medical conditions in goa of 16th and 17th...

Bull. Ind. lnsr , Hist, Med. Vol. XVII. pp, 57-68

MEDICAL CONDITIONS IN GOA OF 16TH AND 17THCENTURIES: A STUDY OF FOREIGN TRAVELOGUES

LOURDES BRAVO DA COSTA*

ABSTRACT

When the Portuguese arrived in India, they brought with themnew ideas, science, culture, religion and the like lill then notmuch known to the Indian people. Like-wise, they took back tothe European countries certain knowledge and practices of Indiawith which the Europeans werp. not familiar.

This paper makes an attempt to study the prevailing medicalconditions existing in Goa in the 16th and 17th centuries, on thebasis of the data available in various foreign tr avelogues. Thedescription of hospitals, sickness and the medicines used by thedoctors of the time, whether allopathic or Ayurvedic, are discuss-ed. Whether the Portuguese doctors were influenced by the localuaidyas , in treating their patients and, if sa, to what extent, isalso examined.

The accounts of the travellers Pvrard de Laval (French).Linschoten (Dutch), Pietro Della Valle, and Carreri (both Italian)have been used to assess the conditions of Goa as well as itsnative people and the Portuguese.

On July 8, 1497, a large part aT

the population of Libon was gather-ed on the banks of the River Tagus.The attention of the multitude wasfocussed on the four vessels of theIndian expedition, S. Gabriel, S. Ra-fael, Berrio and the goods ship.1 Atthe given time the sails were spreadand the expedition of Vasco da Gamadropped slowly out to sea. Ten

months later, on May 20, 1498 theycast the anchor before the port ofCalicut.s

The discovery of the sea route toIndia, was the greatest discovery ofour times. It changed the history ofmankind, the trade and commerceand spread the Christian religion inthe sub continent. When asked the

·Librarian, Cent-at Library, Panaji, Goa.

58aim of their arrival, the.people withVasco da Gama replied that theycame to fetch Christians and spices.3

The Portuguese has the idea ofa Christian Prince in the East calledPrester John, with whom they wan-ted to have fr iendly relations to fightout the Muslims, who monopolisedthe spice trade and occupied many ofthe areas forrnerlv inhabited by theChristians in Africa and Europe.However. they never came acrossPresler John, who turned out to bea legendary figure.4

Another important group of mer-chants who made fortune out ofspice trade with Malabsr were theItalians of Genoa and Venice and thelater WErethe most prominent amongthem. Though they had no directrelation with Malabar, they purchasedthese oriental commodities from thehands of the Muslim merchants atBeirut. Aleppo, Alexandria and Con-stantinople to distribute them to allthe various parts of Europe.e

With the discovery of the searoute. the Arabs and the Republic ofVenice were the most effected. Thelater was del iving its sustenance fromthe trade dec:lings and Venice was avery important commercial centre.6

When Vasco da Gama went toCalicut, to meet the Zamorin, he con-fused the temples and deities as,churches and Madonnas statues, so

Bulletin Ind. Inst. Hist, Med. Vol. XVII

much so that it is said that he stepp-ed in the church to pray and hearmass." However, they did not findChristians there, but a couple ofGenoese merchants who were sur-prised to see them and asked "Maythe Devil take you! What broughtyou here 7"8

Vasco da Gama explained to theZamorin the purpose of his arrival andconditions at Portugal. He extendedhim a hearty welcome and promisedto send his messengers to the Kingof Portugal. After a second audiencethe Portuguese were permitted totake out their commodities for salein the city. However, the first voyagewas not successful in establishingdefinite trade Hnks.v It was left toPedro Alvares Cabral on his secondvoyage in 1500 to establish a factory(warehouse) at Calicut, which, how-ever was razed to the ground after afight between the Arab merchantsand the Portuguese. 1 0

After the discovery of the searoute the Portuguese governmentstarted sending expeditions regularlyto India, in the beginning everysecond year and later on every year.The 4th expedition, captained byFrancisco de Albuquerque reachedCochin in 1503. He found that Cochinwas devastated by the Zarnorin ofCalicut, in revenge, since the ruler ofCochin was in friendly terms with thePortuguese. Francisco de Albuquer-que availed of this opportunity to

Medical Conditions in Goa-da Costa

establish a fortress to protect thePortuguese residing there. It wasconstructed with timber at the mouthof Edapilly river. II The fortress wasthe beginning of the "fort-factory"system established by the Portuguesealong the West C02st of India.

The Portuguese sovereigns werewell aware that if they wished tocontinue with their success andbenefits acquired in the trade, theywould need healthy men. Being asmall naticn they would not be ableto enter to the manpower require-ments of all their establishmentswhich were scattered along the GOE.stand the welfare of their men wasrhusgiven pr iority by the King. We findthat as ee rly as March 1505, thePortuguese crown in his instructionsto Francisco da Almeida, the CapitaoMor of India, had insisted that heshould take good care of the sick inthe Portuguese fleet and do hisutmost for their welfc;re.12 Theseinstructions, however, were foundinadequate. for they did not providefor the wounded in the wars, nor forthose that had contacted diseasesthat did not admit of a speedy cure.In order to solve this problem Fran-cisco de Almedia built a hospital in1506 at Cochin, where the sick andthe wounded could undergo longertreatment. The necessary staff, aphysician, a surgeon and an infirma-rian, along with all that was neces-sary to nurse the patients back tohealth was provided. The hospital

5.9was called "Santa Cruz" i. e. HolyCross. j 3 This hospital was fol/owedby hospitals of the same kind at otherPortuguese settlements of Cananore,Chaul and Goa. The one at Goa,the Hospital Real (Royal Hospital)was the harbinger of medical educa-tion in Goa.

The discovery of the sea routeencouraged many an adventurer tra-veller to seek new experiences in theIndian Continent, both ;:;rriCi~(J::;t thePortuguese as well, s othc r Euror:eannationals. A number Cfihslil leavivid accounts of what tl.ev c:( IN ;:',cj

did alonq their jcurr.ev and is anevidence of the times iY\90118. Thoseinterested in knowing tr.e people.Customs, manne rs. tiel U <end kuna,weigh,s anc rr.er.sures of y(':;:;el ,/f;ClS

will find inter estiup 6nJ d('Liiedintorrnauon in the tr aveloque s.

This paper, attempts to rne.i;e useof some foreign trave.lers' accountsto assess the rnedict.l conduicns pre-vaiiing in Goo in trie XV: iil andXVII th centurv.

However, beiore a description ofthe foreign tr ave.loqucs it would bepertinent to mention two Por urqucsonames, who gC;Vd us th:(:u~11 theirworks a clea r picture of how thenative vaidyas used to treat patientsof different sicknesses, during theirtimes.

Tomo Pires arrived in India inFebruary 1512, and after a few

60months was sent to Malaca as a clerkand accountant of the factory andcontroller of drugs. He returned toCochin in Feb. 1515. Later he wasappointed the Portuguese ambassadorto China from 1516 till 1521, whenhe returned back to lndla. He wrotedown his experiences in his bookSuma Oriental. In this paper weshall mention only about his impres-sion on the Indian Medicine.

He wrote to the King in 1516that a new disease was found here inIndia called "Elephantiasis", whichwas caused due to the water of themarshy country in which the peoplehad to dip their feet. Those afflictedby this sickness had swollen legs.14.

What surprised him most was theway sick people were treated, whichwas totally different from that of hisown country. According to Pires,the Indian patients wash themselveseven though bedridden with fever,and do not eat meat. They have adiet of fish alone. The chief remedyin this case is to play the kettle-drumand other instruments to the patientsfor 2 or 3 days, and they say thisdoes them good. If the patient hasfever they est fish and keep washingthemselves, if they vomit they washtheir heads with cold water, and ithelps 2S it stops. If they have catarrhthey drink tender coconut water andit stops at once. If 1hey want topurge themselves they take the crush-ed leaves, or the juice or the seeds

Bulletin Ind. Inst, Htst. Med. Vol. XVII

of the "figueira do inferno." A badwound is treated by pouring warmcoconut oil, which is run over twice aday for an hour or two and they arecured. I I)

However, Pires noted that themethod of treatment with the Portu-guese WaS different, for when theyhad fever, they eat fat chickens anddrink wine and are cured. At thattime in Europe the wounds were alsotreated with hot iron.16 Pires alsonoticed the effectiveness of theIndian medicine in some cases asagainst the European method.

The other Portuguese who gaveus a good account about the Indianmedicine is Garcia da Orta. a Portu-guese physician who came to Goa inSeptember 1534. His experiencesare recorded in the well known work"Os Colloquios dos Simples," whichis in a dialogue form between himand an imaginary friend of his calledRuano. In this book, he gives aclear picture of the sickness, thesymptoms telt and the treatment ofthe patient. with a comparison bet-ween the native and western medi-cine. He also gives detailed descrip-tions of the plants and preciousstones existing in India, with theiruses and therapeutic values.

Orta believed that the nativephysicians had no knowledge ofanatomy and that they cured onlyaccording to experience and custom.


This belief might have arisen becauseprobably Orta never had an opportu-nity to read any Indian medicalliterature and visit other great IndianKingdoms.17

However, he confessed that aftermaking use of his medicines, and notgetting satisfactory results, he usedthe native medicines, which gavegood results. 18

Orta spoke highly about thetreatment of dysentery and says thatalthough his medicine is good, and heoften succeeded with it, yet he feltbound to confess that it does not actso quickly nor its action is so certainas that of the herb which the Mala-baris gave. I9

John Huyghen van Linschoten, anative of the province of Utrectsailed for Goa in the year 1583 inthe company of Vincente de Fonseca,who had been appointed the Archbi-shop of Goa. On his arrival he wasappointed his attendant and in whichcapacity he continued to work untilthe Archbishop's death, when hewas thrown out of the employment,and returned back to Europe. In1696 he published an account of hisinvestigations and discoveries. Thebook at once created a sensation,and was at once translated intoseveral languages. It is valuable,chiefly, as a picture of the PortugueseEmpire in India and for the routesclearly explained, i. e. from Europe to

61

Cochin, China, Japan and the Archi-polago, on which he had taken painsto gather information.

This is what Linschoten has tosay about the native physicians,"there are Heathens physicians in Goa,who carryon their heads hats, aprivilege only the Portuguese and richmerchants have. These Heathenphysician, does not only cure theirown country men, but the Portuquesealso for, the Viceroy himself. theArchbishop, and the Monks andFriars do put more trust in them thanin their own countrymen. wherebythey get great store of money andare much honoured and esteemed."2o

Linschoten blames the weatherfor the sicknesses and diseases inGoa.21 He confuses the rainy seasonin Goa, with winter, and describeshow in the last part of April, therains start pouring with thunder andlightning. During this season a sick-ness called "Mordxi", which is setupon men, and weakens them, is

very common. The sick person Costsout all that he has in his body andmany a times his life with all. Thissickness kills many men, from whichthey hardly or never escape. Thebloody dysentery is very common anddangerous, as the plague with US.22

Mordxi is none other than cholera,and first mention of this frightfuldisease by an European was made byGarcia da Orta in 1536. In India itwas known long before under the

62Sanskrit name Visucika, and in Mara-thi as Modaci. The most importantresult to Europe of intercourse withIndia is certainly the spread of chole-ra to the North and into Europe.P "

Linschotc n also speaks aboutmany continual fevers, which includemany disorders, besides the malari-ous fevers so common in India andespecially so at GO;], which wasalways considered to be a very un-healthy place. Tru se fevers arecontinuous end with burninq sensa-tion and consume men's bocies withextreme heat, whereby wl.h.n 4 or 5days they are either who te c r dcc:d.24-

This sickness is commen and verydangerous, and htd no remedy forthe Portuguese but lelting c f blood:however, the indicns c;;,cj Heathensdo cure themselves with herbs sandersand other such ointments. wherewiththey ease themselves. 11:i:; sicknessconsumes many Portuguese everyyear, some because they have littleto eat and less to drink of any meator drink that is nourishing, and usemuch compar.y of women, becausethey provoke them, and such livingrequires them maintenance. 2 5

About the Royal Hospital set upby Afonso de Albuquerque afterconquest of Goa in 1510, Linschotendescribes how it is managed by theJesuit who in attempting to excel hisservices is even ready to spend moneyfrom his pocket, only to have praiseand vainglory, than for compassion.

Bulletin Ind. Inst. Hist. Med. Vol. XVII

He also observed that men do nothesitate to go to this hospital, inspiteof having wife and children, to lookafter them, because of the excellenttreatment gi ven to mrnates.s tl

Regarding the hospital servicesLinschoten says "these hospitals inIndia are very necessary for thePortuguese otherwise they wouldhave been consumed away like miser-able men, with various sicknessessuch as wounds, secret diseases,pockes. piles and many others."27All those who did not wish to lie inthe hospital would be treated by thephysicians for thai r wound or privatediseases, for which they could cometwice every day for dressing. Secretdiseases were accepted like any otherdisease, and those infected WHe notashamed, en the contrary they usedto boast over it.2 3

Linschoten also notes that plaguewhich was a killer disease in thosedays at Europe, hod neither been inIndia nor it was known to lnoians,but poisoning, witchcraft or like,whereby some lose their health andsome their lives, is a daily exerciseand very common. 29 Another com-mon sickness is the stone gravelspecially among merry men becauseof the great quantity of water theydrink.3o

Linschoten gives a good accountof the various spices and herbs avail-able in India, and their uses, medici-nal as well as others. A few intere-sting examples are given to elucidate.


Aloe, the Arabians called itSebar, the Portuguese Azeure, wasdried and then it was known as ErzaBabosa, i. e. Quil herb. It was usedto treat vomiting and was given alongwith cinnamon, mace or nutmegs. Itwas also used to treat sores. It isstill used by the people even today.3l

The fruit called Anacardi, is inmany places of India, as in Cananor ,Callout. and the country of Deccan,and in diverse other places. TheArabians call it Balador, the IndiansBibo, and the Portuguese Fava deMalaca i. e. Beans of Malaca. Theyare used with milk against a shortbreath, for the worms, and for manyother things.32

Myrobalans are heated and dried,when consumed they strenghten thememory, the brain and sinews,sharpen the wits, and are goodagainst cold affections ofthe head.3 3

The Calamo Aromatico, called inGusurate Vaz, in Deccan Vache, inMalabar Vasabu and in the Concan,Vavean. is used much in India fordisease of the mother and pains inthe sinews.3 4-

Cassab Elderira is a thin Reed, ofa light Gold Yellow colour, withmany knots and splinters in thebreaking, and within like cobwebbs,white and tough in chewing, andastringent, with a little sharp bitter-ness is boiled and the water is con-

63sumed, to drive down the urine, andfor the stone.315

Francois Pyrard of Laval, along-with some French men left Laval, in1601, on their journey to India.However, they were not successfulas the ship "Croissant", in which theywere travelling, met with a disastrousend. A few men could survive thetragedy and one of them was FrancoisPvrard. They were castaway on theisland of Malives, where they weremade prisoners by the natives forabout 4 years. "Corbin" the othership accompanying the unlucky"Croissant". was in search of theillfated ship's cannons. On gettinginformation that the ship's castaways,were held prisoners, the Frenchattacked the natives and took awayPyrard and his companions. They,then continued their journey to Chit-tagong, and later on went to Calicutand Cochin, where he was imprisonedby the Portuguese.36 After ninedays of torture he was released, andshipped to Goa, alongwith his com-panions, where he spent some timeboth in the hospital and in theprison.37

Pvrard's account of the RoyalHospital. the treatment given thereand its administration is very interest-ing. On arrival at Goa, Pvrard couldnot move on his own as he was sick.Negro slaves were sent by the Hospi-tal to fetch all those who were sickand unable to walk.3S Pyrard was

64surprised to see the imposing building,where the Royal Hospital was housed.The hospital was a vast one storeybuilding. near the river front, main-tained by the Portuguese king, anddonations from well-wishers. InPvrard's desci iption the hospital look-ed more like a palace with high win-dows and beautiful gardens and wellmanaged lawns. 3 9

On arrival the patients are carriedto the hospital's reception counter,where they are kept till the physician,surgeon or pharmacist comes todiagnose the sickness afflicting thepatients and sent to respective wards.The patients are lodged in the firstfloor and when there are too many ofthem. on the grcund floor too. Thisusually happens when the ships arrivefrom Portugal. 4, 0

The administration and manage-ment of the hospital is entrusted tothe Jesu it priest. who is the directorand the highest authority. Accord-ing to Pyrard the cleanliness andservices rendered in the hospital arenot comparable to any other similarplace anywhere in the world. It iswell administered, very clean, thetreatment meted to the patients isexcellent. All the assistance requiredas for doctors, medicine, food. cloth-ing is provided. Even spiritual helpis provided for those who need it.41

The beds are carvedpillows, mattresses, are

and thefull of

Bulletin Ind. Inst. Hist. Med. Vol. XVII

cotton; bedsheets are made of silkand fine cotton. 4. ~

Other officials of the hospital arePortuguese, who vie with each otherto improve their work. and the workersare natives. They distribute the foodto the patients and help them when-ever required. The Portuguese super-vise and check if anything is neededby the patient.4.3 The slaves do allthe manual work. like lifting heavyloads, cleaning the toilets. dust.sweep and mop the floor and washthe clothes.v-

The doctors, surgeons, pharma-cists, barbers and bleeders, areoccupied. with only hospital work.They take at least two rounds a day.With them go a number of attendantswith thread and clothes for the use ofpatients.s s

Patients are seg regated in diffe-rent rooms according to their sick-ness.48 Besides all those who visitthe sick are checked for anything theywould carry for the patients whichwould be harmful to them. Gunscannot be carried inside the hospi-tal. 4. 7

The food is excellent and patientcan ask for more if he desires. Cler ksaccompany the doctors in their round,to take down the food requirernentsof the patients. The food is servedin time, and in China porcelain wares.After the meal an officer asks all


the patients if they have had theirmeals.48

All the items of the hospital arestored in separate compartments.Pyrard says that, there were so manyduplicates of each item, that if theywere not stored separately, it wouldbe difficult to trace them. There is Cl

clerk "escrivao", who takes note ofthe belongings and to whom theywere given. All the belongings of apatient are kept with the treasurerafter preparing a list and in case ofdeath, these are handed over to theMisericordia, or if there is a will theofficer executes the sarne.s g OnlyPortuguese soldiers, unmarried menare admitted to the hospital. Natives,women and children have differenthospita;s.5o Every year around 1500dead bodies leave this hospital, andan infinite number of patients areregistered. When the ships arrive,there are some times more than 3,000,the minimum is around 300 to 400.51

Pvrard enumerates high feversand dysenteries as the most commonlocal diseases besides secret diseases.The later exists only where the Por-tuguese live, for in other parts ofIndia this is not found.« 2 However,it is felt that, Pyrard was wrong inhis assessment of secret diseases, forit was found by Varthema that, theZamorin had this illness in 1505. Thedisease is also clearly mentioned inSanskrit medical books. which are

65

previous to all the events at 1500under the ti tie of upadarnsa.e 3

The continuous fevers are treatedin the hospital by the treatment ofsenqrin, i. e. bleeding of patient,which is used continuously till thetemperature recedes.o+ Syphilis isnot considered a shameful disease.and they are proud to have it. It istreated with China root. This sick-ness is there amongst the christiansand they fear it less than the feversand dysentery. 5 5 There is anothersickness which is called Mordechi; itis accompanied by he acache andvomiting the patients shout aloudand most of the time they die. Somepeople are also subjected to poisoningand witchcraft When the shipsfrom POI tugal come 10 Gee. the sick-ness that afflicts the seamen is scurvyand ulcers of feet and legs.

The system of medicine that isused in the hospital is the same asthat in Spain, and it is a great honourto be a doctor of this Hospital.156

We can therefore, safely concludethat there was an interaction or rathera synthesis of the medical knowledgeof the East and the West. This inter-action was brought about in thehospitals the Portuguese opened forthe treatment of the military perso-nnel, after setting their establishmentsin India. The European physicianfound it to his advantage to consultthe Hindu doctor when his drugs

66failed to bring about a cure and usethe medicines prescribed in the HinduPharmacopoeia. In his turn, thenative physician learned the use ofsome syrups and distilled water, andother therapeutic prescriptions whichwere in favour in the West. We findthat this synthesis was effectedmost vigourously in Goa, and theerstwhile Escoln Medica de Goa, isa glowing tribute to that synthesis.

REFERENCES

1. Diario da Viagem de Vasco daGama, p.3.

2. Foundations of the PortugueseEmpire, p. 181; Portuguese Tradewith India in the 16th century,p.42.

3. Foundations , p. 181.

4. Ibid, p. 180.

5. Portuguese Trade , p. 15.

6. Ibid.

7. Foundations , p. 181.

8. Ibid.

9. Portuguese Trade .•....... , p.43.

10. Ibid. p. 44.

11. Ibid, p. 50.

12. Documentacao para a historiadas Missoes do Padroado Portu-gues do Oriente, p. 30.; Ahistory of Christianity in India,p.252.

Bulletin Ind. Inst. Hist. Mild. Vol. XVII

13. Moraes, Ibid.

14. Portuguese Pioneers in India:spotlight on medicine, p. 116.

15. Ibid, p.116.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid, p.133.

18. Coloquios dos simples, p, 308.

19. Coloquios ... '" ... , p. 273.

20. The Voyages of John HuyghenLinschoten to the East Indies,p.230.

21. Ibid, p. 232.

22. Ibid, p. 236.

23. Ibid, p.235.

24. Ibid, 236.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid, p. 238.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid, p. 239.

29. Ibid, p. 239.

30. Ibid, 240.

31. Ibid, p, 126.

32. Ibid, p. 127.

33. Ibid, p. 128.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid, p. 129.

36. European travellers in India/1973, p.80.


37. Viagem de Francisco Pyrard deLaval, p. 10.

38. Ibid, p. 9.

39. Ibid, p. 11 and 19.

40. Ibid, p. 15.

41. Ibid, p. 11.

42. Ibid, p. 10.

43. Ibid, p. 11.

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid, p. 12.

46. Ibid.

67

47. Ibid, p. 13.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid p. 12.

51. Ibid, p. 15.

52. Ibid, p. 15.

53. The Voyages of John H.V. Lins-choten. p. 239.

54. Viagem de Pyrard, p. 17.

55. Ibid, p. 18.

56. Ibid, p. 19.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Antonio da Silva Rego 1947

2. Bailey W. Diffie 1977

3. Civilizacao livraria 1945

4. Gaitonde P. D. 1983

5. Garica da Orta 1895

Documentacao para a Historia dasMissoes do Padroado Portugues doOriente, Agencia Geral das Colonias,Lisboa.

Foundations of the Protuguese Empire1415-1080, Oxford University Press,Minnesota.

Diario da Viagem de Vasco da Gama,2 Vols. Porto.

Portuguese Pioneers in India-a Spot-light on Meaicine, Popular Prakashan,Bombay,

Coloquios dosIndia, 2 Vols.Lisbea.

SimpiesjDrogas dalrnprensa Nacional,

686. Linschoten John

Huygon1885

7. Mathew K. S. 1983

8. Moraes G. M. 1964

9. Oaten E. Edward 1973

10. Pyrard FranciscoLivraria Civilizacao

1944

Bulletin Ind. lnst. Hist. Med. Vol. XVII

The Voyages of John Huygen Lin-schoten with East Indies, HakluytSociety, London.

Portuguese Trade with India in 16thC., Manohar, New Delhi.

A History from Early Times to St.Francis Xavier: A. D. b2-1542,Manak Talas, Bombay.

European Travellers in India Duringthe ism. 16th & 17th Centuries,Pustak Kendra, Lucknow.

Viagem de Francisco Pyrard, do LavalPorto.

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