

swelling. The plant seeds are

mucilaginous.

(Singh et al., 2010)

(Bast et al ., 2014)

Fever and common cold

Tulsi leaves are typical are used for

fevers. During the rainy season,

tender leaves, cooked with tea,

serve as a preventive against these

are used to bring down fever. Tulsi

leaf extract are given every 2 to 3

hours in fresh water. One can

continue to give sips of cold water

in between. It is every successful in

lowering the temperature in babies

( Enayatallah et al.,

2004 )

( Mahajan et al., 2011)

Coughs and Sour throat:

Tulsi is a major constituent of

different Ayurvedic cough syrups

and expectorants. That helps to

mobilize the asthma and bronchitis

mucus. Tulsi chewing leaves

relives cold and flu. In case of sore

throat, the water boiled with basil

leaves may be taken as a drink.

You can also use the water as a

gargle.

( Mediratta et al., 2008)

( Shyamala et al.,1996)

Respiratory Disorder:

Tulsi leaves are effective for

treating respiratory illness. Ginger

and honey decoction of the leaves

is an effective remedy for

( Agrawal et al., 1996)




pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis,

cough and cold. In influenza,

cloves, decoction of the leaves, and

common salt also provides

immediate relief. They should be

cooked in half a liter of water until

there is only half the water left, and

then added.

Kidney stones:

Basil has strengthening effect the

kidney. In case of renal stone the

juice of basil leaves and honey, if

taken regularly for 6 months they

will be expelled through the

urinary tract.

.( Rai et al., 1997)

Stress

The leaves of basil are considered

an anti-stress agent. Recent studies

showed that the leaves provide

significant protection from stress.

Even healthy individuals will chew

12 basil leaves, twice a day, to

avoid stress. It purifies the blood

and helps to avoid multiple

common elements

( Devi et al., 1999)

Mouth infection

The leaves are quite effective in

reducing the ulcers and infections

in the mouth. Some leaves chewed

may cure these conditions.

(Sharma et al., 1998)

Children Ailments:

Classic pediatric issues, such as

cough cold, fever, diarrhea and

vomiting, favorably react to basil

leaf juice. When chicken pox

pustules postpone their arrival,

they will be hurled by basil leaves

taken with saffron.

( Kochhar et al., 2009)

Heart disorder

Basil has a beneficial effect on

cardiac disease, and its weakness.

This lowers cholesterol level in the

blood.

( Devra et al., 2012)

Headaches

Basil does a strong headache drug.(

Kothari et al., 2005). Pounded

leaves mixed with sandalwood

paste can also be applied to the

front to relieve heat, headache and

coolness in general.

(Chopra et al., 1992)




Teeth disorder

Tulsi leaves are helpful in affected

teeth. The leaves, dried in the sun

and powdered are used for teeth

brushing to make a paste it may

also be mixed with mustered oil

and used as toothpaste. It can make

teeth very healthy. It's also useful

in pyorrhea and other teeth

impairments.

( Claus et al., 2003) .

( Simoons et al., 2001)

Eye disorder

Basil is doing a potent drug for

headache. In this condition a

decoction of the leaves can be

given. Pounded leaves mixed with

sandalwood paste can also be

applied to the forehead to relieve

heat, headache and coolness in

general

(Parrotta et al., 2001)

Table.3. Tulsi utilization in various industries

Traditional Uses

Property Benefits Reference

Natural Medicinal

Tulsi are used by Sidha, Unani and

Ayurvedic medicine to treat a wide

range of skin conditions, fevers,

coughs, and internal ailments. All of

the three medicinal systems date back

to ancient times, and are based

primarily on herbs and plants based

on natural benefits and treatments.

(Das et al., 2006)




Snake and Insect Bites

Tulsi oil is a natural antiseptic, and

natural anti-inflammatory, according

to Plantcultures.org. According to

Botanical.com, when all of the plant

parts are either mixed or ingested

with some other plants to make a

paste introduced to the bite area, tulsi

effectively treats snake bites,

including those of poisonous snakes.

(Pandey Govind et al

2009)

Tulsi use at home:

Tulsi plant is a great way to enhance

the flavor of your cooking, or make

an excellent tea. This sub-shrub looks

very attractive in a decorative bowl,

is not harmful to animals and it is

quite easy to grow. Still beyond its

medicinal properties.

( Kelm et al., 2000)




Table.5. Food benefits of Tulsi

Food benefits

property Benefits Reference

Refreshing drink:

Pour a cup of boiling water over a

teapot. Add 12 to 15 leaves of tulsi,

two bits of lemon grass (green tea), and

12 to 15 leaves of mint. Allow for 15

minutes to brew, and strain. To

intensify the flavour. Add with lemon

juice and honey. Drink that decoction

every morning on an empty stomach. It

stimulates digestion, purifies the blood

and brings freshness to you. Honey is

used for slimming and lemon juice to

mitigate the harm caused by excess

bile. One piece of ginger can be added

to the brew for benefit

( Claus et al., 2003)

Ghrit (medicated ghee):

750 grams of water, 125 grams of Tulsi

leaves and 125 grams of guruch.

Attach 500 grams of cow's ghee and

boil to get a homogeneous liquid.

Strain, and store, the stuff. Ghritis is

used to treat defects in the blood and

skin such as leucodermia and leprosy.

( Puri et al., 2002)

Allopathic Medicine Complement

Improves effectiveness and reduces the negative and often dangerous side effects of many standard

modern medical therapies. Some Benefit Reduces fevers, protects against stomach ulcers, reduces

unhealthy blood sugar levels in diabetics, and improves dental and periodontal health. It also

protects against mercury poisoning, improves bone fracture healing, prevents nausea, vomiting and

cramping, and repels insects such as mosquitoes and lice.(Devi et al., 1999).




Table. 6. Dosage response of Tulsi extracts to metabolic disorders in humans

Tulsi extract Duration Dosage Comparator Outcome

Measure(s)

Participants

(age range)

Author

(year)

Tulsi leave

Caps

6.5

weeks

3g/day and

before meal

Not

disclosed

Important

post-

prandial

glucose &

blood

glucose

quicking

40 male adults

T2DM

Gandhi et al.

(2016)

Tulsi leaves

caps

8 weeks 2x daily

before meal

250 mg/day

Parallel

group (no

intervention)

Improved

BMI, lipid

profile

30 adults

Obesity (17-

30 years)

Satapathy et al.

(2016)

Tulsi powder

leaves

2 weeks 2g/day Curry +

Curry leaves

Tulsi

Relevant

post-

prandial

glucose &

blood fasts

30 adults

T2DM

Venkatesan

and Sengupta

(2015)

Fresh tulsi

leaves

5 weeks Fresh leaves

3x daily

None Significant

decrease in

blood

glucose to

near normal

levels

3 adults

T2DM

( Shin et al.,

2007).

Tincture from

tulsi

12

weeks

10 drops 3x

daily

Tincture

wild

rosemary 10

drops x

3/day

Important

decrease in

serum uric

acid

200 adults

Gouty

Arthritis

Ahmad et al.

(2013)

Aqueous tulsi

leaves

12

weeks

5mL/x2 day

before meals

Not

disclosed

Better lipid

profile,

higher

blood

glucose

levels and

BP

100 adults

MetS (>=40

years)

Devra et al.

(2012)

Tulsi leaves +

glibenclamide

drug

13

weeks

300 mg/day

tulsi + 5 mg

Gilbenclamide

5 mg/day

glibenclamid

Significant

blood fasts

& HBA1c

decreased

postprandial

60 adults

T2DM (30-65

years)

Somasundaram

et al. (2012)




glucose

Aqueous tulsi

leaves

8 weeks 500 g/day Water Importantly

improving

lipid profile

40 adults

T2DM (42-55

years)

Dineshkumar

et al. (2010)

Powder tulsi

leaves

12

weeks

2 g/day Neem + tulsi Symptoms

changed for

T2DM:

polydipsia,

polyphagia

& BP

90 male adults

T2DM/MetS

(40-60 years)

Kochhar et al.

(2009)

Tulsi powder

leaves

4 weeks 1 g/day in

morning

before meal

None enhanced

lipid

profiling,

blood

glucose,

protein

glycation

27 adults

T2DM/MeS

(45-65 years)

Rai et al.

(1997)

Tulsi powder

leaves

5 weeks

(+5-

days

wash

out)

2.5g/day in

morning

before meal

Spinach

leaves 2.5

g/day

High blood

glucose

during

fasting,

postprandial

glucose and

urinary

glucose

40 adults

T2DM (41-65

years)

Agarwal et al.

(1996)

Whole plant

decoction

12

weeks

14 g/day None Reduced

blood

glucose in 9

adults with

T2DM

10 adults

T2DM

Luthy (1964)

Powder

whole plant

tulsi

12

weeks

3 g/day None Importantly

improving

lipid profile

5 adults

psychosomatic

(60-80 years)

Shyamala et

al., 1996




Extraction Methods

In Tulsi plants, the essential oils such as eugenol, lineol, estragol, linalool, methyl cinamato,

limonene, and geraniol make basil oil more of a highly economically valued product (Simoons et.

al. 2001). The presence of eugenol in it has been shown to have considerable antioxidant properties

and to inhibit lipid peroxidation effectively (Sethi, et al., 2004).

High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), supercritical fluid extraction, solvent-free

microwave extraction and some conventional methods, such as Hydrodistillation, steam distillation,

solvent extraction and soxhlet extraction (Ogugbuaja et al., 1997) Both methods are differentiated

by yield, purity and consistency characteristics (Prabakaran et al.,2001).

Cinnamon

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is a spice of the Lauraceae family whose botanical name is

derived from the Hebraic and Arabic words amomon, meaning aromatic spice vine. It also uses the

word ' cinnamon ' to describe its color. (Roamgnoli et al.,2007). Of the cinnamon genus, mainly

around 250 species have been described.

Table.7. Widely distributed Cinnamon species with common name.

Species Common

Name

Color Texture Pecularity Uses

Cinnamomum

cassia

Cassia or

Chinese

cinnamon

Reddish

brown

Hard Woody

Strong, Spicy,

Antimicrobial

all of the

layers of bark

used baking

(cinnamon

rolls)

Cinnamomum

burmannii

Padang cassia,

or Indonesian

cinnamon

Reddish–

brown

(outside)

Gray–

Neat quills

made up

of one thick

layer

Marginal

bitterness

Antimicrobial

Carminative,


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_burmannii

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_burmannii



brown(inside)

Eugenol absent

in oil

Cinnamomum

loureiroi

Saigon

cinnamon,

Vietnamese

cassia, or

Vietnamese

cinnamon

Light reddish

brown

Not supple.

1. Aromatic

2. Astringent

3. Carminative

4. Stimulant

5. Stomachic

Broken pieces

of thick bark

used.

Cinnamomum

verum

Sri Lanka

cinnamon or

Ceylon

cinnamon

Light brown

Fine,

Powdery,

Crumbly

1. more aromatic

2. loses much of

its flavour

during

cooking.

3. Coumarin-

much lower

than those in

cassia

Inner bark

used.

(Roy et al., 1988, Giordani et al.,2006, Morozumi et al., 1978)

History

Cinnamon primarily grown in Sri Lanka, Seychelles, Madagascar and China was first discovered at

Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) in 1518 by Portuguese merchants. (Giordani and others, 2006)

In 17th century, the Dutch became the World’s largest supplier until England seized Ceylon in 1795.

Countries such as Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Mauritius, Réunion, and Guyana began growing




cinnamon, leading to a downturn in trade in cinnamon. When cinnamon tree production was

expanding to other areas, cassia bark became more appropriate to consumers. (Aziz et al, 1998 and

Hashem et al., 2009).

Plantation

It can easily grow in tropical conditions in various types of soil, from the silver sands of Sri Lanka's

west coast to the loamy soils of its south coast. The best cinnamon is however produced in humus-

enriched sandy soils (Mundo et al., 2004). Cinnamon bark is harvested during the wet season, as

the rains make the bark easier to peel. Harvesting includes removing Ba. (Nguefack et al., 2004)

Average production of cinnamon is around 27,000 to 35,000 tons per year worldwide (Isabel de

Silo ' niz et al., 1995). Indonesia and China together produced around 75 per cent of the world's

cinnamon in 2016, with 223,574 tons of global production.

Table.8. Optimum conditions for Cinnamon Plantation

Burt et al., 2004

Health Benefits

Cinnamon spice has the highest antioxidant resistance of all the natural food sources. For this novel

spice, the total measured ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value is 2,67,536 Trolox

equivalents (TE), (Conner et al., 1984) which is hundred times higher than in chokeberry, apples.

Cinnamaldehyde has been shown to have anticoagulant activity in cinnamon sticks (prevents blood

Conditions Optimum Requirement

Temperature 20-30C

Soil Type Sandy soil with humus

Fertlisers Fertilisers containing urea, phosphate, potash

Rainfall 200-250 cm (annual)

Propagation Rooted cuttings, air layering, seedlings




clotting), prevents platelet clogging in the blood vessels, and thus helps prevent stroke, peripheral

artery and coronary artery diseases. (Della Porta et al., 1998)

The spicy stick is a great source of potassium, calcium, manganese, copper, zinc, and magnesium

minerals. Iron is essential as a co-factorfor cellular metabolism and in the production of RBC.

Potassium a major cell component of body helps to control heart rate and maintains blood pressure.

(Kameswara et al., 1997)The human body chiefly uses manganese and copper as co-factors for the

antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase. Further, it is also a very good source of flavonoid

phenolic antioxidants such as carotenes, zeaxanthin, lutein, and cryptoxanthin. The essential oil,

eugenol, has been in therapeutic use in dentistry as a local anesthetic and antiseptic for teeth and

gum.( Tascilar et al.,2006)

Eugenol has also been found to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetics, but more comprehensive

studies are needed to assess its effects. Extraction from the sticks (decoction) that are sometimes

used to treat flatulence and indigestion in traditional medicine.It can lower the effects of

Cholesterol and Lipids. Also, it acts against Cardiovascular diseases and Neurological disorders

(Rao et al, 2014)

Traditional Uses

Cinnamon's utility is due to its distinctive aroma. It is traditionally used as a herbal medicine

because of the effects preventing its disease. Cinnamon has been used as a neuroprotective agent

according to traditional Chinese medicine (Safdar et al., 2004) and as a diabetes treatment (Kim

etal, 2006). It was also used in the treatment of diseases such as gastrointestinal disorders and

urinary infections as a health-promoting agent. Thanks to its anti-microbial, anticancer effects,

immune enhancing properties, various studies have shown additional potential use of cinnamon.

Cosmetics free from preservatives and perfumes. The spice used in traditional medicines to stave

off common cold and oxidant stress conditions.( Kaneto et al., 1996)

Food Uses

It principally employed in cookery as a condiment and flavoring base. It added in the preparation of

chocolate and some kinds of desserts, such as cinnamon-apple pie and cinnamon buns as well as

pastries, bagels, sweet rolls, spicy candies, tea, hot cocoa, and drinksIt is widely used in food

products as a herbal condiment as flavouring agents and antioxidants in food products. The




presence of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds is due to the antioxidant properties. It is used as

a flavoring agent in alcoholic beverages such as Fireball Cinnamon Whisky (Ranasinghe et al.,

2002). (Ramos-Nino et al.,1996). It is being used in marinating chicken, fish, and meats.

Medicinal Properties of Cinnamon

1. Antidiabetic properties

Polyphenols like Rutin rutin (90.06%), Catechin (1.9%), Quercetin (0.17%), Kaempferol (0.02%),

Isorhamnetin (0.10%) showed ' insulin-like properties ' and were extracted by high-performance

liquid chromatography from Cinnamon (Cao et al, 2007 and Yang et al 2012). Also, there are in-

vitro evidences showing antidiabetic effects of Cinnamon. In absence of Insulin, adipocytes

exposed to 0.2 mg/ml of cinnamon extract showed an increased uptake of glucose by two folds

(Roffey et al, 2006).

2. Anti-inflammatory properties

A study on C. cassia showed that 2’ hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibited production of nitric oxide

by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.

(Pelczar et al., 1998, Lin, 1999 and Sosa., 2002). Cinnamaldehyde inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, an

enzyme that leads to biosynthesis of leukotrienes (Prasad et al, 2004 and Chao et al, 2008). This

effect was more potent than that of piperine, capsaicin, and allyl sulfide but less potent than

quercetin, eugenol, and curcumin (Norrel et al., 1997 and Lee et al,. 2009).

3. Anti-microbial properties

Cinnamon in combination with clove oil has antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria

such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria

monocytogenes, Salmonella choleraesuis, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Yersinia

enterocolitica (Balchin et al., 1997 and Gon et al, 2009). Cinnamaldehyde has also shown strong

activity against different types of fungi, such as Can-dida, Coriolus versicolor, Laetiporus

sulphureus, Eurotium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium. Cinnamaldehyde exhibits bactericidal

activity against Listeria monocytogenes by affecting the absorption or use of glucose and the

effects on the permeability of membranes. (Gill AO et al, 2004 )




4. Anticancer properties

Cinnamon, cinnamon extracts, essential oils, and cinnamon cin-namaldehyde constituents

(Jonathan et al., 2003), kotomolide A (KuoPLe A. et al, 2008), isokotomolide A (Chen CY et al,

2007), cinnamyl compounds related to 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (Shin DS, 2007), 2′-

hydroxycinnamaldehyde (Hong SH. et al 2007), and isoobtusilactone A (Chen CY et al 2007)

exhibit anticancer and antitumor effects. Cinnamomum cortex's antitumor activity is considered to

be based on stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and is linked to the production of

TNF (tumor necrosis factor) (Haranaka K. et al, 1985). Cinnamic aldehyde inhibited L1210 cells

from leukemia by regulating protein synthesis by trapping amino acids containing sulfhydryl group

(Gould 1995).

5. Neurological Disorders

Compounds extracted from cinnamon extract (CEppt) significantly help in reducing the

development of toxic β-amyloid polypeptide (Aβ) oligomers and prevents its toxicity to neuronal

pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells (Kidane et al., 2004). Cassia displayed weak neuronal cell defense

against direct beta A (1-42) attack, a major cause of Alzheimer's disease (Kim DS, 2007). Another

study indicated that aqueous extract of C. Zeylanicum may reduce the accumulation of TAU and

lamentation which are two main characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. (Hoult et al., 1996)

EXTRACTION METHODS

Following are common extraction methods used for extraction of oils from Cinnamon, Clove and

Tulsi:

1. Distillation Method

This is the most common method used for separating the mixtures. This approach uses the different

properties of a component's boiling points to adjust its phase and detach from the other

component.(Qin et al., 2003) The process involves vaporization for a liquid, whereas it is called

sublimation for solids. Both processes take heat. All substances, whether they are liquids or solids,

are distinguished by a vapor pressure.(Anderson et al., 2004) The vapor pressure of a pure material

is the pressure exerted by the substance against the external pressure which is normally

atmospheric. Vapor pressure is a function of a condensed substance's ability to escape the

condensed phase. The higher the pressure of the vapour, the greater the propensity to escape. The




material is known to boil when the vapor pressure of a liquid substance exceeds outer pressure. If

the external pressure is atmospheric pressure, the natural boiling point is called the temperature at

which a pure liquid boils at. Some solids are characterized by a similar phenomenon as boiling.

They simply vaporize directly into the atmosphere. Both vaporization and sublimation are

processes that can be used to purify compounds. (Verspohl et al., 2005)

Oil Extraction

The flavor of Cinnamon is attributed to an abundant aromatic oil that constitutes 0.5 to 1 per cent of

its composition.

The pungent taste and smell come from cinnamaldehyde (about 90 percent of the bark's essential

oil), and it darkens in color and forms resinous compounds by interacting with oxygen as it ages.

(Schmidt et al., 2006)

Various essential oils present in Cinnamon include trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate,

eugenol, L-borneol, caryophyllene oxide, b-caryophyllene, L-bornyl acetate, E-nerolidol, α-

cubebene, α-terpineol, terpinolene, and α-thujene. These oils can be extracted from cinnamon bark

as well as leaves. Oil yields depend on the cinnamon variety. Navashree and Nithyashree varieties

have a yield capacity of 56 and 54 kg dry quills / hectare per year in the early years when one

seedling or cutting is planted in a hill (Anandaraj, 2005).

Table.9. Percentage of oil and important volatile compounds extracted from different parts of

Cinnamon:

Variety Bark Oil Leaf Oil Cinnamaldehyde Leaf

Eugenol

Bark

Oleoresin

Navashree 2.7% 2.8% 73% 62% 8%

Nithyashree 2.7% 3% 58% 8% 10%

Steam distillation and Soxlet Extraction are two common methods that can be applied on clove,

tulsi and cinnamon for oil extraction. Steam distillation is the simplest method. It requires no

solvent, hence is a cheaper method. ( Sellar et al., 2001). It is also a safer method to extract oil.

The advantage of Steam Distillation is that it doesn’t alter the properties of oil. Whereas, Soxhlet




Extraction requires solvent. The correct choice of solvent is important to obtain a good yield as

well as to prevent loss of volatiles This method is comparatively expensive and requires extra

attention. Long period of heating can alter the chemical composition of the oils. (Rujjanawate et al.,

2004).

METHOD DISTILLATION

The process of carrying out Distillation includes boiling, collecting and purification.

(Roger et al.,1994)

1.1. Simple Distillation

In simple distillation, all the hot vapors produced are immediately channeled into a condenser that

cools and condenses the vapors. Therefore, the distillate will not be pure - its composition will be

identical to the composition of the vapors at the given temperature and pressure, and can be

computed from Raoult's law. (Wang et al.,2000)

1.2. Fractional Distillation

It is a special type of distillation in which separation of a mixture into fractions is done by heating it

to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate. (Tang et al.,1992)

1.3. Steam Distillation

Steam distillation is a method which involves bubbling steam through a heated mixture of the raw

material. By Raoult's law, some of the target compound will vaporize (in accordance with its partial

pressure). (Jayawardena et al., 2010).The vapour mixture is cooled and condensed, usually yielding




a layer of oil and a layer of water. Steam distillation of various aromatic herbs and flowers can

result in two products; an essential oil as well as a watery herbal distillate. This is done for heat-

sensitive products.( Handa et al., 2008).

1.4. Water Distillation

In this method, the plant material is totally immersed in water and boiled. The steam and oil vapour

is condensed and the oil is separated from the water using the system. Water distillation remains the

recommended method for barks such as cinnamon, buds such as clove and plants such as tulsi,

sandalwood. (Roger et al.,1994).

1.5. SEPERATION

1. Soxhlet Extraction Method

Soxhlet Extraction is a continuous solid/liquid extraction in which the solid material from which

extraction has to be done is placed in a thimble. An organic solvent is then heated at reflux. As it

boils its vapors rises up and condensed by a condenser. The condensed solvent then fills up the

thimble. (Parthasarathy et al., 2008) After it fills with enough solvent, it automatically siphons back

down into container of organic solvent. This process takes place over and over again until all the

material to be extracted from solid in the thimble is extracted into organic solvent. It is done where

the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in solvent.

If desired component has solubility in solvent, simple filtration can be used.( Peter et al.,2001)




Table.10.Possible Benefits of Cinnamon for Diabetes Symptoms

No. of Participant Cassia Daily Dose Results Reference

60 patients with type

2 diabetes (male and

female)

1, 3, or 6 g (powder) Cinnamon decreased

fasting blood glucose

levels, improved

blood lipid profiles

Khan et al (2003)



female

3 g (water extract) Cinnamon decreased

fasting blood glucose

levels; did not affect

hemoglobin A1C

(A1C) or blood lipids

Mang et al (2006

25 postmenopausal

patients with type 2

diabetes

1.5 g (powder) No effect of

cinnamon on fasting

blood glucose or

insulin levels, oral

glucose tolerance, or

blood lipid

Vanschoonbeek et al

(2006)



female)

1.5 g (powder) No effect of

cinnamon on fasting

blood glucose levels,

A1C, or blood lipid

profile

Suppapitiporn et al

(2006)

57 adolescent

patients with type 1

diabetes (male and

female)

1 g (powder) No effect of

cinnamon on A1C,

total daily insulin

use, or number of

hypoglycemic

episodes

Altshuler et al (2007)



female)

1 g (powder) No effect of

cinnamon on fasting

blood glucose, A1C,

or insulin levels, nor

on blood lipids

Blevins et al (2007)




Clove

This clove plant showing one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, gallic

acid and acetate and posses great potential for cosmetic, agricultural applications, food and

pharmaceutical.( Brud et al.,1997)

Spices as oregano, clove, mint, thyme and cinnamon, have been employed for centuries as food

preservatives and as medicinal plants mainly due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activitiesThe

larger producer countries of clove are India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Madagascar and

Tanzania specially the Zanzibar island. (Cimanga et al., 2002)

Biological classification

Scientific classification

kingdom Plantae

Phylum Angiosperms

Eudicots Rosids

order Myrtales

Family Myrtaceae

Genus Syzygium

Species S.aromaticum

Binomial name

Syzygium aromaticum

(L.) Merrill & Perry

(Wichtl et al., 1983)




Medical benefits of clove

Medical benefits

Property Benefits Reference

Powerful germicidal properties Clove is commonly used in dental

treatment to alleviate toothache, sore

gums and oral ulcers. Gargling with

clove oil can also aid in sore throat

and poor breathing conditions

(Kaur et al., 2010)

Anti-Bacterial:

.

An effective aid to food poisoning,

clove oil effectively kills many types

of infected food bacterial infections

(Scalbert et al.,

2005)

Antiseptic:

Clove oil can be used to reduce

infections, cuts, bites and stings

from insects

(Rimpler et

al.,1999)

Anti-fungal:

Clove also helps to reduce fungal

infections, such as athlete's foot

(Sritabutra et al.,

2011)

Blood Purifier:

It not only purifies the blood, but

also helps to regulate blood sugar

levels, and may bring benefits for

diabetics.

(Maryam

Omidbeygi et al .,

2007)

General Immune System

Booster:

General Immune System Booster:

Clove oil opens the breathing

channels, serving as an expectorant

to treat many upper respiratory

disorders including colds, eye styes,

bronchitis, sinus conditions, antiviral

(Barbosa et al.,

2012)




properties of cougClove and

washing purify the body, increasing

our resistance to disease.

Anti-Inflammatory:

Anti-Inflammatory:

Clove oil clears the respiratory

passages and serves as an

expectorant to treat many upper

respiratory problems including

colds, eye styes, bronchitis, sinus,

cough and asthma

(Kafle et al., 2013)

Cancer Prevention:

Preliminary studies indicate that

clove oil, particularly in cases of

lung, skin and digestive cancers,

may play a chemopreventiverole

(Zhang et al.,2013)

Prevention from toxic exposure:

Clove oil can prevent toxicity

associated to environmental

pollution exposure.

(Pourgholami et

al.,1999)

Cardiovascular Health:

It has been shown that the active

essential oil in clove, eugenol,

functions as an effective platelet

inhibitor preventing blood clots

(Wichtl M et al.,

1989).




Specific Health Benefits of Cloves :

Cloves have analgesic properties, which can be used to treat various dental problems such as dental

aches. (Venarsky et al.,2006)These also improve blood circulation and memory, and are helpful to

the heart, liver, and stomach.Cloves can help treat many digestive problems, such as ulcers in the

stomach, flatulence and dyspepsia, as they activate the enzymes in your body and improve

digestion. (Lee et al., 2005). They help fight infections like cold, flu, bronchitis, arthritic pain and

the athlete's foot because of the antiseptic and germicidal benefits of cloves.( Makame Mbarawa et

al ., 2008)

Food benefits

To retain the scent and taste intact, clove is typically grounded just before the dishes are cooked

and added to the cooking recipes at the last minute. This is because the essential oils evaporate

from excessive cooking. (Lopez et al., 2005)

Since ancient times this common spice has been used to cook many popular dishes in Asian and

Chinese cuisine. Along with other spices such as garlic, cinnamon, turmeric etc. It is used to

marinating chicken, fish and meats.( Thomas et al., 2004)

Some Indian chicken curries and vegetarian and biriyani rice dishes contain cloves, and are used in

meat and rice dishes in the Middle East. (Rhayour et al., 2003)

These are also used with a number of curry powders in the cooking of soups, barbecue sauces,

pickling and as main ingredient. (Yang et al., 2003)

Solvent extraction

Solvent extraction is one of the most common and commonly used methods by which essential oils

are extracted from plants. Therefore, eugenol was also extracted using various solvents such as

methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, and hexane. The main impediments to solvent extraction are

the presence of other undesirable soluble contaminants in the food.6 However, this process still has

broad applications for the extraction of eugenol and other essential oils from various aromatic




herbs. The clove buds are ground and wrapped in xlter paper followed by subjection of the xlter

paper to the thimble of extraction and injection into the 500 mL receptacle. In the Soxhlet

apparatus, a suitable organic solvent is used for extraction.7 The process ends by concentrating the

extracts collected at 50 C using a rotary vacuum evaporator.(Sethi et al., 2004).

In the conventional solvent extraction process, several modifications were made, showing higher

efficiency compared to the traditional method. As an example, the batch extraction process is an

attractive alternative to extracting Soxhlet. This method uses a reactor fitted with a four blade

agitator and a motor with a speed of 1200 rpm. Garkal et al.8 recently studied this process, which

extracted eugenol from tulsi plant leaves using methanol as a solvent, and reported satisfactory

efficiency in extraction. They further stated that the efficiency of eugenol extraction was not

affected by speed of agitation.(Wang et al., 2005).

Hydro distillation

Hydro-distillation is also one of the most widely used methods for extracting essential oils.9

Powdered samples (100 g of dried and ground clove buds) are soaked in water during the hydro-

distillation process. Dried clove sample is taken into 500 mL volumetric ask for hydro-distillation

and subjected to 4–6 hours of hydro-distillation. With addition of petroleum ether or other

appropriate organic solvent, the volatile distillate is then collected and saturated with sodium

chloride.

By using anhydrous sodium sulphate, the hydro-and ether-layers are isolated and dehydrated.

Finally, the sample is heated to 60 C in water bath for ether recovery and extract concentration. The

average oil yield using hydrodistillation is about 11.5 percent whereas the recorded concentration

of eugenol is 50.5–53.5 percent(M. K. Yadav et al .,2015)

Conclusion:

Tulsi is a popular home remedy for many diseases including wounds, bronchitis, liver disease,

fever, stomach disorders, genitourinary disorders, skin diseases, various types of psychosomatic

stress disorders. Tulsi Leaf extract has great potential as a curing agent for antimicrobial water.

The treatment is simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, accessible to all and the

components found in the Ocimum sanctum leaves have no side effects on humans compared with




chemicals. More about the Tulsi extract treated water serves not only as germ-free, but also as

medicinal water.

Cinnamon is most health beneficial and Functional foods may be crafted by adding an active

ingredient which is known for its health benefits. The long list of cinnamon's beneficial

physiological effects shows it could be considered an essential part of human diet. The use of

cinnamon in an imaginative, usable food product is strategically and technologically feasible,

Clove is a very fascinating plant with tremendous potential as a food preservative and as a rich

source of antioxidants. Cloves represent one of the antiseptic premiers of Mother Nature. Eugenol

is the principal constituent responsible for the clove bud's medicinal properties and Cloves

represent one of the antiseptic premiers of Mother Nature. Eugenol is the clove oil's A drop being

400 times more effective as an antioxidant than wolf berries or blueberries. Clove is a medicinally

active herb with a strong heritage and history of culture. Clove has advantages in physical, mental,

and emotional health. Clove has antioxidants, antifungals, anti-virals and antimicrobials,

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