Medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials that contain

polysaccharides

Carbohydrates - a large group of primary products of photosynthesis, which are aldegydes and ketoalcogol

Carbohydrates are divided into:

Monosaccharides - trioses, tetroses, pentoses and hexoses;

Oligosaccharides - disaccharides, trisaccharides and others;

Polysaccharides - homo-and heteropolisaccharides

Polysaccharide – constitute macromolecular carbohydrates -- biopolymers, formed a large number of monosaccharide related O - glycosidics connections

Homopolysaccharides (starch, inulin, cellulose and its esters, glycogen) are composed of one type of residue monosaccharys

Heteropolysaccharides (mucus, gums, pectin, alhinaty) - with the remnants of various polysaccharides and their derivatives

Homopolisaccharides - polysaccharides that are built with the same monosaccharides

Depending on the hydrocarbon component of their share in:

Glucans - amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen, dextrin, chitin;

Fructans - inulin;

Galactans - agar-agar, carrageenan

Glucan

cellulose- a component of plant cell membranes. Its content depends on the type of plant.

Cellulose positive effect on intestinal peristalsis, normalizes digestion. It is not digested in the human gastrointestinal tract and has a large adsorbing capacity

Dextrin is a low-molecular glucan, which formed by splitting starch or glycogen under the influence of enzymes, acids or heat.

Dextrin formed in the body of animals and plants during the enzymatic dissolution of spare carbohydrates. Dextrin shows emulsifier properties and is used for the production of oil emulsion and as a cementing agent in some tablets masses.

Glucan mixture of Amylose and Amylopectin contains starch.

Pharmacopoeia allows use multiple types of starch

potato starch - Amylum Solani, which is obtained from potato tuber:

wheat starch - Amylum Tritici from wheat-summer, or soft; corn starch - Amylum Maydis from grain with common corn rice starch - Amylum Oryzae from grain of rice seed.

Starch is formed by photosynthesis in leaves of green plants. under the influence of the enzymes amylase and phosphorilase converted to soluble compounds and that come in different organs (seeds, fruits, tubers), accumulat in the form of starch grains, specific shape and size for each plant.

Starch grain consists of:

  Amylose   Amylopectin.

The composition of Amylose is 60-300 (to 1500) residues of alpha-D-glucose, linked1,4- glicosid connection, forming linear polymers. Amylose is contained within the starch grains. Dissolved in warm water, iodine solution, tinge in blue.

Amylopectin has a much higher polymerization - 3000-6000 (to 20000) of glucose residues linked 1,4 - and 1,6-glicoside connection and form branched polymers. It focuses on membrane starch grains, dissolved in hot water to form viscous colloidal solution, a solution of iodine tinge in red-violet color.

Fructan - is polysaccharides, which are built from the remains D-fructose:

They are products of phosphorylation of sucrose. Fructan are not well soluble in cold water and well soluble in hot.

Inulin - main fructan. Sometimes meets with inulid who have 10/12 balance of fructose and thus is well soluble in water. Inulin and inulides not tinge iodine.

Application: inulin reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria and increases the number

bifidobakteri in the intestines; enhances glycolysis regulates metabolism of lipids recommended that patients with diabetes produced food supplement

   

Physical properties

Polysaccharides - amorphous, rarely crystalline substance, insoluble in alcohol and nonpolar solvents.

Their solubility in water is different: Some homopolisaccharydes do not dissolve in strong intermolecular

links (fiber, starch), or other dissolve (glycogen) or form a gel (mucus, pectins, gums).

In the presence of acids and enzymes capable of polysaccharides polimers

Herbs and medicinal herbs containing fructans Chicory root CICHORICICHORII I RADIRADIX X

Wild Chicory – Cichorium intybus– Cichorium intybus Family Asteraceae – Asteraceae– Asteraceae

Biologically active substances (BAS) --carbohydrates (inulin), free fructose, sesquiterpene lactones, ascorbic acid, protein and tar substances

Medicines: Gastrovitol. The drug stimulates appetite, increases the secretion of digestive glands, intestine peristalsis, contributes output of bile, shows anti-inflammatory and sedative effectThe drug is contraindicated in gastritis with acidity, with caution should be used during pregnancy and lactation.

Application:In modern medicine galene and neogalen drugs chicory used for appetite stimulation, improvement of digestive, choleretic activiti and as a means of weakening They are recommended in enteritis, colitis, chronic constipation, cirrhosis of the liver. Infusion roots has a hypoglycemic effect.

Biologically active food supplement made on the basis of polysaccharide inulin, which is obtained from chicory root.

Used for the treatment and diet in patients with diabetes insulinindependence (II type).

Echinacea Flos – ECHINACEA– ECHINACEAE E FLORESFLORESEchinacea Herba – ECHINACEAE– ECHINACEAE HERBAHERBAECHINACEAEECHINACEAE RHIZOME WHITH ROOTS FRESHRHIZOME WHITH ROOTS FRESH ECHINACEAEECHINACEAE RHIZOMATA CUM RADICIBUS RHIZOMATA CUM RADICIBUS RECENSRECENSEchinacea purpurea - Echinacea purpurea- Echinacea purpureaFamily Asteraceae - Asteraceae- Asteraceae

Biologically active substances (BAS): all organs of plant containing polysaccharides, essential oil.Main component of essential oil noncycle sesquiterpenes. In roots found ehinacoside glycoside, betaine, resins, organic acids and phitosterine.

Application. Echinacea preparations show immune stimulating, antioxidant, membranoprotection action, promotes healing of wounds, burns, ulcers, and applied to infectious and viral diseases, especially the upper respiratory tract (URT)

Medicines: tincture Echinaceae, “Imunnal", “Echinacea compositum S".

Medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials that contain heteropolysaccharides

The main groups of BAS: of the gums are glucuronic acid, galactose, arabinose; impurity proteins. By its composition and solubility similar to apricot gum mucilage

Apricot gum forms viscous solutions that exhibit high emulhuyuchu, соating and ability. Produced as a white powder or yellowish

Apricot gumARMENIACAE GUMMIApricotArmeniaca vulgaris Fam. Rosaceae

TRAGACANTHATRAGACANTHAE E GUMMIGUMMISpecies Species Astragalus Astragalus

The main groups of BAS : chemical classification gumitragacanthe related to acidic polysaccharides. By solubility in water include tragacanthe to the insoluble resin.

Application. Tragacanthe gum used as emulsifiers in the production of emulsions and tablets. Tissue paper and printing industry

LINSEED (FLAXSEED) - LIN- LINII SEMINASEMINA Flax - Linum usitatissimum- Linum usitatissimumFlax familyFlax family- Linaceae- Linaceae

Biologically active substances (BAS): Seeds contain fatty dry oil, mucuses, protein, carbohydrates, organic acids,enzymes, vitamin A, sterols

Medicines: Flax seeds, aqueous infusion of mucus,fatty oil, drug "Лінетол“ (Linaetholum) (ethyl esters of fatty acids).

Application: In medical practice using flax seeds, flax oil and drug "Лінетол“ (Linaetholum).

Marshmallow root - ALTHAEA- ALTHAEAEE RADICESRADICES Marshmallow herb – ALTHAEA– ALTHAEAE HE HEERBARBA Marshmallow - Althaea officinalis L.- Althaea officinalis L. Fam. M Fam. Malvaceaealvaceae

Biologically active substances (BAS) : in the dry roots Althea contained mucus substanceThe roots contain starch, l-Asparagine, sugar, pectin, fatty oil, betaine, carotene, phitosterin, minerals, uron acids, mineral salts.

Grass is rich in polysaccharides.

Medicines: Althea Root, mucus in the form of aqueous extract of cold water, dry extract, syrup, nursing duties. Herbal extract obtained in a pill “Mucalthinum”

Application: Demulcent, emmolient, mucolytic and anti-inflammatory agent in diseases of the respiratory and digestive. Infusion Althea appointed inside with eczema, psoriasis, neurodermatitis, dermatitis and for normalize metabolism.

Coltsfoot leafColtsfoot leaf- Farfara- Farfarae e FoliaFolia

Coltsfoot Coltsfoot - - Tussilago farfara Tussilago farfara FamilyFamily - - AsteraceaeAsteraceae

Biologically active substances (BAS) :: iridoid glycoside, saponins; carotynoides, galov, malic and tartaric acid, sytosterin, ascorbic acid, polysaccharides (inulin and dextrin), mucus, tannin, traces of essential oils, mineral salts.

Application: Infusion and decoction of the leaves, and also granules exhibit expectorant,anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, disinfection and antispasmodic action; used in acute and chronic laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma and tuberculosis

Plantain leaf Plantain leaf –– PlantagPlantaginisinis major majorisis foliafoliaPlantain grass freshPlantain grass freshPlantagPlantaginisinis major majorisis herba recensherba recensPlantain Plantain - Plantago major - Plantago major Plantain FamilyPlantain Family- Plantaginaceae- PlantaginaceaeBiologically active substances (BAS) : Leaves contain aucubin glycosides, iridoid and tannins, ascorbic acid, carotene, vitamin D, vitamin UIn the fresh leaves found flavonoids, mannit, sorbitol, citric and oleanol acid. The all plant contains mucilage (polysaccharides), especially a lot of mucus in seeds, fatty oil.

Medicines: Leaves of plantain, water infusion, juice with fresh herbs, preparation “Plantaglucid “, extract water extract of granules.Входить до складу зборів

Application: Juice from fresh leaves of plantain, infusion and “Plantaglucid” effective in chronic gastritis with decreased secretion, enteritis and colitis, ulcerative disease of the stomach

GRASS PSYLlIUM (Plantain Flea) FRESHGRASS PSYLlIUM (Plantain Flea) FRESH PLANTAGINIS PSYLLII RECENS PLANTAGINIS PSYLLII RECENS PSYLlIUM SEEDS PSYLlIUM SEEDS - PSYLLII - PSYLLII SEMINASEMINA FLEA-WORT FLEA-WORT - PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM - PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM PLANTAIN FAMILYPLANTAIN FAMILY– PLANTAGINACEAE– PLANTAGINACEAE

Medicines: Mixed in equal parts of juice of both species plantain producing a medicine called “Plantain juice” in bottles of 250 ml.

Application: When anacid gastritis, ulcerative disease of stomach and duodenum without increased acidity, chronic colitis; externally - with wounds, cuts

Laminaria Thallus – Laminaria Thallus – LaminariaLaminariae Thallie Thalli Devil’s apron Devil’s apron - Laminaria - Laminaria japonicajaponicaKelp FamilyKelp Family- Laminar- Laminariaiaceaeceae

Biologically active substances (BAS) polysaccharides: Macromolecular laminaryn, mannit, fructose, potassium iodide, vitamin B1, B2, B12, A, D, E, carotenoids, potassium salt, sodium, magnesium, bromine, cobalt, iron, manganese, sulfur compounds and, proteins, carbohydrates , fat. Iodine is less than 0.1%. The main substance is a polysaccharide - alginic acid.

Medications: Powder sea cabbage, comprehensive preparation “Laminaryd "consisting of a mixture of polysaccharides from the protein component and alginic acid salts.

Application: for atherosclerosis, treatment and prevention of endemic goiter; recommended as a mild weakening means;