medical information research

8/3/2019 Medical Information Research

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/medical-information-research 1/27



Research is the systematic process of collecting and analysing information (data) inorder to increase our understanding of the

phenomenon with which we are concerned orinterested



discovery of new facts enunciation of new principles, or fresh interpretation of the known facts or

principles



To answer Why How

What When How much

etc.



to improve health and the purpose is to learn how various

systems in human body work, why we get

sick, and how to get back to health and stayfit



“Medicine is a delicatescience. It is concerned with

v ta t es o e suc ashealth, disease and

death. Thus, it brooks noerror.”



Function Basic

Applied



Also termed as 'pure’ research involvesadvancing the knowledge base without anyspecific focus on its application

The results o such research are utilizedsomewhere in future when that newknowledge is required

Is generally at the cellular level for studyingvarious biological processes



is problem-oriented, and is specificallydirected to solve an existing problem could be on the diagnostic and therapeutic

modalities, on agent-host-environmentinteractions, or health assessment



“In principle, medical

into primary and

secondary research”



While secondary researchsummarizes available studies in

e orm o rev ews an me a-analyses, the actual studies are

performed in primary research



Basic medical research Clinical research, and Epidemiological research



also known as experimental research includes animal experiments, cell studies,

biochemical, genetic and physiological

investigations, and studies on the propertiesof drugs and materials



Also includes the development andimprovement of analytical procedures Imaging procedures

Gene sequencing Biometric procedures



Clinical trials , clinical study, clinical protocol a scientific study of how a new medicine or

treatment works in people

Includes both interventional (or experimental) studies and

Non-interventional (or observational)studies



Clinical drug study is defined as

"any study performed on man with the purpose of

studying or demonstrating the clinical or

effects, or to investigate absorption, distribution,metabolism or elimination, with the aim of providing clear evidence of the efficacy or safety

of the drug” also include studies on medical devices and

studies in which surgical, physical or

psychotherapeutic procedures are examined



aim of an interventional clinical study is

to compare treatment procedures within apatient population

,which the patients are allocated by chance –to avoid bias

*blinding



patient-related observational studies, inwhich patients are given an individuallyspecified therapy

The responsible physician speci ies thetherapy on the basis of the medical diagnosisand the patient's wishes



Non-interventional therapeutic studies

comparison between therapies ; physicians discretion

Prognostic studies

, ,

Diagnostic studies

Diagnostic methods are compared or the investigator

Secondary data analyses Case series – larger patient group Single case analyses – rare disease



Main point of interest: is to investigate the distribution and historical

changes in the frequency of diseases and the

causes or these Same with clinical studies

Experimental (interventional) and

Observational (non-interventional)



Interventional studies are experimental incharacter and are further subdivided into:

field studies (sample from an area, such as a large

region or a country) and group studies (sample from a specific group, such

as a specific social or ethnic group)



can be subdivided into: cohort studies

case control studies

cross-sectional studies (prevalence studies) and ecological studies (correlation studies or

studies with aggregated data)



involve the observation of two healthy groups of

subjects over time The objective of cohort studies is to record detailed

factors * historical cohort studies - all data on exposure and

effect (illness) are already available at the start of

the study and are analyzed retrospectively



Cases are compared with controls

Cases are persons who fall ill from the disease inquestion.

Controls are persons who are not ill, but areotherwise comparable to the cases.

A retrospective analysis is performed to

establish to what extent persons in the caseand control groups were exposed



The decision as to which study type issuitable to answer a specific primary researchquestion must be based not only on scientific

considerations, but also on issues related toresources (personnel and finances), hospitalcapacity, and practicability.

Many epidemiological studies can only beimplemented if there is access to registrydata

medical information research

Documents