medical term

11 Copyright © 2006, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2006, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Body Structure Body Structure and Directional Terminologyand Directional Terminology

What a piece of work is a man! How noble What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form and moving, how express and admirable! and moving, how express and admirable!

In action how like an angel! In apprehension, In action how like an angel! In apprehension, how like a god! The beauty of the world! how like a god! The beauty of the world!

The paragon of animals!”The paragon of animals!”

– – William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare

2 Copyright © 2006, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

1.1. Alzheimer disease is an example of a(n):Alzheimer disease is an example of a(n):

a.prefix.a.prefix.

b.eponym.b.eponym.

c.word root.c.word root.

d.decodable term.d.decodable term.


2.Arthr/o is an example of a:2.Arthr/o is an example of a:

a.prefix.a.prefix.

b.suffix.b.suffix.

c.word root.c.word root.

d.combining form.d.combining form.


3.3. In the term “hypodermic,” the prefix is:In the term “hypodermic,” the prefix is:

a.hypo.a.hypo.

b.dermo.b.dermo.

c.derm.c.derm.

d.icd.ic


5.5. The rules for combining a word root and The rules for combining a word root and a suffix that starts with a vowel indicate that a suffix that starts with a vowel indicate that you should:you should:

a.add a combining vowel before the suffixa.add a combining vowel before the suffix

.b.directly connect the word root and suffix..b.directly connect the word root and suffix.

c.reverse the suffix and word root so that the c.reverse the suffix and word root so that the suffix comes first.suffix comes first.

d.add another word root to join the suffix and d.add another word root to join the suffix and initial word rootinitial word root


6.6. Which is a diagnostic sign?Which is a diagnostic sign?

a.fevera.fever

b.dizzinessb.dizziness

c.painc.pain

d.itchingd.itching


7.7. What type of diagnosis begins suddenly What type of diagnosis begins suddenly and severely and ends after a short period of and severely and ends after a short period of time?time?

a.signa.sign

b.acuteb.acute

c.symptomc.symptom

d.chronicd.chronic


8.8. Which of the following disorders is an Which of the following disorders is an inflammation?inflammation?

a.cardiomegalya.cardiomegaly

b.ophthalmodyniab.ophthalmodynia

c.enteritisc.enteritis

d.gastrorrhexisd.gastrorrhexis


9.9. The “o” in the term thermometer is a:The “o” in the term thermometer is a:

a.prefix.a.prefix.

b.combining form.b.combining form.

c.word rootc.word root

d.combining vowel.d.combining vowel.


10.10. The basketball player was back for yet The basketball player was back for yet another visual examination of his knee joint. another visual examination of his knee joint. He was there for an:He was there for an:

a.arthrotomy.a.arthrotomy.

b.arthrotome.b.arthrotome.

c.arthroscopy.c.arthroscopy.

d.arthroscoped.arthroscope


Organization of the Human BodyOrganization of the Human Body

Human organismHuman organism

Organization Organization CellsCells (cyt/o) (cyt/o)

Tissues (hist/o) Tissues (hist/o)

Organs (viscer/o)Organs (viscer/o)

systemssystems

Role of homeostasisRole of homeostasis

Home/o + -stasis - the process of balance needed to Home/o + -stasis - the process of balance needed to maintain a healthy body maintain a healthy body


Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinuedCells (cyt/o)Cells (cyt/o)

Energy conversionEnergy conversion

Metabolism (meta-) act of converting energy Metabolism (meta-) act of converting energy

Anabolism (ana-) building up substances Anabolism (ana-) building up substances

Catabolism (cata-) breaking down substances Catabolism (cata-) breaking down substances

(bol/o) to cast (-ism) condition of(bol/o) to cast (-ism) condition of

(ana-) up (cata-) down (meta-) change (ana-) up (cata-) down (meta-) change

Metabolism = anabolism + catabolismMetabolism = anabolism + catabolism


Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinued Cell componentsCell components

Cell membraneCell membrane

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Organelles Organelles

NucleusNucleusThe Cell


Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinued Tissues (hist/o)Tissues (hist/o)

Four types of tissuesFour types of tissues Epithelial – covers and/or lines Epithelial – covers and/or lines

Skin, stomach lining Skin, stomach lining

Connective- supports and/or binds other tissues and body parts Connective- supports and/or binds other tissues and body parts Bone, blood, fat, tendons, ligaments,cartilageBone, blood, fat, tendons, ligaments,cartilage

Muscular- three types Muscular- three types Smooth- involuntary- visceral Smooth- involuntary- visceral

Striated- voluntary – skeletal Striated- voluntary – skeletal

CardiacCardiac

Nervous- transmits impulses – activates, coordinates, controlls Nervous- transmits impulses – activates, coordinates, controlls function of much of body function of much of body


Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinuedOrgans (organ/o, viscer/o)Organs (organ/o, viscer/o)

Termed “viscera” (Termed “viscera” (s.s. viscus) viscus)

Arrangements of various types of tissuesArrangements of various types of tissues

HeartHeart

Endocardium (epithelial)Endocardium (epithelial)

Myocardium (muscular)Myocardium (muscular)

Conduction system (nervous) Conduction system (nervous)


Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinuedSome combining forms for organs:Some combining forms for organs:

Bladder:Bladder: cyst/o, vesic/ocyst/o, vesic/o

Bone:Bone: oste/o, oste/o,

Kidney:Kidney: nephr/o, ren/onephr/o, ren/o

Ovary:Ovary: oophor/o, ovari/ooophor/o, ovari/o

Skin:Skin: cutane/o, derm/o, dermat/ocutane/o, derm/o, dermat/o

Testis:Testis: test/o, orchid/otest/o, orchid/o

Liver: Liver: hepat/o hepat/o


More body parts: More body parts:

brain: brain: cerebr/o, encephal/ocerebr/o, encephal/o

StomachStomach gastr/o gastr/o

Intestine: Intestine: enter/o enter/o

Arteries Arteries arteri/o arteri/o

VeinsVeins ven/o, phleb/o ven/o, phleb/o

HeartHeart cardi/o cardi/o

LungsLungs pulmon/o pulmon/o

SkinSkin cuane/o, derm/o, dermat/ocuane/o, derm/o, dermat/o


Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinuedBody systemsBody systems

MusculoskeletalMusculoskeletal

IntegumentaryIntegumentary

GastrointestinalGastrointestinal

UrinaryUrinary

ReproductiveReproductive


Organization of the Human Body, Organization of the Human Body, continuedcontinued

Blood/Lymphatic/ImmuneBlood/Lymphatic/Immune

CardiovascularCardiovascular

RespiratoryRespiratory

Nervous/BehavioralNervous/Behavioral

Special SensesSpecial Senses

EndocrineEndocrine


Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedAnterior (anter/o)Anterior (anter/o)

Ventral (ventr/o)Ventral (ventr/o)

Posterior (poster/o)Posterior (poster/o)

Dorsal (dors/o)Dorsal (dors/o)

anterior posterior


Positional and Directional TermsPositional and Directional Terms

Terms we use to describe positions and Terms we use to describe positions and directions in the human body.directions in the human body.

anteroposterior posteroanterior


Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedSuperior (super/o)Superior (super/o)

Cephalad (cephal/o)Cephalad (cephal/o)

Inferior (infer/o)Inferior (infer/o)

Caudad (caud/o)Caudad (caud/o)

superior inferior


Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinued Medial (medi/o)Medial (medi/o)

Lateral (later/o)Lateral (later/o)

Unilateral (uni-)Unilateral (uni-)

Bilateral (bi-)Bilateral (bi-)

medial lateral


Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedSuperficialSuperficial

DeepDeep

Proximal (proxim/o)Proximal (proxim/o)

Distal (dist/o)Distal (dist/o)

proximal distal


Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedSupineSupineProneProne

SupinateSupinatePronatePronate

PalmarPalmarPlantarPlantar

prone

supine


Positional and Directional Terms, Positional and Directional Terms, continuedcontinuedDextrad Dextrad

(dextr/o)(dextr/o)

Sinistrad Sinistrad (sinistr/o, levo-)(sinistr/o, levo-)

afferent efferent


Planes of the BodyPlanes of the Body

SagittalSagittal

MidsagittalMidsagittal

sagittal midsagittal


Planes of the Body, continuedPlanes of the Body, continued

Frontal/coronalFrontal/coronal


Planes of the Body, continuedPlanes of the Body, continued

TransverseTransverse

ObliqueOblique


Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Dorsal cavitiesDorsal cavities

Cranial (crani/o)Cranial (crani/o)

Spinal (spin/o)Spinal (spin/o)

Ventral cavitiesVentral cavities

Thoracic (thorac/o)Thoracic (thorac/o)

Abdominal (abdomin/o)Abdominal (abdomin/o)

Pelvic (pelv/i)Pelvic (pelv/i)

body cavities


Body Cavities, continuedBody Cavities, continued

Ventral cavity detailVentral cavity detail

ThoracicThoracic

Mediastinum (mediastin/o)Mediastinum (mediastin/o)

Pleural cavity (pleur/o)Pleural cavity (pleur/o)

Abdominal Abdominal

Diaphragm (diaphragm/o, diaphragmat/o, phren/o)Diaphragm (diaphragm/o, diaphragmat/o, phren/o)

Peritoneum (peritone/o)Peritoneum (peritone/o)

PelvicPelvic


Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

Nine regionsNine regions

Left and right hypochondriacLeft and right hypochondriac

EpigastricEpigastric

Left and right lumbarLeft and right lumbar

UmbilicalUmbilical

Left and right iliac (inguinal)Left and right iliac (inguinal)

HypogastricHypogastric


Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)Right upper quadrant (RUQ) LiverLiver

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Stomach and spleenStomach and spleen

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Appendix and McBurney’s pointAppendix and McBurney’s point

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Munro’s pointMunro’s point


11.11. The normal dynamic process of balance The normal dynamic process of balance in the body is:in the body is:

a.catabolism.a.catabolism.

b.metabolism.b.metabolism.

c.anabolism.c.anabolism.

d.homeostasisd.homeostasis


12.12. Hist/o is a combining form for:Hist/o is a combining form for:

a.cells.a.cells.

b.tissues.b.tissues.

c.organs.c.organs.

d.body systems.d.body systems.


13.13. Back to front is:Back to front is:

a.anteroposterior.a.anteroposterior.

b.distoproximal.b.distoproximal.

c.posteroanterior.c.posteroanterior.

d.proximodistald.proximodistal


14.14. The scrapes on the elbows of the child The scrapes on the elbows of the child were described as ____ injuries.were described as ____ injuries.

a.supinea.supine

b.superiorb.superior

c.superficialc.superficial

d.supinated.supinate


15.15. One who studies cells is a:One who studies cells is a:

a.cytologist.a.cytologist.

b.histologist.b.histologist.

c.cystologist.c.cystologist.

d.pathologistd.pathologist

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