media discourse
DESCRIPTION
For English StudentsTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MEDIA DISCOURSE
.
![Page 2: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview:
• Definition of Discourse• Critical Discourse Analysis• Media Discourse Two primary types
• Media Focus• In NEWS• Discourse Influences on Micro and Macro
levels• In newspaper
![Page 3: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Media Interaction & Casual Conversation• Exchange structures• Pragmatics markers• Hedging• Discourse markers• Response tokens • Vague Language
![Page 4: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Electronic media• Background• Criteria Form Content Technique • Genre Drama Talk shows Songs News
![Page 5: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is discourse?
![Page 6: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Discourse is the use of language both in written and spoken.
![Page 7: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Discourse is neither absolutely homogenous nor absolutely heterogeneous.
![Page 8: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Discourse
• Discourse is a group of sentences which link one proposition to another one and makes a coherent unit of the sentences.
![Page 9: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis aims to help reveal some of the hidden and ‘out of sight’ values,
positions, and perspectives.CDA explores the connection between the use of
language and the social and political contexts in which it occurs
![Page 10: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Media Discourse
Media discourse refers to interactions that take place through a broadcast platform, whether spoken or written, in which the discourse is oriented to a non-present reader, listener or viewer.
![Page 11: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Two primary types :
Written:of written texts include newspapers and
magazinesSpoken:
Radio and television, News broadcasts, Drama
![Page 12: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Media Focus:
• Immediacy: Specific actions and events• Drama: Violence, crisis or conflict, extremist
behaviors, outrageous acts.• Simplicity: Clear-cut opinions, images, major
personalities, two-sided conflicts.• Ethnocentrism: ‘Our’ beliefs, myths and
symbols, ‘Our’ suffering, the brutality of some ‘Oth.
![Page 13: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
In NEWS:
• Government conflicts • Disagreements• Decisions• Proposals• Functions• Protests• Crimes, scandals• Investigations and disasters.
![Page 14: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Discourse Influences on Micro and Macro Levels:
• Micro Level Influences: • Personal characteristics, professional
background, personal attitudes and professional role, conception of media workers are micro level influences that affect upon media content.
![Page 15: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Macro Level Influences:
• Individuals, organizations, interest groups, public relations practitioners, government etc macro level influences that affect upon media content.
• Sources that provide news to media organizations sometimes withhold information or lie.
![Page 16: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
In newspaper:
• Based on the editor’s own experiences, attitudes, and expectations.
• Journalists sometimes follow their personal agenda that influences on the content.
• The selection or rejection of stories..
![Page 17: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Media Interaction & Casual Conversation
• When a presenter or guest or interviewee interact on television or radio they do so with the knowledge not only that they have been over heard but also they are having a conversation in front of audience.
• Involvement of audience. • Institutional setting • Turn taking rights• Includes host, interviewer, interviewee, presenter,
guests and callers
![Page 18: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Exchange structures
• Both media interaction and casual talk comprise:
• speaker turns • make up exchange structure
• Two types of exchange:1. initiation and response 2. initiation, response and feedback
![Page 19: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
.
In media discourse but two way exchange method is more common i.e.
initiation and response.
![Page 20: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pragmatics markers:
• Pragmatic markers can be described as those constructions, such as you know, I mean, you see, well, yeah, that are present in speech to support interaction but do not generally add any specific semantic meaning to the message.
• In media discourse these are use widely to explain certain points.
![Page 21: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hedging
• We use hedges to soften what we say or write.• an important part of polite conversation. • They make what we say less direct
• It involves:• tense and aspect,• modal expressions• modal verbs and adverbs• vague language such as sort of, any kind of, like and
some verbs.
![Page 22: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Discourse markers
• Discourse marker is a word or phrase that is relatively syntax-independent and does not change the truth conditional meaning of the sentence.
• For example: oh", "well", "now", "then", "you know", and "I mean", and the connectives "so", "because", "and", "but", and "or".
![Page 23: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Response tokens
• Response tokens are the interjection that an addressee makes in response to the speaker utterances.
• Examples are mm, ummhmm, yeah, o really, wow, that’s right, absolutely,
![Page 24: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Vague Language
• It means one is not using precise language. Vague language is basically unclear and not giving a full picture
• For example: You write 'I walked across the road'. This is
vague. Precise would be 'I sprinted/trotted/trudged/jogged across the road‘.
![Page 25: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Electronic Media Discourse
![Page 26: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Electronic media
• Electronic media are media that use electronics or electromechanical energy for the end user to access the content.
![Page 27: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Background
• The Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority was formed in 2002.
• The first television station began broadcasting from Lahore in November 1963.
• The government-owned Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) was formed on 14 August 1947.
• At independence, Pakistan had radio stations in Dhaka, Lahore, and Peshawar. A major programmed of expansion saw new stations open at Karachi and Rawalpindi in 1948.
![Page 29: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Criteria of electronic media discourse
• Form: • -external appearance of a clearly defined area• Content:• -the subjects or topics covered• Technique -
method of performance; way of accomplishing.
![Page 30: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Genre in electronic media discourse
• Drama• Talk shows• Songs• news
![Page 31: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Drama
• Depiction of society• Represent whatever audience wants to hear
and watch• Likeness differ on the basis of gender, age and
social class.• FEMALES – musicals, love story/romance• Kids– Animations, animals etc • MALES- action/adventure, gangster, war
![Page 32: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Themes
• Marriage• Wealth• Money• Love stories• Necromancy• Inferiority complex in women
![Page 34: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Examples of discourse in Pakistani dramas
• Titles of dramas are deceptive. For example• “band kirkion ka pechy” and “ mery mehrban”.• Criticism on society• typical quarrel between mother in law and
daughter in law.• “Tum bhut manhoos ho.”
![Page 35: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• It also shows1. hate.2. violence.3. social class.4. police oppression.
![Page 37: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Talk shows
• Pakistani talk shows deal1. politically mostly2. violence3. police4. social affairs5. corruption6. religion
![Page 38: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Opening of show with the subject line such as• “seyasi aasman par bad’gumanion key badal
kab ghaiyab hongey?”• The skilled and bold personality of anchor
person raises people’s voice and clearly asks the real point of the crisis.
• Aap Batain-e-na Qom Sunna Chahti hai…
![Page 40: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• The ruling feels shame while speaking bluff in live shows before the millions of the citizens. When they are not able to give logic or reason.
• Main aap ko kal bataaon ga… iska jawab nahi de sakta….naam nahi bata sakta…
![Page 41: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Politicians gave answers of their questions in a very logical way. They deal people technicaly. They also uses proverbs in their disscussions. For example
• “ ount ka mun me ziry wali bat” ask burning questions to politicions.• “Fauzia Wahab sahiba aapkey colleague
kehty hein key muamla abhe nahi nimta….”
![Page 42: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
News
• The topics of news on TV channels are mostly deals with
1. inner city news2. gang culture3. drugs4. guns5. violence6. political affairs and international news
![Page 43: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• The headlines of news are burning and anchors speak in a very satirical tone. For example
• “Police ihalcar tez doop or lo me jalty ry”• Titles stand alone; no explanation is given for
example• “iltaf hussain ka mulk bar me darny katam krny
ka ilan”• “mulk bhar me garm havaon or shadeed garmi
ka raj”
![Page 45: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Music
• The themes of Pakistani music are• love• marriage• pleasure• fun
![Page 46: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• In Pakistani music we have• tappe• sufiana kalam• maiaye classical songs.
![Page 48: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Examples
• “chalo koi gal nai chalo koi gal nai”• “jugni”.
![Page 49: Media discourse](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062319/554999d5b4c905fa728b47af/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)