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Medical Marijuana: After the Smoke Clears 1 Richard H. Alper, PhD Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 860.231.5855 [email protected] 1 Special thanks to Mr. John Parisi for assistance with the title

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Page 1: Medical Marijuana: After the Smoke Clearsww2.usj.edu/PDF/sop/medical-marijuana-alper.pdf · Difference between C. indicaand C. sativa • Cannabis indica may have a CBD: 9‐THC ratio

Medical Marijuana: After the Smoke Clears1

Richard H. Alper, PhDDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences

[email protected]

1 Special thanks to Mr. John Parisi for assistance with the title

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Biosketchl k• BS Biology – Stony Brook University

• CNS Discovery, Lederle Labs

• PhD Pharmacology Michigan State UniversityPhD Pharmacology, Michigan State University

• Postdoctoral training at UCSF and University of Iowa

• Dept of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS

• CNS Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer, Groton, CT

• Independent Consultant safety pharmacology and pre clinical abuse• Independent Consultant, safety pharmacology and pre‐clinical abuse liability assessments

• Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph

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GoalT P id B i U d t di f M ij dTo Provide a Basic Understanding of Marijuana and 

Related Drugs 

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Introduction

• Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug in the US

– 32% of high school seniors surveyed over the period 2006‐2009

– In 1974 it was 51%

• Approximately 60 different cannabinoids are present in plant extracts

– The primary psychoactive chemical is  (‐)delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (9‐THC)

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Introduction

• Marijuana is an illicit drug with no medical value (DEA)

– Initially criminalized in 1906

• Synthetic 9‐THC and an analog are available by prescription 

(FDA)

d l l bl b• Medical marijuana is available by prescription in a growing 

number states, plus the District of Columbia

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ObjectivesAfter completing this course, you should be able to:

• Describe the effects uses and adverse effects of marijuana and related• Describe the effects, uses and adverse effects of marijuana and related drugs (cannabinoids) on the central nervous system and other organ systems

• Compare the approved uses for the two synthetic Rx cannabinoids to those for medical marijuana

• Discuss the addiction and abuse liability of cannabinoids• Discuss the addiction and abuse liability of cannabinoids

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What is a Cannabinoid?

• Any chemical substance that activates a cannabinoid receptor– Endocannabinoids

• Endogenous substances found in the brain derived from phospholipids, similar to prostaglandins

– Phytocannabinoids

• Over 400 biologically active chemicals in Cannabis

• The two cannabinoids usually produced in greatest abundance are cannabidiol (CBD) and/or (‐)delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (9‐THC) butcannabidiol (CBD) and/or ( )delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC), but only 9‐THC is psychoactive

– Synthetic

• Rx drugs such as nabilone (Casemet) and dronabinol (Marinol)• Rx drugs such as nabilone (Casemet) and dronabinol (Marinol)

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Cannabis• Flowering plants indigenous to Central Asia and South America• Flowering plants indigenous to Central Asia and South America

• Three putative varieties, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis– Industrial hemp products are made from Cannabis plants selected   

to produce an abundance of fiber 

• Evidence that it has been smoked since 3000 BCEvidence that it has been smoked since 3000 BC– Unprocessed

– Kief – powder from the plant consumed as is or compressed to form hashishhashish

– Hashish (hash) – concentrated form of resin or powder; smoked or chewed

– Hash oil – oils and resins extracted from Cannabis plant using various solvents

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Difference between C. indica and C. sativa

• Cannabis indicamay have a CBD:9‐THC ratio 4–5 times that of Cannabis sativaCannabis sativa– CBD is a cannabinoid receptor antagonist

– 9‐THC is a cannabinoid receptor partial agonist

• C. indica is less likely to induce anxiety, more likely to produce somnolence

• C sativa has greater psychoactive properties and is less sedatingC. sativa has greater psychoactive properties and is less sedating

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Formulations

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Cannabinoid Receptors

• In the 1990’s two cannabinoid receptors were cloned

• Both Gi‐coupledi p– Adenylyl cyclase, cAMP and PKA activity

• CB1 receptors

– Found in CNS and blood vessels

• CB2 receptors

– Found in CNS and diversely in periphery

• Immune cells, sensory nerves, retina

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CB1 Receptor Distribution in the CNS

• Basal ganglia and cerebellum– MovementCh t t i• Chemoreceptor trigger zone– Nausea and vomiting

• HypothalamusA i– Appetite

• Cerebral cortex– Higher cognitive functioni• Hippocampus– Learning and memory, stress response

• Spinal cord– Modulation of peripheral pain

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Pharmacology of CB1 Receptors

• Inhibition of neurotransmitter release– Inhibition of GABA release leads to

• Reduce pain sensitivity– Distinct from opioid system

Evidence for additional CB receptor– Inhibition of GABA release leads to an increase in DA release in the prefrontal cortex (reward!)

• Vasodilation and decrease in blood

– Evidence for additional CB2 receptor involvement

• Motility and posture• Vasodilation and decrease in blood 

pressure– Reddening of the eyes

– Low doses cause mixture of depressant and stimulatory effects

– Higher doses predominantly CNS – Reflex increase in heart rate

– Postural hypotension

• Anti‐emetic

depression and immobility

• Anti‐emetic– Chemoreceptor trigger zone

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Psychopharmacology of CB1 Receptors

• Rewarding properties

• Euphoria

S h i l f d li i• Synesthesia – overlap of sensory modalities– Sounds may be seen as colors

– Colors may contain musicy

• Disorientation of sense of time

• Fleeting hallucinations (visual)

• Hunger (“munchies”) as drug wears off

• Inexperienced users may experience unpleasant physical reactions– Nausea vomiting dizziness headacheNausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache

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Pharmacology of CB2 Receptors

– Anti‐inflammatory

R d ti f i t l ( ti )– Reduction of intraocular pressure (retina)

– Reduction in pain sensitivity (antinociception)

Note:  All of these are mediated by peripheral CB2 receptors

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Cannabinoid‐Related Drugs

Cannabinoid Receptor AgonistsCannabinoid Receptor Agonists9‐ Tetrahydrocannabinol (C‐I)

Dronabinol (C‐III)bil (C )Nabilone (C‐II)

Medical Marijuana (C‐I or legal?)

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Dronabinol (Marinol) C-III

• Synthetic oral preparation of Δ9‐THC (2.5, 5 and 10 mg capsules)

• Indications (FDA approved)Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) associate with– Chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) associate with cancer chemotherapy that is refractory to conventional antiemetic agents

– Appetite stimulant in patients with anorexia due to HIV/AIDS or cancer chemotherapychemotherapy

• Off‐label use– Intractable pruritus secondary to cholestatic liver disease

• Pharmacokinetics– Onset 0.5 ‐ 1 hr

– Peak 2 ‐ 4 hrPeak 2  4 hr

– Readily absorbed, high first‐pass metabolism

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Naboline (Casemet) C-II

• Synthetic oral cannabinoid receptor agonist (1 mg capsule)

• Indications (FDA approved)Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) associate with– Chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) associate with cancer chemotherapy that is refractory to conventional antiemetic agents

Ph ki ti• Pharmacokinetics– Peak effect < 2 hr

– Plasma t1/2 of approximately 2 hr

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Sativex (ex‐US only, including Canada)

• Δ9‐THC + cannibidiol– Both chemicals are plant extracts, not synthetic

• Oromucosal spray

• Indications (none by FDA)N thi i– Neuropathic pain

– Spasticity and overactive bladder in patients with multiple sclerosis

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Adverse Effects Rx Cannabinoids

• Generally minor when used as prescribed– Disruption of short‐term memory

– Reflex tachycardia

– Postural hypotension

– Possibility of addictionPossibility of addiction

• Have found abuse of the Rx cannabinoids very low

– Appear not to reproduce all of the psychic effects of marijuanamarijuana

– Pharmacoeconmics

» Better availability and lower cost “on the street”

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Additional Postulated Uses for Rx Cannabinoids• Antagonists

– Metabolic syndrome/obesity

– Substance abuse disordersSubstance abuse disorders

– Safety concerns have nearly eliminated interest in antagonists

• Adverse CNS events in clinical studies (US) and Rx (EU)

– Suicidal ideation, depression, dysphoria

• Selective CB2 agonists and FAAH Inhibitors– PainPain

– Inflammatory disorders

– Safety concerns

R t ifi it ( b t ti l d t CB ti it )• Receptor specificity (abuse potential due to CB1 activity)

• CNS distribution21

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Medical Marijuana

The United States Medical Marijuana Chamber of Commerce

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A Los Angeles dispensary; courtesy of the WSJ

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Common Uses of Medicinal Marijuana

• Not approved by the FDA for any indication (C‐I)

• Under state laws, medical marijuana can be prescribed for, j p– Nausea/vomiting associate with cancer chemotherapy

– Anorexia and cachexia associated with HIV/AIDS and cancer

T d ti it i t d ith lti l l i– Tremor and spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis

– Neuropathic pain, tics in Tourette’s syndrome, and glaucoma

• Those found growing or possessing it are violating Federal laws

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Connecticut Public Act 12‐55, An Act Concerning the P lli i U f M ij M 31 2012Palliative Use of Marijuana, May 31, 2012

• Cancer • Epilepsy

• Glaucoma

• Positive status for HIV/AIDs

ki ' di

• Cachexia

• Wasting syndrome

C h ' di• Parkinson's disease

• Multiple sclerosis

• Damage to the nervous tissue of

• Crohn's disease

• Post‐traumatic stress disorder 

Damage to the nervous tissue of the spinal cord with objective neurological indication of intractable spasticityintractable spasticity

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Acute Adverse Effects of Recreational Marijuana

• No reports of acute fatality

• Cognitive function– Little effect on performance with simple arithmetic tasks, repetitive 

visual or auditory tasks requiring attention and vigilance

– Disruption of short‐term memory

• Toxic psychosis– Usually ingested in food or drink– Condition can persist for days– Condition can persist for days

– Can be sufficiently serious to require emergency psychiatric attention

– Symptoms are characteristic of schizophrenia, including delusions of l di id i i di h ll i i dcontrol, grandiose identity, persecution, auditory hallucinations and 

blunting of emotions25

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Adverse Effects of Chronic Marijuana Abuse

• Long‐term animal studies revealed no serious organ toxicity, reproductive toxicology or carcinogenicity

T l d d d• Tolerance and dependence

– Tolerance develops with high‐dose abusers, occasionally with recreational marijuana use, and not evident with Rx drugs

– Minor, but reproducible, signs of dependence in animals, particularly with precipitated withdrawal

In humans symptoms of withdrawal are generally very minor and include– In humans, symptoms of withdrawal are generally very minor and include depression, drug‐craving, decreased appetite, sleep difficulty, and weight loss

• Cognitive function

– No consistent demonstration of impaired cognition with long‐term marijuana use

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Drugs Covered Today

Cannabinoid Receptor Schedule A

AgonistsSchedule A

9‐ Tetrahydrocannabinol C‐INabilone C‐IINabilone C IIDronabinol C‐III

Medical Marijuana C‐I

A Federal schedule under the Controlled Substances Act

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Why is Marijuana a C‐I?

• Originally released in 1936

• Propaganda exploitation film revolving p g p garound the melodramatic events that ensue when high school students are lured by pushers to try marijuanalured by pushers to try marijuana

• Hit and run accident, manslaughter, suicide, attempted rape, and descent i d !into madness!

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9‐THC as a Controlled Substance – Animal Models

• Self‐administered in rats and squirrel monkeys

Animal trained to respond on a lever for a compound with known abuse potential

(e g Cocaine)(e.g. Cocaine)

Test drug substituted for the training drugTest drug substituted for the training drug

Does responding continue?p g

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Predictive Value of Animal Models

• High concordance with positive subjective effects (e.g. liking and euphoria) in humans and with drug scheduling status– Exceptions (i.e. reinforcing drugs that are not scheduled)

• Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) and dextromethorphan

• Bupropion (Wellbutrin®) and varenacline (Chantix®)p p ( ) ( )

• Nicotine and alcohol

– Limitations

H ll i• Hallucinogens

• Anabolic steroids

• Compounds with novel mechanisms of action 

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9‐THC as a Controlled Substance – Clinical Models

• Experienced, recreational drug users with recent history of use of drugs of similar class as the test drug

• Double blind

• Multiple doses plus placebo and an appropriate positive control

S di d d i ll d li i l h l h l b• Studies conducted in a controlled, clinical pharmacology research lab

• Data collected using standardized, validated questionnaires– LikingLiking

– Whether subject will take the drug again

– Similarity to other drugs taken in the past

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